单桩-土-结构振动台试验模型数值计算分析

为研究地震荷载作用下桩基-土-核电结构的抗震性能及土结动力反应规律,对拟开展的地震模拟振动试验模型进行数值计算分析。核电工程结构上部质量大和刚度大,试验模型不同于一般的工程结构,为检验振动台试验模型设计、传感器布设方案,对试验模型进行了数值模拟。数值模拟以单端承桩为研究对象,计算了上部结构质量和刚度变化时,在脉冲荷载及基于RG1.60谱人工合成地震动作用下桩身的地震反应规律。数值模拟表明:在水平地震动作用下,桩身剪力和弯矩包络线呈"X"状分布,桩底和顶处剪力弯矩较大;上部结构质量越大,桩身的剪力与弯矩越大;上部结构的刚度越大,桩身的剪力与弯矩越小;随着上部结构质量的增大和刚度的减小,反弯点逐渐向桩顶移动。桩顶发生最大位移时所对应的桩身挠度随着上部结构质量的增加而增大并且随着上部结构刚度的增大而减小。土层分界面处,桩身内力发生突变。此外,在脉冲荷载输入下,桩身反弯点位置与输入荷载的周期有关。计算结果为振动台试验模型设计提供了理论依据。     

地震作用下上部结构刚度改变对基桩受力的影响

结合典型工程实例，采用在土体侧向边界节点处用弹簧并联阻尼器来进行模拟，在平面应变单元和桩体梁单元连接处用约束方程的方法进行节点耦合、满足连续条件，选择桩、土、荷载参数，用整体有限元方法进行桩－土－结构相互作用体系的地震反应分析。重点讨论了三种不同的上部结构刚度对桩基地震内力的影响，得到了在水平地震荷载作用下上部结构刚度的增大将增大桩基的内力及水平位移，且桩顶及桩身处于第一个软硬土层交界面处的截面的内力尤为突出等结论。关键词：上部结构刚度改变；桩－土－结构相互作用；弹性－阻尼边界；地震反应分析     

地震作用下液化场地变截面桩与等截面桩的动力响应对比分析

为研究液化场地变截面桩的动力响应,依托翔安大桥实体工程,采用有限元软件,建立变截面桩－土和等截面桩－土相互作用模型,模拟液化场地变截面桩及等截面桩在地震作用下的振动反应,分析在地震作用下变截面位置不同的变截面桩及等截面桩的动力响应特征。结果表明:地震作用下,液化土层不同深度处的孔压比变化规律基本相同,均从0逐渐增大最后趋于稳定;变截面桩的桩身加速度和桩身位移均大于等截面桩,且桩顶加速度峰值出现的时刻均滞后于桩底;在饱和砂土层处,桩身位移变化趋势均较陡;变截面桩的桩身弯矩峰值和桩身剪力峰值均大于等截面桩,且其峰值出现的位置较等截面桩深;地震作用下,变截面桩及等截面桩的弯矩与剪力均在安全范围之内;液化场地变截面梁桥桩基础抗震设计时,应着重分析液化土层与非液化土层分界面以下的抗弯能力设计及液化土层中抗剪能力设计。     

上软下硬场地中大直径盾构隧道地震响应分析

依托于某大直径盾构隧道工程项目，建立了基于黏弹性边界的地层-结构时程分析有限元模型。首先，基于振动台试验结果，验证了有限元数值模拟方法的有效性；进而，从软硬土层剪切波速比、软硬土层与隧道的相对位置、隧道埋深等三个方面，系统开展了上软下硬场地对大直径盾构隧道地震响应的影响研究。研究表明：上软下硬场地中的大直径盾构隧道弯矩最大值始终出现在软硬土层分界线附近。随着软硬土层剪切波速差异的增大，隧道的弯矩、剪力和接头张开量都有明显的增大，而隧道轴力和直径变形率的增大幅度较小。软硬土层与隧道的相对位置对隧道内力的影响具有不确定性。随着隧道埋深的增大，隧道弯矩、轴力和直径变形率逐渐增大。     

