数据中心网络中的流量均衡

现代数据中心网络在任意两个主机之间都存在很多可选路径.如何在多个可选路径之间实现流量均衡,是数据中心网络中的重要研究课题.针对这一问题,已有研究者提出了很多解决方案.对多级Clos架构下的数据中心网络中的流量均衡问题做了深入的分析与总结.首先分析了数据中心网络的特点,然后定义流量均衡问题为最小化等价链路的最大潜在丢包率.之后总结了各种丢包产生的原因,并讨论了影响流量均衡设计方案的两个主要挑战：分组乱序与突发拥塞.在此基础上,把现有解决方案分为主动调度、切片散射、探测与调整及其他这4个大类,并对各解决方案逐一进行介绍,说明各自的优缺点.最后还对不同方案作了对比,指出了未来可能的研究方向.     

网络站点的负载均衡技术探索

本文从不同的角度探讨了多种网络负载均衡技术，介绍了基于DNS的负载均衡、基于反向代理的负载均衡和基于NAT的负载均衡，并从传输链路聚合、采用更高层网络交换技术、设置服务器集群策略三个方面分析了负载均衡的实现，阐述了负载均衡服务在提高系统性能和优化流量管理等方面的功能.     

基于CORBA的负载均衡在综合前置机系统中的应用

本文针对中介型电子商务交易平台服务器系统在负载均衡、处理效率及网络安全等方面的需求,提出了一种新的基于综合前置机系统的解决方案.该方案的核心问题是基于CORBA技术负载均衡器的设计与实现.对现有主流负载均衡算法及方案进行对比分析,并通过模拟实验验证了该方案的优势所在.     

数据中心网络四层负载均衡技术综述

针对数据中心难以适应流量增长进行横向扩展并保证连接一致性的问题,阐述了四层负载均衡技术在应对高并发访问和提高资源利用率方面的重要作用,梳理了国内外四层负载均衡模块的设计与算法,总结了负载均衡器以不同方式进行部署分别存在的优缺点,同时分析了网络可编程转发技术在四层负载均衡领域中的应用与最新进展.最后,对网络新形势下负载均...     

基于高级路由的负载均衡技术研究

选择合适的负载均衡策略,可以使多个设备能更好的共同完成任务,消除或避免现有网络负载分布不均、数据流量拥挤反应时间长的瓶颈。使用IP工具对高级路由进行特定的配置,是实现负载均衡的一种方案,这里主要研究基于Linux环境的高级路由的负载均衡实现方法并测试其性能。     

基于大流调度的软件定义数据中心网络负载均衡算法

传统负载均衡算法对数据中心网络中的大流进行调度时,会造成部分链路负载过重、网络整体负载不均衡等问题。将负载均衡问题转化为多商品流问题进行求解,结合软件定义网络集中控制的思想和数据中心网络的流量特征,提出一种基于大流调度的软件定义数据中心网络负载均衡算法。根据阈值将数据流划分为大流和小流,结合路径上大流分布度和可用负载度对大流进行重路由,以减小大流对网络负载均衡的影响。仿真实验表明,在流量大小分布不均衡的数据中心网络中,该算法与传统的等价多路径算法和基于全局最先匹配的动态流量调度算法相比,在平均对分带宽上获得了更大的提升,能够更好地实现数据中心网络的负载均衡。     

基于软件定义数据中心网络的节能路由算法

由于数据中心网络是云计算和下一代网络技术的平台和基础设施,日益增长的网络数据在满足用户需求的同时,也大幅增加了数据中心的能耗。许多针对数据中心网络的节能策略被提出,多数采用硬件与软件相结合的策略来完成节能模型的设计。为了进一步降低能耗,从网络负载均衡和节能路由设计的角度提出了一种新的节能路由算法,其基本思想是首先对负载均衡进行量化分析,然后提出带宽限定的负载均衡与节能相结合的节能路由算法,充分考虑到网络整体的可达性和可靠性。该算法为数据中心节能提供了一种新的视角。通过与传统的节能路由作比较,验证了该算法能够在保证较高网络可靠性的同时能耗较低。通过对实验数据的分析和解释得到了若干有益的结论,为进一步的研究工作奠定了基础。     

