经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术切除儿童第四脑室肿瘤

目的 报道经小脑延髓裂入路显微外科手术切除儿童第四脑室肿瘤的临床疗效。方法 采用枕下正中切口、小脑延髓裂入路在手术显微镜下切除第四脑室肿瘤18例。结果 手术治疗18例，其中肿瘤全切除13例，近全切除5例。术后无l例出现小脑性缄默综合征。出现脑积水3例，2例经行侧脑室．腹腔分流后好转，l例因急性梗阻性脑积水死亡。结论 经小脑延髓裂入路，不需切开小脑蚓部，可避免损伤正常小脑组织，应用显微外科技术有助切除第四脑室肿瘤，提高手术疗效。     

神经内镜辅助显微手术治疗脑桥小脑角病变

目的探索神经内镜辅助显微手术治疗脑桥小脑角病变的实用性及其优势。方法对38例脑桥小脑角病变采取乙状窦后入路神经内镜辅助显微手术治疗。结果10例听神经瘤全切并面神经保留，22例胆脂瘤及1例脑膜瘤全切除，5例三义神经痛术后发作性疼痛消失。无术后并发症及死亡。结论经乙状窦后入路神经内镜辅助显微手术治疗脑桥小脑角病变，有利于提高手术疗效，降低手术危险性。     

第四脑室肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨第四脑室肿瘤手术入路和显微手术技巧,以提高第四脑室肿瘤的手术疗效。方法84例第四脑室肿瘤患者,行显微镜下切除肿瘤、后颅窝骨瓣成形及复位术。其中,61例采用正中孔-小脑蚓部入路,19例采用小脑延髓裂入路,4例取正中孔-小脑蚓部与小脑延髓裂联合入路。术前行侧脑室外引流4例,术中行侧脑室-枕大池分流3例,术后行侧脑室外引流术1例。结果本组全切除肿瘤63例(75.0%),次全切除21例(25.0%),无手术死亡病例。术后并发症:上消化道出血6例,小脑缄默症2例,四脑室血肿1例,脑积水1例,颅神经功能障碍1例。随访82例,平均38.4个月,死亡9例。结论术前正确判断肿瘤性质及其基底部所在位置,选择适宜的手术入路,熟练应用显微外科技术,是手术成功治疗的第四脑室肿瘤关键。     

第四脑室肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨第四脑室肿瘤的显微手术方法. 方法 2000年1月～2003年6月我院对29例第四脑室肿瘤采用显微手术治疗,5例因肿瘤侵犯上蚓,瘤体接近皮层部采用小脑蚓部入路,余24例均经小脑延髓裂入路,显微手术切除肿瘤. 结果肿瘤全切除23例,次全切除6例.术后并发症:上消化道出血2例,小脑缄默征1例,第四脑室血肿1例,远隔部位硬膜外血肿1例,呼吸不规则1例.19例随访3～12个月,平均5.5月,肿瘤无复发. 结论术前正确判断肿瘤性质及其基底部所在位置,选择适当的手术入路,熟练掌握第四脑室的显微解剖是手术成功的关键.     

幕下小脑上锁孔入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤

目的探讨幕下小脑上锁孔入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤的可行性和安全性。方法依据术前神经影像学检查结果,制定个体化手术方案．采用经幕下小脑上锁孔入路,显微手术切除病变7例。骨窗大小约2．0 cm×2．5 cm,上缘达横窦和窦汇下缘。结果7例中,胚生殖细胞瘤2例；松果体细胞瘤2例；松果体母细胞瘤1例；胶质瘤1例；胆脂瘤1例。术后均行MRI检查,肿瘤全切除6例,1例次全切除。并发术后小脑肿胀、脑积水1例,再次行手术减压；1例术后出现一过性缄默及凝视；无死亡、感染及术后出血病例。近期随访效果良好。结论应用幕下小脑上锁孔入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤不仅可取得满意的切除率,而且手术创伤小、疗效好。     

第三脑室肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨切除第三脑室肿瘤的手术入路和显微手术技巧。方法 23例采取显微直视手术，2例采取显微直视手术加神经内镜辅助手术，1例第三脑室囊性病变的采取神经内镜切除术。结果 在手术显微镜下全切除12例，次全切除10例，部分切除4例。结论 显微手术为首选治疗方案，第三脑室内囊性病变可用神经内镜治疗。术中注意保护第三脑室周围结构，可减少术后并发症的发生。     