可液化倾斜场地中桩基动力响应振动台试验研究

为研究倾斜场地中桩基的动力响应,以2011年新西兰地震中受损的Dallington桥为原型,设计并完成可液化倾斜场地桥梁桩-土相互作用的振动台模型试验。试验再现了喷砂、冒水、地裂缝、场地流滑等宏观现象。试验结果表明,土层足够的液化势及惯性是造成倾斜场地侧向流滑的必要条件;浅层土相比深层土更易液化,液化层中的加速度由下至上呈现逐渐衰减的趋势,而未液化砂土层却表现为逐渐增大的特征;深部测点的桩侧土压力明显大于浅部测点,且土体的液化会弱化土对结构的压力;结构应变最大值位于上部桥台,而结构弯矩在桩身中部及土层分界面附近出现两个较大值,桩端嵌固及倾斜场地流滑是造成出现两个弯矩较大值的主要原因。     

桥梁在役桩的竖向动力响应特性及损伤识别研究

基于ANSYS LS-DYNA建立桥梁的墩-承台-桩-土有限元显式动力学模型,模拟桥梁的桩基础在承台上表面施加冲击荷载后完整桩和有断裂缺陷桩的竖向速度响应,分六桩-承台和八桩-承台两种桩基础进行数值计算。结果表明：在所要检测的基桩对应的承台上表面施加冲击力,产生的应力波通过承台到达下方的基桩后沿桩身向下传播,类似于低应变反射波法测桩的原理,应力波在到达桩底桩土交界面或者断裂面等阻抗变化较大处会发生应力波反射,在桩头处的竖向速度响应波形曲线中能识别出反射回的应力波,进而判别桩是完整还是存在断裂损伤;数值计算同时记录承台表面的竖向速度响应,发现承台表面的竖向速度响应波形比桩头处的竖向速度响应波形由于应力波在桩承台界面的多次反射而更加复杂,难以准确判断反射波。     

地震作用下承台桩-土动力相互作用数值模拟分析

基于已开展的非液化场地-群桩基础-结构体系动力响应大型振动台模型试验,进行三维全时程动力数值模拟分析。采用修正的Davidenkov模型反映土体在地震反应过程中的模量衰减,通过“捆绑边界”模拟模型箱的层状剪切运动。通过对比试验中土-结构体系加速度响应时程、土体位移和桩基内力等,验证数值模型的有效性。利用已验证的数值模型,开展承台尺寸对桩-土-上部结构动力响应影响研究。结果表明,承台厚度的增大会导致上部结构和桩顶惯性效应减小;地震作用下沿激振方向前桩大于后桩,随着承台厚度的增大,前桩与后桩峰值弯矩差值率为16.1%～32.1%,群桩效应影响增大;随着承台厚度的增大,承台-土动土压力增大了3～6倍,承台与桩基水平荷载分担比增大,桩基弯矩反弯点位置上移了0.50 m;承台-土的相互摩擦作用会降低结构整体动力响应。     

地震区跨活动断层桥梁桩基动力时程响应分析

为了研究强震区桥梁跨活动断层时,桩基在地震中的动力响应,以海文大桥为工程背景,利用Midas GTS有限元软件建立其强震区桩-海床岩土体-断层耦合作用的数值模型,研究不同强度(0.20g～0.60g)的50年超越概率为10%的地震波(后文简称5010地震波)作用下,桥梁桩基加速度、位移、弯矩及剪力的动力时程响应特性。结果表明：上部大厚度松散土体对桩身加速度有放大及滤波作用,而基岩对桩身加速度几乎不产生作用;断层上、下盘桩基础的桩顶水平位移随输入地震动强度的增大而增大,但达到振幅的时刻一致;上、下盘桩基础桩顶竖向位移时程响应都在50 s以后产生永久沉降;桩身最大弯矩截面处时程响应均在40 s以后产生永久弯矩;应重点考虑上部覆盖层软硬土体界面和基岩界面的抗弯承载力设计,及桩顶和基岩面附近的抗剪承载力设计;上盘桩基础按桩身加速度、弯矩、桩顶水平位移等动参数控制设计,下盘桩基础按动剪应力控制设计。     

