Method for nonlinear characterization of radio frequency coils made of high temperature superconducting material in view of magnetic resonance imaging applications

A contactless method based on reflectometry to accurately characterize an inductive radio frequency (rf) resonator even in the occurrence of a strong electrical nonlinearity is presented. Nonlinear extraction of the unloaded quality factor and resonance frequency is possible by combining an initial low-level swept-frequency calibration with high-level single-frequency measurements. The extraction protocol relies on a simple intrinsic R, L, C model and does not involve a fitting procedure according to a particular nonlinearity model. It includes a correction for strong coupling conditions between the probe and the rf coil, which allows extending the analysis over a wide range of transmitted power. Electrical modeling based on the extracted intrinsic data allows predicting the coil behavior when loaded by any kind of matching network. The method will have implications in different domains such as Magnetic Resonance (MR) applications with superconducting probe heads or analysis of rf properties in nonlinear materials. The method is demonstrated here by characterizing a high temperature superconducting (HTS) coil dedicated to MR imaging at 64 MHz. The coil consists in a multiturn spiral design that is self-resonant close to the MR frequency of interest. The Q factor and the resonance frequency are determined as a function of the actual power dissipated in the HTS coil accounting for losses occurring in the measurement system. Further characteristics of the HTS coil are considered in the present paper. The relation between the transmitted power and the magnetic field generated by the coil, which is the most relevant characteristics for MR applications, is directly accessible. The equivalent impedance of the coil under test is also expressed as a function of the total current flowing in the windings. The method could be extended to assess the fundamental properties of the nonlinear material (e.g., the London penetration depth or the critical current density) by including any pertinent model.     

Modeling of magnetoelastic resonator using h-parameter analysis

In this paper, an equivalent circuit model for magnetoelastic resonator is introduced. Elements of the model consist of coil inductance, magnetization of the resonator, a parallel RLC resonator representing the resonator resonance and a transformer indicating conversion ratio. This model suggests an approach to describe electrical response and characteristics of the resonator subject to geometries and excitation conditions. Moreover, corresponding techniques for extraction of parameters of the system are developed. Experimental results show that the model gives reasonable approximation of the system and accurately predicts behavior of the system.

     

Note: High sensitivity pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy with induction detection

Commercial electron spin resonance spectroscopy and imaging systems make use of the so-called "induction" or "Faraday" detection, which is based on a radio frequency coil or a microwave resonator. The sensitivity of induction detection does not exceed ~3 × 10(8) spins/√Hz. Here we show that through the use of a new type of surface loop-gap microresonators (inner size of 20 μm), operating at cryogenic temperatures at a field of 0.5 T, one can improve upon this sensitivity barrier by more than 2 orders of magnitude and reach spin sensitivities of ~1.5 × 10(6) spins/√Hz or ~2.5 × 10(4) spins for 1 h.     

TEACO2非稳腔激光器远场光束质量的评价

研究了对虚共焦非稳腔结构的脉冲TEA CO2激光器远场光束质量进行评价的方法.首先将稳腔TEA CO2激光器加工改造成非稳腔结构;然后从实际设计加工的数据出发,用3种常用形式对其远场光束质量进行理论评价与分析,并与设计的2 kW非稳腔激光器的实测远场光强分布实验结果进行了对比.理论和实验结果表明,非稳腔能够获得接近衍射...     

线性测微电感的精化

为提高测微电感传感器的测量精度,提出了基于赫姆霍兹线圈理论设计螺线管线圈的方法,改善了螺线管线圈内轴向上磁场的分布均匀性。首先,分析了螺线管线圈模型,建立了螺线管线圈参数与轴向磁场强度分布相互关系的广义函数模型。然后,通过线圈与磁芯的尺寸确定了系统轴向磁场强度分布函数模型,结合磁芯移动区间范围设置磁场均匀度最小误差目标函数,通过对目标函数寻优得到各螺线管线圈的各项参数。最后,搭建了测微电感传感器的测试系统,测试了传感器性能。实验结果表明:与传统线圈相比,改进型螺线管线圈在100μm测量范围内的线性度由0.46%提高到0.30%。实验显示通过对不同规格的螺线管线圈进行组合,可使得螺线管内轴向上磁场强度分布均匀,从而提高了测量精度。     

Uniformity condition for a rectangular field coil with a split winding

A generalized Helmholtz condition for field uniformity is derived from the closed form solution of the magnetic field in a multilayer rectangular coil pair as a function of coil dimensions and pair separation. The relation among the dimensions satisfying this condition is found and plotted in parametric form for single layer coils and for a multilayer coil with a specific winding thickness. For square coils of cross section small compared to their mean radius, the gap separation approaches half the coil radius, analogous to the classical condition for circular coils. Comparison between theoretical and measured values for tolerances within +/-5% of the field at the system center agree within a 6% maximum deviation. For the experimental coil, the area enclosed by the +/-5% contour was 58% of the area of the full coil.     