远外侧枕下入路临床应用的初步经验

目的 改良远外侧枕下入路,适当显露病变,改善延髓和上颈髓腹侧病变的治疗效果。方法 采用远外侧枕下入路的5种改良入路,包括经小关节入路、经枕骨髁后入路、部分经枕骨髁入路、完全经枕骨髁入路和极端外侧经颈静脉孔入路,治疗延髓及上颈髓腹侧和腹外侧肿瘤12例、椎动脉动脉瘤2例,并分析手术治疗的效果和并发症。结果 本组12例肿瘤患者,7例肿瘤全切除,5例肿瘤在部分切除,所有患者术后恢复良好;其中3例术后遗留永久性组颅神经麻痹。2例动脉瘤患者,1例夹闭瘤颈,1例动脉瘤切除的患者因脑干缺血死亡。没有与入路有关的严重并发症。结论 远外侧枕下入路的改良可以满足延髓及上颈髓腹侧和腹外侧病变手术的需要和良好手术野显著,减少不必要的手术步骤,改善治疗效果。     

枕大池重建术治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形合并脊髓空洞症

目的 探讨枕大池重建术治疗合并脊髓空洞症的Chiari Ⅰ型畸形操作要点.方法 枕下正中入路,用咬骨钳咬开下项线至枕大孔后缘及寰椎后弓,“Y“形切开硬脑脊膜和蛛网膜.显微镜下对下疝小脑扁桃体弱电流电凝或软脑膜下切除,开放正中孔直至第四脑室底,打通两侧小脑延髓外侧池,切开脊髓中央管口假膜,修补硬脑脊膜及蛛网膜,重建枕大池.结果 36例手术均成功,术中发现30例有脊髓中央管口假膜.术后随访3个月～5年,感觉及肌力均有不同程度的恢复,MRI复查6例脊髓空洞症消失,30例缩小.结论 后颅凹减压、显微镜下开放第四脑室正中孔与两侧小脑延髓外侧池相通、开通脊髓中央管口,是手术治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形合并脊髓空洞症的的关键.     

内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路切除颅咽管瘤手术方法及术后护理对策

目的:总结内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤方法及术后护理对策.方法:采用眶上锁孔入路,内镜辅助显微技术切除颅咽管瘤11例.其中鞍内-鞍上型2例,鞍上-视定叉周围-脑室外型8例,脑室内-外型1例.结果:术后复查MRI,肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除3例,残余瘤体给予放疗,无手术死亡.随访3个月-2.3年,肿瘤复发1例.颅咽管瘤术前原有症状均有明显不同程度的好转.结论:内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路能清楚显露颅咽管瘤与周围结构的关系,提高了显微手术的精细度与安全性,及时有效的术后护理,提高了疾病的治愈率,防止并发症的发生.     

神经内镜辅助经蝶显微手术切除侵犯中下斜坡的垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨神经内镜辅助经蝶切除侵犯中下斜坡垂体腺瘤的手术技巧和临床效果。方法 采用经口鼻蝶窦入路切除向中下斜坡发展的垂体腺瘤16例，术中配合神经内镜观察，术后复查影像学资料、内分泌水平等评估手术效果。结果 手术近全切除肿瘤13例，次全切除3例。术后8例功能性腺瘤内分泌恢复正常者3例，激素水平下降超过80％者4例、未达80％者l例。结论 神经内镜辅助经口鼻蝶窦入路显微手术可切除侵犯中下斜坡的垂体腺瘤，手术效果比较满意。     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根内固定断裂与植骨融合方式的相关性分析

[目的]探讨胸腰椎骨折椎弓根螺钉内固定系统内固定术后,椎弓根螺钉断裂与植骨融合方式之间的关系,以探讨胸腰椎骨折植骨融合的最佳方式。[方法]回顾性研究1995年5月~2005年12月本院脊柱外科收治的胸腰椎骨折病人197例,其中A组单纯内固定(不植骨)患者14例,B组“H”形椎板植骨21例,C组横突间植骨67例,D组椎间、椎内联合横突间植骨95例。[结果]术后随访6~32个月,内固定断裂12例,其中A组4例,B组3例,C组5例,D组0例,4组中D组内固定断裂率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。[结论]椎间、椎体内联合横突间植骨重建脊柱三柱的稳定性,符合人体生物力学原理,能有效降低内固定断裂的发生。     

On the measurement of the functional properties of the CFTR

A number of methods are currently employed to assess the functional properties of CFTR channels and their response to pharmacological potentiators, correction of the defective CFTR trafficking, and vectorial introduction of new proteins. Here we review the most common methods used to assess CFTR channel function. The suitability of each technique to various experimental conditions is discussed.     

