改性粉煤灰处理氨氮废水的实验研究

通过正交实验研究改性粉煤灰处理氨氮废水的吸附条件。实验结果表明：改性粉煤灰对氨氮的吸附条件重要性依次为pH值、投加量、吸附时间、氨氮废水的浓度;当改性粉煤灰投加量为6g（50mL氨氮废水）,初始氨氮浓度为10mg/L,pH值为3,振荡时间为30 min的条件下,氨氮的去除率最好为94.53%。     

改性粉煤灰处理含磷生活污水试验

为了防止水体富营养化和有效处理生活污水,以改性粉煤灰为吸附剂,对含磷生活污水进行吸附脱磷试验,并研究粉煤灰粒径、投加量、pH值、温度、振荡强度以及吸附时间等因素对脱磷效果的影响。结果表明:在粉煤灰粒径为160~200目、投加量为25 g/L、溶液pH值为3.5、水温为50℃的条件下,对磷质量浓度为6.8 mg/L的生活污水,以140 r/min的强度振荡吸附150 min,磷的去除率可高达95.3%,水样中的磷质量浓度降至0.5 mg/L以下。     

铁交联膨润土-H_2O_2联合氧化预处理苯胺基乙腈生产废水的研究

采用铁交联膨润土-H_2O_2试剂联合氧化对苯胺基乙腈生产废水进行预处理,试验结果表明:优化工艺条件为H_2O_2投加量6.66 g/L,pH为4,铁交联膨润土投加量20 g/L,反应温度30 ℃,反应时间60 min.在此条件下,COD_(Cr)及苯胺的去除率分别为40.5%、92.4%,苯胺<500 mg/L,BOD/COD提高到0.32左右,基本上满足了后续生化处理进水的要求.经研究,铁交联膨润土只需首次足量投加,随后继续使用剩余的铁交联膨润土,保持其他操作条件不变,COD_(Cr)和苯胺去除率分别保持在37.5%以上和90%以上.     

焙烧颗粒膨润土的制备及其对废水中Mn~(2+)的吸附研究

对膨润土颗粒吸附剂进行了制备、焙烧改性,并通过静态吸附试验,对制备的改性吸附剂处理矿山废水中的Mn2+进行了试验研究。结果表明,颗粒吸附剂制备、焙烧改性的最佳条件是:膨润土与蒸馏水质量比为25∶18、膨润土颗粒的粒径为2mm、焙烧温度为500℃、焙烧时间为1.5h。在pH 6,温度为25℃,转速50r/min,进水Mn2+105.86mg/L,吸附剂投加量0.28g/L和吸附时间60min的试验条件下,Mn2+的去除率达96%以上,且吸附剂对Mn2+的吸附符合Langmuir吸附方程。     

无机柱撑膨润土对有机锡废水COD的吸附研究

利用原土、羟基铁膨润土和羟基铁铝柱撑膨润土,进行了吸附有机锡废水中CODcr的试验.研究了膨润土投加量、吸附pH、时间和等温线的变化规律.结果表明,达到吸附平衡的时间为2 h;随着吸附pH由小到大的变化,CODCr的吸附去除率在一定范围内波动;膨润土的投加量宜大于4 g/L;吸附符合Henry等温式;膨润土的层间距、吸附位的数量及活性是决定对吸附性能的关键因素;吸附容量的大小和吸附作用的强弱顺序为:羟基铁铝膨润土＞羟基铁膨润土＞原土.     

粉煤灰成型及其处理氨氮废水的实验研究

通过设计正交实验筛选出处理效果较佳的成型粉煤灰,同时研究了吸附时间、pH值、投加量对处理效果的影响.研究表明:比例为80:10:10,烧结温度为600C,保温时间为90 min,成型质量为1g时,所得粉煤灰的吸附效果最佳;对于处理100 mL浓度约30 mg·L-1氨氮废水的最佳条件为:吸附时间90 min,pH为9,投加量为10 g,去除率可达约40％.     

盐酸改性水淬渣对苯胺废水吸附的研究

在静态条件下研究了盐酸改性水淬渣对废水中苯胺的去除效果,探讨了水淬渣粒径、振荡处理时间、水淬渣投加量、pH值对苯胺去除率的影响。结果表明:在处理时间为60 min、投加量为0.5 g、废水pH值为3的条件下,100目改性水淬渣对50 mL浓度为10 mg/L的苯胺废水具有最佳处理效果,此时去除率可达79.29%。     

沼液预处理最优混凝搅拌条件的研究

通过混凝法对沼液进行预处理最优条件的研究,为沼液预处理提供参考。在实验室条件下,对COD、TN、TP、色度和SS的去除率综合评价混凝工艺效果。实验中依次进行混凝剂投加量、助凝剂投加量、pH和搅拌强度的单因素实验,进而通过正交实验确定沼液预处理最优的混凝搅拌条件。试验结果表明:PAC投加量为4 g/L、PAM投加量为50 mg/L、搅拌速度为200 r/min、混凝阶段同时投加PAC和PAM,处理后的水样COD、TN、TP、色度和SS分别为216.20、181.99、0.18、11.77和71.67 mg/L,去除率分别达到92.51%、88.85%、99.75%、98.37%和89.46%,达到畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准(GB18596-2001),减轻了后续污水处理的负荷,为沼液实际处理提供了理论支持。     

酿酒酵母吸附水溶液中Cu~(2+)的研究

本研究利用酿酒酵母作为生物吸附剂吸附重金属Cu~(2+),探讨了酿酒酵母在不同条件下对重金属铜离子的吸附能力。研究结果表明:当Cu~(2+)的初始浓度为1 g/L,酵母投加量为5 g/L,吸附时间30 min时,Cu~(2+)的吸附率达到最高,为92.80%;当Cu~(2+)的初始浓度为1 g/L,酵母投加量为5 g/L,吸附时间为45 min时,Cu~(2+)的吸附率最高,达到92.30%;当转速在100 r/min时,Cu~(2+)的吸附率最高,为94.33%;当pH为7时Cu~(2+)的吸附率最高,为95.48%;当温度为30℃时,Cu~(2+)的吸附率最高,为94.19%。最佳的吸附条件为:吸附时间45 min,转速100 r/min,pH为7,温度30℃。     

铁硒共沉淀方法除硒影响因素研究

研究铁硒共沉淀方法除硒影响因素,探讨含硒原水处理的工程设计参数和运行控制条件。研究结果表明,FeCl3作为沉淀剂适宜投加量为5mg/L,搅拌时间在5-10min为宜,最佳pH在6-8;而且适宜的原水浊度和水温范围较大。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.