Ultrasonic Resonator Techniques for Broad-band Spectroscopy and for High-resolution Sound Velocity Measurement of Liquids

This review gives a short introduction into the principles of ultraconic measurement techniques for liquids, using cavity resona-tors. Guidelines for the resonator design in broad-hand ultrasonic spectroscopy as well as in high-resolution singie-frequency or narrow-band applications are presented. Deviations of the field configuration in real cells from that in an ideal resonator are discussed and relations for the mode spectrum of cavity fields are given. Recent resonator measurement procedures and methods of data evaluation are men-tioned briefly. Some examples of measurements show the extended usability of ultrasonic resonator techniques in basic science and in a wide range of applications for materials characterization, in manufac-turing processes, as well as in control routines.     

Optimization of Dimensions of a Device for Circular Magnetization of Cylindrical Components. V. Circular Field Component in One Sector of Toroidal Coil

Analytical expressions for calculating the distribution of the circular magnetic field component generated by a coil shaped as a toroid sector have been obtained. The field distribution has been analyzed for different parameters of a toroidal coil divided into sectors. The maximal circular component of magnetic field is generated in a limited region in space by a coil composed of different sectors containing turns wound in several layers on top of one another. The field intensity depends on the sectorial angle, its inside and outside radius, and the number of layers in the winding. The sectorial angle corresponding to the maximal circular component depends on the radius-vector of the observation point.     

低场核磁共振螺线管线圈的设计

在常规低场核磁共振(NMR)实验中,NMR响应的空间均匀度与螺线管收发线圈的尺寸、样品的大小以及采用的脉冲序列类型有关,根据这些条件可以确定具有给定射频(RF)场均匀度的线圈最小尺寸.考虑到螺线管匝数、线径等因素对信噪比的影响,对线圈的各项参数进行了优化,设计了具有最佳信噪比性能的螺线管线圈.     

基于氟化镁晶体微腔产生宽光谱范围克尔光频梳及色散调控研究

为了在基于回音壁模式光学微腔的光学频率梳生成中优化微腔的性能和光频梳的质量,对氟化镁晶体微腔的色散调控进行研究.首先,理论仿真研究了MgF2晶体微腔边缘形状对腔内模场和总色散的影响;接着根据仿真结果实际加工了两种面形的MgF2晶体微腔,分别为边缘平面型和单边楔形;然后,搭建了微腔性能检测系统和晶体微腔光梳生成系统,实测...     

Electron holographic observation of micro-magnetic fields current-generated from single carbon coil

A carbon coil was evaluated for use as a micro-solenoid in a small magnetic device. A single carbon coil was lifted out of the aggregate using a tungsten fine probe in a focused ion beam (FIB) system and was wired to two small electrodes in the specimen holder of a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A direct current was supplied to the single carbon coil. A micro/nano-magnetic field generated from the coil was directly observed by electron holography. A computer simulation of electron holography was also done to quantitatively analyze the magnetic field. Details on the FIB technique, the electron holographic observation and the simulation are described.     

Analysis of Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanocoils for Imaging Materials

Carbon nanotubes and nanocoils are expected as the charging materials and electron gun for the imaging devices. It is synthesized for carbon nanocoils with different diameters by the catalytic thermal decomposition of acetylene using iron-indium-tin-oxide catalysts. It is found that the turn-on voltage is decreased by decreasing the average diameter of the grown carbon nanocoils. The turn on voltage of as low as 30 V at the electrodes' gap of 130 μm has been achieved when the coil diameter is decreased to 60 nm. The calculation for the concentration of the electric field on the coil surface has been performed using a finite element method. It is obtained that the strength of electric field around the top ring of a coil is increased with the decrease of the tubular diameter of the coil and has a similar value for that at the tip of a carbon nanotube, suggesting that the efficiency of the field emission from nanocoils would be higher than that from nanotubes. These results can explain the good stability of field emission from carbon nanocoils.     

Microfiber knot resonator based electric field sensor

An optical fiber electric field sensor was constructed by coating a microfiber based knot resonator with propylene carbonate, a liquid electrooptic material. The Kerr electrooptic effect of propylene carbonate changed the refractive index of the liquid in the presence of an electric field and shifted the fringe pattern of the resonator. The electric field was demodulated by monitoring the fringe shift. The sensor was used to characterize sinusoidal electric fields with magnitudes from 200–4000?V/cm and a pulsed field with a 200?µs duration time. This work may provide practical applications for the characterization of electric fields.     

基于NdFeB永磁材料的动圈力马达磁场分析

动圈式力马达是一种借助于永磁体建立磁场,使带电线圈在磁场力的作用下做直线运动的一种电-机转换元件.不同的永磁体材料直接影响着动圈力马达的性能.本文借助ANSYS磁场分析软件,对基于NdFeB永磁材料的动圈力马达做了磁场分析研究.通过研究发现使动圈力马达获得相同的输出力,当采用NdFeB永磁材料时,可以减小动圈力马达的结构尺寸,提高其动态特性.     