层状饱和土中部分埋入单桩的水平振动响应

研究了层状饱和土中部分埋入单桩在水平简谐荷载作用下的动力响应问题。基于Biot波动方程和Novak薄层法原理,在求得层状饱和土半空间位移和应力基本解的基础上,利用桩-土变形协调条件和桩单元间位移、转角、弯矩和剪力的连续性条件建立了桩身刚度矩阵方程,导出了水平稳态谐振下部分埋入单桩阻抗函数的封闭形式解答,并获得了桩身弯矩分布形式。将所提退化解与已有成果进行了对比,验证了理论推导的正确性。参数分析表明:埋入比、土层分布、表层土厚度和渗透系数对桩顶阻抗影响显著,但表层土厚度和渗透系数超过特定值后则其影响较小。     

液化土中斜群桩承台动力响应特性及桩身弯矩分布规律研究

为研究动荷载作用下饱和砂土发生液化前后斜群桩的动力响应相关问题,利用土工离心机振动台进行了饱和砂土场地条件下的斜群桩物理模型试验。通过试验分别对土层响应、桩身弯矩以及桩顶承台加速度和位移等进行了详细分析,得到了如下结论:不同荷载作用下土层液化范围的改变导致了土层加速度峰值出现了不同程度的放大或缩小现象;砂土液化前后桩身动弯矩和残余弯矩对整个桩身的影响程度发生了显著变化,尤其在砂土大范围液化后残余弯矩相比动弯矩的影响明显减弱;当输入加速度峰值较小时,桩顶承台水平加速度峰值与振动台台面比较出现了明显的放大现象。而随着输入加速度峰值的增加,在振动后期承台水平加速度峰值出现了缩小的现象,同时在振动结束后承台产生了明显的动态残余位移。本研究取得的相关结论为液化土中斜群桩的相关研究以及工程设计提供参考。     

A method for assessing kinematic bending moments at the pile head

The conventional design methods for seismically loaded piles still concentrate in providing adequate resistance from the pile to withstand only the inertial bending moments generated from the oscillation of the superstructure, thus neglecting the effect of kinematic interaction between pile and soil. By contrast there has been extensive research on kinematic effects induced by earthquakes and a number of simplified methods are available for a preliminary evaluation of kinematic bending moments at the interface between two soil layers. Less attention has been paid to the effects of kinematic interaction at the pile‐head. The paper summarizes recent research work on kinematic response analysis of fixed‐head piles aimed at the performance evaluation of a piled foundation. Results from an extensive parametric study, undertaken by means of three‐dimensional FE analyses, suggest a new criterion to predict kinematic bending effects at the pile head, where the combination of kinematic and inertial effect may be critical. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Kinematic bending moments in pile foundations

In this paper the kinematic seismic interaction of single piles embedded in soil deposits is evaluated by focusing the attention on the bending moments induced by the transient motion. The analysis is performed by modeling the pile like an Euler–Bernoulli beam embedded in a layered Winkler-type medium. The excitation motion is obtained by means of a one-D propagation analysis. A comprehensive parametric analysis is carried out by varying the main parameters governing the dynamic response of piles like the soil properties, the bedrock location, the diameter and embedment in the bedrock of piles. On the basis of the parametric analysis, a new design formula for predicting the kinematic bending moments for both the cross-sections at the deposit–bedrock interface and at the pile head is proposed.     

Pile‐head kinematic bending in layered soil

Kinematic effects at the head of a flexible vertical pile embedded in a two‐layer soil deposit are investigated by means of rigorous three‐dimensional elastodynamic finite‐element analyses. Both pile and soil are idealized as linearly viscoelastic materials, modelled by solid elements, without the restrictions associated with the use of strength‐of‐materials approximations. The system is analyzed by a time‐Fourier approach in conjunction with a modal expansion in space. Constant viscous damping is considered for each natural mode, and an FFT algorithm is employed to switch from frequency to time domain and vice versa in natural or generalized coordinates. The scope of the paper is to: (a) elucidate the role of a number of key phenomena controlling the amplitude of kinematic bending moments at the pile head; (b) propose a simplified semi‐analytical formula for evaluating such moments; and (c) provide some remarks about the role of kinematic bending in the seismic design of pile foundations. The results of the study provide a new interpretation of the interplay between interface kinematic moments and corresponding head moments, as a function of layer thickness, pile‐to‐soil stiffness ratio, and stiffness contrast between the soil layers. In addition, the role of diameter in designing against kinematic action, with or without the presence of an inertial counterpart, is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SOIL–PILE–BRIDGE SEISMIC INTERACTION: KINEMATIC AND INERTIAL EFFECTS. PART I: SOFT SOIL