云计算环境下面向数据密集型应用的数据布局策略与方法

云计算环境下面向流程的数据密集型应用已被广泛应用于多个领域.面对多数据中心的云计算环境,这类应用在数据布局方面遇到了新的挑战,主要表现在如何减少跨数据中心的数据传输、如何保持数据间的依赖性以及如何在提高效率的同时兼顾全局的负载均衡等.针对这些挑战,文中提出一种三阶段数据布局策略,分别针对跨数据中心数据传输、数据依赖关系和全局负载均衡三个目标对数据布局方案进行求解和优化.实验显示,文中提出的数据布局策略具有良好的综合性能,特别是在降低流程执行过程中由跨数据中心数据传输所导致的时间开销方面,效果尤为明显.     

一种基于SDN的多路径流调度机制

摘要:针对传统多路径路由方法造成数据中心网络负载不均衡、吞吐量低的问题,该文提出了一种基于SDN的多路径流调度（SDN based Multipath Flow Scheduling, SMFS）机制。结合SDN能够获取全局网络视图的优势,SMFS采用周期性轮询和动态流调度的方法实现良好的负载均衡,进而提高全网吞吐量。为减少控制器和交换机之间的交互带来的网络额外负载,SMFS有选择地对部分大流进行重新调度,并利用分段路由技术实现重路由,提高了流的传输速率。实验结果表明,相比于传统等价多路径路由（Equal-Cost Multi-Path routing, ECMP）和现有集中式流调度机制,SMFS能够有效提高数据中心网络的吞吐量,降低流平均完成时间,并保证较好的负载均衡。     

物联网海量数据的分布式存储算法

随着物联网技术的进一步发展以及应用规模的扩大,网络中的数据量呈几何级的疯狂增长,众多传感器终端的大量信源势必呈海量趋势.面对不断增长的数据,海量数据的存储不均匀的问题将成为限制物联网充分发展的＂瓶颈＂.本文结合分布式云存储系统的架构性优势,在其基础上针对物联网异类数据实时存取特点,在多个数据中心对海量数据进行边缘化存储处理.为此本文提出了一种点对点的分布式存储方案,在方案中物联网各数据中心间采用云架构分级式存储,通过存储信息的交互推动,使各数据中心协同工作,达到对物联网中原始数据流有序分散负载均衡.实验证明,本文提出的方案能够实现物联网中海量数据的边缘化存储和负载均衡.     

数据中心负载均衡方法研究综述

随着云计算的发展,数据中心网络成为近年来学术界和工业界关注的研究热点.现代数据中心网络通常采用胖树等多根树拓扑结构,存在多条可用路径来提供高对分带宽.由于等价多路径路由等传统的负载均衡方法无法适应数据中心网络中高动态和强突发的流量特性,多种针对数据中心的负载均衡方法不断涌现.围绕数据中心中负载均衡的基本问题,介绍了当前...     

Joint coverage and link utilization for fast IP local protection

To mitigate the impact of failures, many IP Fast Local Recovery (IPFLR) schemes have been proposed to reroute traffic in the events of failures. However, the existing IPFLR schemes either aimed to find the alternate backup routes to protect failures, or focused on balancing the traffic load routed on the backup routes. Furthermore, in Internet, flows are often managed by shortest path routing, and therefore purely determining the backup routing paths is not sufficient in protecting the error-prone networks. In this paper, we propose a Simulated Annealing based Load balancing and Protection (SALP) scheme to determine link weights for balancing link utilization in the non-failure state and simultaneously construct backup routing tables for protecting any single link failure in IP networks. In our proposed scheme, the two most significant issues, (1) load balancing and (2) coverage, are jointly considered to recover the network operation from single link failures. In the proposed scheme, upon a failure, only the nodes adjacent to a failure are activated to divert affected traffic to backup paths without disturbing regular traffic. Numerical results delineate that the proposed scheme achieves high coverage rate and load balancing at the expense of slightly increasing the entries of backup routing table.     

