精神分裂症患者攻击行为与临床症状、记忆及智力的相关性

目的探讨精神分裂症患者攻击行为与临床症状、记忆及智力的相关性,分析临床症状、记忆及智力能否作为精神分裂症患者攻击行为的预测因子。方法以2014年5月-2016年5月在中山市第三人民医院早期干预科住院的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的患者为研究对象,所有患者均处于急性发作期。依据既往暴力史和修订版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)加权总分为5分区分攻击组和非攻击组,其中攻击组69例,非攻击组39例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估临床症状,采用韦氏记忆量表修订版(WMS-R)、韦氏成人智力量表中国修订版(WAIS-RC)评估记忆和智力,并对MOAS与PANSS、WMS-R和WAIS-RC评分进行相关分析。结果攻击组MOAS加权总分、言语攻击、对财产的攻击和体力攻击的评分均高于非攻击组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。攻击组PANSS总评分和阳性症状评分均高于非攻击组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。两组WMS-R和WAIS-RC评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。MOAS加权总分、体力攻击评分与PANSS总评分、阳性症状评分和一般精神病理评分呈正相关(r=0.203~0.535,P0.05或0.01),体力攻击评分与心智评分呈负相关(r=-0.343,P0.05)。结论与非攻击组相比,攻击组的攻击行为体现在言语攻击、对财产的攻击与体力攻击方面。PANSS总评分与阳性症状可能与精神分裂症患者的攻击行为相关。记忆和智力与精神分裂症患者的攻击行为不相关,不能作为攻击行为的预测因子。     

精神分裂症患者攻击行为与单胺氧化酶A、色氨酸羟化酶基因多态性的关联研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者攻击行为与单胺氧化酶A(MAOA)、色氨酸羟化酶(TPH)基因多态性的相关性。方法参照ICD-10诊断标准,选取212例精神分裂症患者,应用修订版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)进行评定,98例MOAS加权总分≥4分者纳入有攻击行为组(研究组),114例MOAS加权总分0分者为无攻击行为组(对照组)。采用聚合酶链式反应扩增及限制性片段长度多态性技术检测单胺氧化酶A基因、色氨酸羟化酶基因多态性,与精神分裂症患者攻击行为进行关联分析。结果 MAOA、TPH基因型频率和等位基因频率在有攻击行为患者组与无攻击行为患者组比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论单胺氧化酶A、色氨酸羟化酶基因多态性与精神分裂症患者攻击行为无关联。     

精神分裂症攻击行为与血清胆固醇水平

目的：探讨血清胆固醇水平与精神分裂症患者冲动攻击行为的关系。方法：以既往史和外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)评分区分，有攻击行为者为冲动行为组，无攻击行为者(无冲动组)及健康者(正常对照组)为对照，比较3组的血清胆固醇水平，并与简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、MOAS进行相关分析。结果：冲动行为组较无冲动组及正常对照组胆固醇水平显著低。结论：精神分裂症患者的攻击行为可能与胆固醇水平有关。     

住院精神分裂症患者攻击行为与人格特征的关系

目的:探讨住院精神分裂症患者攻击行为与人格特征的关系。方法:根据病史及外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)加权总分≥5分为界将95例处于急性发作期的住院精神分裂症患者分为攻击组(50例)和非攻击组(45例);给予两组患者阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、三维人格问卷(TPQ)评估,分析患者的攻击行为与人格特征的关系。结果:MOAS总分与PANSS总分、阳性症状评分、一般精神病理评分以及TPQ中的预期忧虑和悲观主义(HA1)评分呈正相关(P0.05),与多愁善感(RD1)评分存在负相关(P0.05);自身攻击评分与PANSS总分及一般精神病理评分呈正相关(P均0.01),体力攻击与RD1评分呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:伴攻击行为的住院精神分裂症患者具有预期忧虑和悲观主义的人格特征。     

利培酮单药或与丙戊酸钠联用对精神分裂症兴奋躁动的作用及安全性比较

目的:比较利培酮单药或与丙戊酸钠联用对精神分裂症兴奋躁动的作用和安全性.方法:54例兴奋躁动的精神分裂症患者随机分为利培酮单药组和利培酮联用丙戊酸钠组.两组均给予利培酮2 ～4 mg/d治疗7d;联用组加用丙戊酸钠800 mg/d静脉滴注共3d.分别于治疗前、治疗后3、5及7d采用阳性和阴性症状量表-兴奋因子量表(PANSS-EC)、外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)对患者进行评估. 结果:两组治疗后各时间点PANSS-EC和MOAS评分均较治疗前下降;治疗7d时联用组PANSS-EC和MOAS评显著低于单药组(t=3.822,t=5.195,P均＜0.01);两组治疗后各时间点TESS评分差异无统计学意义(t=-0.731,P ＞0.05). 结论:利培酮联用丙戊酸钠治疗精神分裂症兴奋躁动的效果好于单用利培酮,不良反应相当.     