A substructuring method has been implemented for the seismic analysis of bridge piers founded on vertical piles and pile groups in multi-layered soil. The method reproduces semi-analytically both the kinematic and inertial soil–structure interaction, in a simple realistic way. Vertical S-wave propagation and the pile-to-pile interplay are treated with sufficient rigor, within the realm of equivalent-linear soil behaviour, while a variety of support conditions of the bridge deck on the pier can be studied with the method. Analyses are performed in both frequency and time domains, with the excitation specified at the surface of the outcropping (‘elastic’) rock. A parameter study explores the role of soil–structure interaction by elucidating, for typical bridge piers founded on soft soil, the key phenomena and parameters associated with the interplay between seismic excitation, soil profile, pile–foundation, and superstructure. Results illustrate the potential errors from ignoring: (i) the radiation damping generated from the oscillating piles, and (ii) the rotational component of motion at the head of the single pile or the pile-group cap. Results are obtained for accelerations of bridge deck and foundation points, as well as for bending moments along the piles. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Study of Piles during Earthquakes: Issues of Design and Analysis

The seismic response of pile foundations is a very complex process involving inertial interaction between structure and pile foundation, kinematic interaction between piles and soils, seismically induced pore-water pressures (PWP) and the non-linear response of soils to strong earthquake motions. In contrast, very simple pseudo-static methods are used in engineering practice to determine response parameters for design. These methods neglect several of the factors cited above that can strongly affect pile response. Also soil–pile interaction is modelled using either linear or non-linear springs in a Winkler computational model for pile response. The reliability of this constitutive model has been questioned. In the case of pile groups, the Winkler model for analysis of a single pile is adjusted in various ways by empirical factors to yield a computational model for group response. Can the results of such a simplified analysis be adequate for design in all situations?The lecture will present a critical evaluation of general engineering practice for estimating the response of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquakes. The evaluation is part of a major research study on the seismic design of pile foundations sponsored by a Japanese construction company with interests in performance based design and the seismic response of piles in reclaimed land. The evaluation of practice is based on results from field tests, centrifuge tests on model piles and comprehensive non-linear dynamic analyses of pile foundations consisting of both single piles and pile groups. Studies of particular aspects of pile–soil interaction were made. Piles in layered liquefiable soils were analysed in detail as case histories show that these conditions increase the seismic demand on pile foundations. These studies demonstrate the importance of kinematic interaction, usually neglected in simple pseudo-static methods. Recent developments in designing piles to resist lateral spreading of the ground after liquefaction are presented. A comprehensive study of the evaluation of pile cap stiffness coefficients was undertaken and a reliable method of selecting the single value stiffnesses demanded by mainstream commercial structural software was developed. Some other important findings from the study are: the relative effects of inertial and kinematic interactions between foundation and soil on acceleration and displacement spectra of the super-structure; a method for estimating whether inertial interaction is likely to be important or not in a given situation and so when a structure may be treated as a fixed based structure for estimating inertial loads; the occurrence of large kinematic moments when a liquefied layer or naturally occurring soft layer is sandwiched between two hard layers; and the role of rotational stiffness in controlling pile head displacements, especially in liquefiable soils. The lecture concludes with some recommendations for practice that recognize that design, especially preliminary design, will always be based on simplified procedures.     

Artificial neural network application to estimate kinematic soil pile interaction response parameters

Six artificial neural network (ANN) models are developed to predict various response parameters of kinematic soil pile interaction. These responses include (1) kinematic response factors for free and fixed head piles in homogenous soil layer to derive foundation input motion (2) normalized bending moment at fixed head of pile in homogenous soil layer (3) normalized kinematic pile moment at the interface of two soil layers of sharply different soil stiffnesses. These ANN models represent simple solutions that can be implemented in a simple calculator capable of matrix operation and bypass the site response analysis and the complex wave diffraction analysis. The data required for ANN training is generated using beam on dynamic Winkler formulation (BDWF). Fifty percent of the data is used to train the ANN models while remaining 50% is used to test the ANN models. The trained ANN models show good agreement with BDWF results.     