Optimization of dimensions of a device for circular magnetization of cylindrical components. III. Investigation of circular field component generated by a one-layer toroidal coil

The effect of dimensions of a toroidal coil and the number of turns in the coil on the circular magnetic field component within the region limited by the inside axial sections of the turns has been studied. The configuration of this field has been determined. Optimal dimensions of the coil have been calculated. In order to obtain a higher amplitude of the circular field, one should use coils with smaller numbers of turns. In the inner region of a one-layer toroidal coil close to the turns, the peaks of the circular field diminish with the number of turns, but the number of points where the field intensity is maximal becomes larger, i.e., the field becomes more uniform. Methods of further increase in the circular component of the magnetic field have been suggested.     

新颖高频动圈式永磁直线电机的研究

针对常规动圈式永磁直线电机在电磁力、响应时间和响应速度等性能上的不足,从永磁体结构入手,对比单个永磁体不同的磁化技术和多个永磁体不同的阵列结构,提出了一种新颖八片瓦型有气隙Halbach磁化阵列动圈式永磁直线电机。对其静态磁场和瞬态磁场的分析以及实验结果表明,线圈与永磁体间的作用力能提高40%以上,仿真频宽接近350 Hz/-3 dB,响应时间为0.004 s。而实验频宽达到300 Hz/-3 dB,与仿真结果基本吻合,表明所设计的动圈式永磁直线电机具有高频和快速响应特性,能很好地满足高速电液比例控制系统的要求。     

一种新型智能金属探测仪的设计

介绍了一种基于金属体内电涡流效应的新型高灵敏度金属探测仪设计.它可用于交通部门对旅客和行李进行安全检查,也可用于建筑施工中,探明墙体内是否装有钢筋、金属管等.传感器探头由激励线圈和巨磁阻传感器芯片构成,在线圈中通入方波脉冲使周围产生交变磁场,当靠近金属物体时,金属内产生涡流,使原线圈的磁场发生变化,位于线圈中央的巨磁阻传感器将其转变成电信号,在单片机的控制下进行处理和显示.     

Modeling and Configuration Design of Electromagnetic Actuation Coil for a Magnetically Controlled Microrobot

Non-contact actuated microbeads have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of its enormous potential in medical, biological, and industrial applications. Researchers have proposed a multitude of electromagnetic actuation(EMA) systems consisting of a variety of coil pairs. However, a unified method to design and optimize a coil pair according to technical specifications still does not exist. Initially, this paper presented the modeling of an untethered ferromagnetic particle actuated by externally applied magnetic field. Based on the models, a simple method of designing and optimizing the EMA coil pair according to technical specifications, was proposed. A loop-shaped coil pair generating uniform magnetic and gradient fields was chosen to demonstrate this method clearly and practically. The results of the optimization showed that the best distance to radius ratio of a loop-shaped coil pair is 1.02 for a uniform magnetic field and 1.75 for a uniform gradient field. The applicability of the method to other shapes of coil configuration was also illustrated. The best width to distance ratio for a square-shaped coil pair is 0.558 and 0.958 for uniform magnetic and gradient fields, respectively. The best height to width ratio and distance to width ratio for a rectangle-shaped coil pair is h/w = [0.9,1.1], d/w = [0.5,0.6] for uniform magnetic field and h/w = [1.0,1.2], d/w = [0.9,1.1] for uniform gradient field. Furthermore, simulations of a microparticle tracking the targeted trajectory were conducted to analyze the performance of the newly designed coils. The simulations suggested the ability of manipulating microparticles via the coils designed by our proposed method. The research mainly proposed a unified design and optimization method for a coil pair, which can support researchers while designing a specific coil pair according to the technical requirements. This study is aimed at researchers who are interested in EMA system and microrobots.     

基于电磁场有限元方法的发电机故障分析

发电机在运行过程中,在定子线圈槽口、定子线圈与槽壁之间,线圈绝缘表面的电场分布是不均匀的。当上述部位的局部电场强度达到临界场强时,容易产生电晕现象,而且线圈的间隙在电场作用下,当工作电压达到间隙的起始放电电压时,还会发生局部放电。因此,定子线圈槽部电场的计算显得尤其重要,基于电磁场有限元方法,以大型发电机的定子槽作为分析模型,应用ANSOFT专业有限元分析软件对其进行了电场分析,得出定子槽内部的电场分布,实现对大型发电机定子槽绝缘故障诊断分析.通过分析得到整个电机电位的分布及电场强度的分布,分析结果有助于对电机进行优化设计和控制。     

Estimating effects from trapped magnetic fluxes in superconducting magnetic levitation measurement

Superconducting magnetic levitation measurement is one of the most promising approaches to define mass standard based on the fundamental physical constants. However, the present system has unknown factors causing error larger than 50 ppm. We examined the effects of magnetic fluxes trapped in the superconducting coil and the superconducting floating body. When fluxes were trapped in either coil or floating body, their effects were able to be cancelled by reversing polarities of current and magnetic field, as had been believed. However, fluxes trapped in both coil and body induced an attractive force between them and caused error. In order to reduce the fluxes, the coil and the floating body should be cooled in low magnetic field in magnetic and electromagnetic shields.