童年创伤对首发未用药精神分裂症患者攻击行为的影响

目的 探讨首发未用药精神分裂症患者童年期创伤对攻击行为及临床症状的影响。方法 选取171例首发未用药精神分裂症患者,采用修改版外显攻击行为量表（MOAS）评估患者的攻击行为,根据MOAS结果将其分为攻击组（89例）和非攻击组（81例）。采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定患者的临床症状,童年创伤问卷（CTQ）收集患者的创伤情况。结果 攻击组病程短于非攻击组（P<0.05）。攻击行为组PANSS总分、阳性因子、兴奋激越因子分、CTQ总分和五个分量表分均高于非攻击行为组（均P<0.05）,阴性因子、抑郁焦虑因子和认知因子分低于非攻击行为组（均P<0.05）。兴奋敌对因子、情感虐待、躯体虐待和情感忽视与攻击行为密切相关（P<0.05）。结论 兴奋敌对因子、情感虐待、躯体虐待和情感忽视对首发未用药精神分裂症患者出现攻击行为有的独立贡献。有攻击行为患者的病程短与非攻击行为患者,可能是攻击行为更能引起人们的重视。     

精神分裂症患者攻击行为与色氨酸羟化酶、单胺氧化酶A基因多态性的关联研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者的攻击行为与色氨酸羟化酶(TPH)基因A218C多态性和单胺氧化酶A(MAOA)基因T1460C多态性的相关性.方法 采用<修订版外显攻击行为馈表>(MOAS)对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)的精神分裂症患者进行评定,99例MOAS加权总分≥4分者纳入有攻击行为组(研究组),102例MOAS加权总分0分者为无攻击行为组(对照组).应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测受试者的TPH基因A218C和MAOA基因T1460C多态性.结果 研究组和对照组的TPH基因A218C多态性基因型和等位基因频率分布差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),进行性别分层后结果同前;两组间MAOA基因T1460C多态性的等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),进一步分析后显示只有在男性中研究组的C等位基因频率才明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),男性携带C等位基因的精神分裂症患者出现攻击行为的风险是T等位基因携带者的2.18倍.结论 未见TPH基闪A218C多态件与精神分裂症患者的攻击行为存在关联;MAOA基因T1460C多态性与有攻击行为的男性精神分裂症患者关联,其等位基因C可能增加患者攻击行为的风险.     

精神分裂症患者攻击行为与甲状腺激素、睾酮的相关性

目的:探讨血清甲状腺激素和血清睾酮与精神分裂症患者攻击行为的相关性. 方法:依据既往暴力史及外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)评分区分攻击组40例和非攻击组40例.比较两组促甲状腺激素(TSH)、血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺激素(TT4)及血清睾酮(Testo)水平.攻击组MOAS总分及各因子分与血清TSH、FT3、FT4、TT3、TT4及血清睾酮水平之间作相关分析. 结果:攻击组在TSH、FT3、TT3、男性睾酮上高于非攻击组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),在TT4上低于非攻击组(P＜0.01);攻击组TSH、男性睾酮与MOAS对他人攻击因子分呈正相关(P＜0.05),攻击组FT3与MOAS的自身攻击因子分呈正相关(P＜0.05),攻击组TT4与言语攻击因子分呈负相关(P＜0.05). 结论:精神分裂症患者攻击行为与TSH、FT3水平的变化呈正相关,与TT4水平变化呈负相关,男性精神分裂症患者攻击行为与睾酮水平的变化呈正相关.     

有攻击行为的双相障碍Ⅱ型患者认知功能特点

目的 探讨有攻击行为双相障碍Ⅱ型患者的认知功能特点.方法采用自编一般情况问卷、轻躁狂症状自评量表(HCL-32)、修订版Barratt冲动量表(BIS-11)、修改版外显行为攻击量表(MOAS)及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院临床心理科愿意接受研究的60例双相障碍Ⅱ型患者进行调查,根据MOAS分为攻击组和非攻击组,各30例.结果两组患者HCL-32得分差异无统计学意义;攻击组运动冲动性评分高于非攻击组,WCST测验中完成第一个分类所需应答数高于非攻击组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论有攻击行为的双相障碍患者表现出更明显的运动冲动性;但在执行功能方面与无攻击行为患者差异不明显,攻击行为不能作为预测认知功能进一步损害的外在因素.     