Centrifuge modeling of batter pile foundations under earthquake excitation

Although batter pile foundations are widely used in civil engineering structures, their behavior under seismic loadings is not yet thoroughly understood. This paper provides insights about the differences in the behavior of batter and vertical piles under seismic soil-pile-superstructure interaction. An experimental dynamic centrifuge program is presented, where the influences of the base shaking signal and the height of the gravity center of the superstructure are investigated. Various seismic responses are analyzed (displacement and rotation of the pile cap, total shear force at the pile cap level, overturning moment, residual bending moment, total bending moment and axial forces in piles). It is found that in certain cases batter piles play a beneficial role on the seismic behavior of the pile foundation system. The performance of batter piles depends not only on the characteristics of the earthquakes (frequency content and amplitude) but also on the type of superstructures they support. This novel experimental work provides a new experimental database to better understand the behavior of batter pile foundations in seismic regions.     

Research on Dynamic Interaction Characteristics of Soil-pile-steel Frame Structure

利用振动台模型试验和有限元数值模拟的方法对土质地基-群桩-钢框架结构体系动力相互作用的规律和特征进行研究,并讨论了基桩长径比对于体系动力相互作用特征的影响。试验地基土体模型为均匀粉质黏土,剪切波速约为213 m/s;群桩基础由9根长2.0 m、直径0.1 m的基桩3×3对称布置;上部结构模型简化为三层钢框架结构。本文研究结果表明:土-桩-钢框架结构体系的阻尼比相较固定基础情形有所增加,输入相同地震动时其地震反应小于固定基础情形;动力相互作用体系中运动相互作用的贡献与惯性相互作用相当,不应忽略;随着基桩长径比的增大,运动相互作用增大,钢框架结构的加速度反应增大。     

液化侧扩流场地桥梁群桩效应分析

基于u-p有限元公式模拟饱和砂土中水和土颗粒完全耦合效应,建立液化侧向流场地群桩动力反应分析的三维数值模型。模型中,砂土采用多屈服面弹塑性本构模型模拟、黏土采用多屈服面运动塑性模型模拟,群桩在计算过程中保持线弹性状态;采用20节点的六面体单元和考虑孔压效应的20-8节点分别划分黏土层和饱和砂层;选用剪切梁边界处理计算域的人工边界,模拟地震过程中土层的剪切效应;应用瑞利阻尼考虑体系的阻尼效应。随后对比分析2×2群桩中各单桩的地震反应规律,结果表明,各单桩的弯矩、位移时程规律基本一致,峰值弯矩及峰值位移出现时刻滞后于输入加速度峰值时刻,上坡向桩的弯矩和位移峰值大于下坡向的桩的反应值。接着通过改变桩间距研究群桩效应,随着桩间距增加,群桩中各单桩的弯矩最大值均出现在土层分界处,且各单桩的弯矩、桩顶位移逐渐增大。最后给出液化侧向流场地群桩效应的基本原因,得出该类场地群桩抗震设计的基本认识。     

Nonlinear seismic behaviour of wall-frame dual systems accounting for soil–structure interaction

The aim of this paper is to study the effects of soil–structure interaction on the seismic response of coupled wall-frame structures on pile foundations designed according to modern seismic provisions. The analysis methodology based on the substructure method is recalled focusing on the modelling of pile group foundations. The nonlinear inertial interaction analysis is performed in the time domain by using a finite element model of the superstructure. Suitable lumped parameter models are implemented to reproduce the frequency-dependent compliance of the soil-foundation systems. The effects of soil–structure interaction are evaluated by considering a realistic case study consisting of a 6-storey 4-bay wall-frame structure founded on piles. Different two-layered soil deposits are investigated by varying the layer thicknesses and properties. Artificial earthquakes are employed to simulate the earthquake input. Comparisons of the results obtained considering compliant base and fixed base models are presented by addressing the effects of soil–structure interaction on displacements, base shears, and ductility demand. The evolution of dissipative mechanisms and the relevant redistribution of shear between the wall and the frame are investigated by considering earthquakes with increasing intensity. Effects on the foundations are also shown by pointing out the importance of both kinematic and inertial interaction. Finally, the response of the structure to some real near-fault records is studied. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.