SenCar: An Energy-Efficient Data Gathering Mechanism for Large-Scale Multihop Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a new data gathering mechanism for large-scale multihop sensor networks. A mobile data observer, called SenCar, which could be a mobile robot or a vehicle equipped with a powerful transceiver and battery, works like a mobile base station in the network. SenCar starts the data gathering tour periodically from the static data processing center, traverses the entire sensor network, gathers the data from sensors while moving, returns to the starting point, and, finally, uploads data to the data processing center. Unlike SenCar, sensors in the network are static and can be made very simple and inexpensive. They upload sensed data to SenCar when SenCar moves close to them. Since sensors can only communicate with others within a very limited range, packets from some sensors may need multihop relays to reach SenCar. We first show that the moving path of SenCar can greatly affect network lifetime. We then present heuristic algorithms for planning the moving path/circle of SenCar and balancing traffic load in the network. We show that, by driving SenCar along a better path and balancing the traffic load from sensors to SenCar, network lifetime can be prolonged significantly. Our moving planning algorithm can be used in both connected networks and disconnected networks. In addition, SenCar can avoid obstacles while moving. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed data gathering mechanism can prolong network lifetime significantly compared to a network that has only a static observer or a network in which the mobile observer can only move along straight lines.     

Replica-aided load balancing in overlay networks

In recent years, there have been rapid advances in network infrastructure and technologies for end-user communication. However, because of network dynamics and resource limitation, providing scalable end-user communication services is challenging when the applications are utilized on a large-scale. To address this challenge, a replica-aided load balancing scheme (RALB) is proposed for enabling the nodes in an overlay networks to support the communication applications for a large number of users. This paper makes three unique contributions. First, we study the existing load balancing schemes and identify their weakness in handling time-varying workloads with frequent load fluctuations. Second, we introduce a sophisticated cost model for load balancing cost estimation, which captures the dependencies between the factors (e.g., the load, message number, and link latency). Third, we propose a performance tuning technique to minimize the load balancing cost. The extensive experiments show that RALB effectively reduces the load imbalance and eliminates the load balancing cost when compared to the existing load balancing schemes.     

Scalable Load Balancing Techniques for Parallel Computers

In this paper we analyze the scalability of a number of load balancing algorithms which can be applied to problems that have the following characteristics: the work done by a processor can be partitioned into independent work pieces; the work pieces are of highly variable sizes; and it is not possible (or very difficult) to estimate the size of total work at a given processor. Such problems require a load balancing scheme that distributes the work dynamically among different processors. Our goal here is to determine the most scalable load balancing schemes for different architectures such as hypercube, mesh, and network of workstations. For each of these architectures, we establish lower bounds on the scalability of any possible load balancing scheme. We present the scalability analysis of a number of load balancing schemes that have not been analyzed before. This gives us valuable insights into their relative performance for different problem and architectural characteristics. For each of these architectures, we are able to determine near optimal load balancing schemes. Results obtained from implementation of these schemes in the context of the Tautology Verification problem on the Ncube/2 (a trademark of the Ncube Corporation) multicomputer are used to validate our theoretical results for the hypercube architecture. These results also demonstrate the accuracy and viability of our framework for scalability analysis.     

Diffusion Schemes for Load Balancing on Heterogeneous Networks

Several different diffusion schemes have previously been developed for load balancing on homogeneous processor networks. We generalize existing schemes, in order to deal with heterogeneous networks. Generalized schemes may operate efficiently on networks where each processor can have arbitrary computing power, i.e., the load will be balanced proportionally to these powers. The balancing flow that is calculated by schemes for homogeneous networks is minimal with regard to the l ₂ -norm and we prove this to hold true for generalized schemes, too. We demonstrate the usability of generalized schemes by a number of experiments on several heterogeneous networks.     