The Measurement of the Inclination Angle of the Hamate and Analysis of the Inclination Angle for the Rotation Deformity of the Little Finger in the Fixation of the Carpometacarpal Joint

ObjectiveComplex base fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone and dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are more prone to internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence after fixation with a transarticular plate. In the past, we have neglected that there is actually a certain angle of external rotation in the hamate surface of transarticular fixation. This study measured the inclination angle of the hamate surface relative to the fifth metacarpal surface for clinical reference.MethodsIn a prospective single‐center study, we investigated the tilt angle of 60 normal hamates. The study included thin‐layer computed tomography (CT) data from 60 patients from the orthopaedic clinic and inpatient unit from January 2017 to March 2020, including 34 men and 26 women who were 15~59 years old, average 35 years old. The CT data of 60 cases in Dicom format of the hand was input into Mimics and 3‐Matics software for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and measuring the angle α between hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface. According to the possible placement of the transarticular plate on the fifth metacarpal surface, we measured the angle β between the hamate surface 1 and the fifth metacarpal surface and the angle γ between the hamate surface 2 and the fifth metacarpal surface.ResultsThe average angle between the hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface was 11.66°. The hamate surfaces 1 and 2 have an external rotation angle of 7.30° and 7.51° on average with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference in the angles between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe horizontal angle of the dorsal side of the hamate is different from the back of the fifth metacarpal surface, and the hamate has a certain external rotation angle with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface. No matter how the transarticular plate is placed, the plate always has a certain external rotation angle relative to the fifth metacarpal surface. When the fixation is across the fifth carpometacarpal joint, if the plate does not twist and shape, it will inevitably cause internal rotation of the fifth metacarpal, resulting in internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence.     

静脉输注甘露醇开放血脑屏障对抗生素透过血脑屏障的影响

目的　通过快速静脉输注甘露醇可逆性开放血脑屏障 (BBB) ,探知此方法能否增加抗生素透过BBB的量 ,在何时达到最高峰 ,其通透量增加后临床上有无不良反应。方法　采用自身配伍设计 ,共 6个样本组。对照组仅使用抗生素 ;其余 5组分别在使用甘露醇前 60、3 0min ,同时使用甘露醇后 3 0、60min使用抗生素 ,各组皆取使用抗生素后 1h的脑脊液测其抗生素浓度。抗生素选用头孢三嗪。结果　测量值经过q检验 ,经 2 0 %甘露醇处理前后的CSF中的头孢三嗪浓度差异有非常显著性。全组患者经临床观察未出现神经系统的不良反应。结论　经静脉快速输注2 0 %甘露醇后可以使透过BBB的水溶性抗生素的量增加 ,两者使用的顺序是在抗生素使用 3 0min内即给予甘露醇快速滴注。该方法不会增加低神经毒性抗生素在中枢神经系统的不良反应。     

三角韧带损伤的手术治疗

[目的]探讨踝关节三角韧带损伤的手术治疗及效果。[方法]2002年4月-2005年4月治疗伴有三角韧带损伤的踝关节骨折40例，均采用切开复位和坚强内固定，并修复重建三角韧带，恢复踝关节内外侧结构的稳定性。下胫腓联合分离仍不稳定者，给予皮质骨螺钉横向内固定。[结果]全部病例得到16个月-3a随访，平均1．5a。按齐氏疗效评定标准：优良30例，可8例，差2例，优良率75％。[结论]强调踝关节骨折切开解剖复位，坚强内固定的同时，应充分重视修复重建三角韧带。     

Preservation of the pylorus and resection of the head of the pancreas

The historical evolution of the pylorus-preservation resection of the head of the pancreas is traced from the first resections early in this century to relative standardization of the operation, to a lowering of the operative mortality, and to an interest in improving nutritional status after resection. There are many theoretical advantages for the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract after pylorus and gastric preservation, such as maintenance of gastric capacitance and equilibration of osmotic pressure in gastric digestants, foodstuff digestion and absorption, and bowel motility. After the pylorus-preserving resection, gastric emptying is normal, pyloric function to prevent duodenal reflux is often normal, and gastric acids and serum levels of duodenal hormones are at normal levels, whereas after standard pancreatoduodenectomy, all of these are often abnormal. No prospective blinded studies have been published comparing nutritional values after the two operative procedures, but evidence is presented of a satisfactory result with regard to gastric capacitance, body weight gain, and lack of postgastrectomy symptoms. An undoubted advantage of the pylorus-preserving feature is a simplification of the operation. These gains are achieved without increase in operative mortality, without increase in the incidence of jejunal ulcer, and without theoretical or actual decrease in value of the procedure as a cancer operation, except in patients with duodenal carcinoma proximal to the ampulla of Vater.     

下颌全牙弓后移量及最后界的测量

目的：研究下颌牙弓的有效后移量及找寻下颌牙弓移动的后界。方法：选取涉及拔除下颌第三磨牙或下颌第三磨牙缺失的病例18例（男6例,女12例）。采用种植支抗牵引下牙弓向远中,治疗完成时所有病例均明确到达下颌牙弓后界,即下颌第二磨牙远中到达下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。应用治疗前后的曲断片测量下颌第二磨牙远中到升支前缘的距离。结果：下颌第二磨牙后移量为（3.49±1.21）mm;治疗后磨牙后间隙的长度为（4.43±0.97）mm。结论：下颌牙弓可确定性地实现整体后移;最大后移量由磨牙后间隙的长度决定;其最后界止于下颌第二磨牙远中与下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。