Dynamic load balancing in IP-over-WDM optical burst switching networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of dynamic load balancing in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based optical burst switching (OBS) networks. We propose a load balancing scheme based on adaptive alternate routing aimed at reducing burst loss. The key idea of adaptive alternate routing is to reduce network congestion by adaptively distributing the load between two pre-determined link-disjoint alternative paths based on the measurement of the impact of traffic load on each of them. We develop two alternative-path selection schemes to select link-disjoint alternative paths to be used by adaptive alternate routing. The path selection schemes differ in the way the cost of a path is defined and in the assumption made about the knowledge of the traffic demands. Through extensive simulation experiments for different traffic scenarios, we show that the proposed dynamic load balancing algorithm outperforms the shortest path routing and static alternate routing algorithms.     

数据中心网络中基于SDN的大象流负载均衡的研究

针对数据中心网络中大象流携带大量数据造成网络拥塞和负载不均衡的问题,提出基于SDN(software defined network)的大象流负载均衡(elephant flow load balancing ,EFLB)。当网络负载超过阈值时,控制器利用Openflow特性将检测到的大象流分裂为多个老鼠流,并根据收集的网络拓扑和链路状态动态地计算负载最小的下一跳交换机,确保负载均衡。实验结果表明,相比于等价多路径路算法(equal-cost mulit-path routing ,ECMP),EFLB机制提高网络吞吐量和链路利用率,更好地实现网络负载均衡。     

Balancing Energy Consumption to Maximize Network Lifetime in Data-Gathering Sensor Networks

Unbalanced energy consumption is an inherent problem in wireless sensor networks characterized by multihop routing and many-to-one traffic pattern, and this uneven energy dissipation can significantly reduce network lifetime. In this paper, we study the problem of maximizing network lifetime through balancing energy consumption for uniformly deployed data-gathering sensor networks. We formulate the energy consumption balancing problem as an optimal transmitting data distribution problem by combining the ideas of corona-based network division and mixed-routing strategy together with data aggregation. We first propose a localized zone-based routing scheme that guarantees balanced energy consumption among nodes within each corona. We then design an offline centralized algorithm with time complexity O(n) (n is the number of coronas) to solve the transmitting data distribution problem aimed at balancing energy consumption among nodes in different coronas. The approach for computing the optimal number of coronas in terms of maximizing network lifetime is also presented. Based on the mathematical model, an energy-balanced data gathering (EBDG) protocol is designed and the solution for extending EBDG to large-scale data-gathering sensor networks is also presented. Simulation results demonstrate that EBDG significantly outperforms conventional multihop transmission schemes, direct transmission schemes, and cluster-head rotation schemes in terms of network lifetime.     

Load balancing for video streaming services in hierarchical wireless networks

Wireless networks have focused on voice call services or wireless Internet access services. These days, the application service domain of wireless networks is rapidly expanding, and a wide variety of new services is emerging. Video streaming service is one of the most promising examples, evidenced by 3GPP’s MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem). In this paper, we consider the provision of video streaming services in hierarchical wireless networks with multiple layers of cells. We particularly focus on optimal load balancing among the cells, aiming at the minimization of frame drop ratio for given video streaming sessions. From this objective function, we derive the optimal load balancing condition. Load balancing is essentially the issue of which users are assigned to which cell, i.e., the user assignment problem. In our user assignment algorithm, we compute thresholds to divide users into groups according to the user characteristics, and map the user groups to proper cells. The optimal load balancing condition can be reached by adaptively adjusting the threshold at run time. This process does not require prior knowledge about the system status, such as the system capacity or user traffic requests, which warrants the practicality of the proposed scheme. Via simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves optimal load balancing in various realistic environments.