首发精神分裂症病人的攻击行为与部分血脂水平的关系

目的 探讨血清胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白水平与精神分裂症病人攻击行为的关系。方法 从既往史中有无攻击行为和采用外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)评分以区分有攻击行为者(研究组)和无攻击行为者(对照组)，并比较两组上述血脂的水平；同时采用BPRS量表评定精神症状以比较与血脂水平变化的关系。结果 研究组的胆固醇水平显著低于对照组，而高密度脂蛋白水平及BPRS量表的总分及激活性、敌对猜疑因子分显著高于对照组。结论 精神分裂症病人的攻击行为可能与胆固醇水平低、高密度脂蛋白水平高有关。     

Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

CONTEXT: Violent behavior of patients with schizophrenia prolongs hospital stay and interferes with their integration into the community. Finding appropriate treatment of violent behaviors is of primary importance. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 atypical antipsychotic agents, clozapine and olanzapine, with one another and with haloperidol in the treatment of physical assaults and other aggressive behaviors in physically assaultive patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 12-week trial. Physically assaultive subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were inpatients in state psychiatric facilities were randomly assigned to treatment with clozapine (n = 37), olanzapine (n = 37), or haloperidol (n = 36). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number and severity of physical assaults as measured by the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) physical aggression score and the number and severity of all aggressive events as measured by the MOAS overall score. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: Clozapine was superior to both olanzapine and haloperidol in reducing the number and severity of physical assaults as assessed by the MOAS physical aggression score and in reducing overall aggression as measured by the MOAS total score. Olanzapine was superior to haloperidol in reducing the number and severity of aggressive incidents on these 2 MOAS measures. There were no significant differences among the 3 medication groups in improvement of psychiatric symptoms as measured by the PANSS total score and the 3 PANSS subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine shows greater efficacy than olanzapine and olanzapine greater efficacy than haloperidol in reducing aggressive behavior. This antiaggressive effect appears to be separate from the antipsychotic and sedative action of these medications.     

利培酮口服液合并氯硝西泮片治疗精神分裂症急性激越的对照研究

目的:比较利培酮口服液合并氯硝西泮片与氟哌啶醇肌内注射治疗精神分裂症急性激越症状的疗效及不良反应。方法:60例精神分裂症急性激越症状患者,按1:1比例随机分入利培酮口服液(2～6mg/d)合并氯硝西泮片(2～8mg/d)组(利培酮组)或氟哌啶醇肌注(5～20mg/d)组(氟哌啶醇组)治疗,疗程7d。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、阳性和阴性症状量表兴奋因子(PANSS-EC)、病人合作程度评定表、修改版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)、临床疗效总体评定量表(CGI)评定疗效,采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)、静坐不能评定量表(BAS)、锥体外系副反应量表(SAS),不良事件和实验室检查评定安全性。结果:在治疗7d后,利培酮组和氟哌啶醇组PANSS-EC评分分别为(11.1,3.6)分和(12.9,5.2)分,较治疗前均明显进步(P<0.01),两组间PANSS-EC和PANSS总分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);利培酮组在阳性因子分、MOAS、合作程度改善方面均优于氟哌啶醇组(P<0.05);肌强直、静坐不能的发生率显著低于氟哌啶醇肌注组(P<0.01)。结论:利培酮口服液合并氯硝西泮片治疗精神分裂症急性激越症状与氟哌啶醇肌内注射疗效相当,在某些方面优于氟哌啶醇肌内注射。     

Ethnic minorities and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric in-patients: an investigation using a "Matched-Pair" design

In a group of 105 mentally ill immigrants we investigated the intensity and the frequency of aggressive behaviour at the time of admission with the help of two standardized instruments: the "Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale" (SDAS) and the "Modified Overt Aggression Scale" (MOAS). As many as possible collateral informants were contacted to gather all information available for the aggressiveness rating. The immigrant group was compared to a matched group of German patients. 416 German patients had to be investigated until 105 of them fulfilled the matching criteria. The matching variables were: age, gender, diagnosis (ICD-10), severity of mental illness (CGI) and social status. The physicians who carried out the matching process and who carried out the aggression-rating were "blind" to the aim of the investigation. We found out that there was no significant difference between immigrants and German patients when the sum-scores of the SDAS and the MOAS are compared (N = 210). When SDAS single variables were compared German patients had a higher severity and frequency of "physical violence towards other persons". We interpreted this finding as an increased level of disinhibition which may be correlated to a higher acceptance of aggressive behaviour in German culture compared to normative beliefs of Mediterranean immigrants.     

Depression and Impulsivity as Pathways to Violence: Implications for Antiaggressive Treatment

Background: Difficulties with affect regulation and impulse control have a strong influence on violence. The objective of this study was to determine whether baseline depression and impulsivity predict aggression and whether they predict differential response to antiaggressive treatment. This is important, as we lack knowledge as to the selection of antipsychotics for the treatment of aggression. Methods: Physically aggressive inpatients with schizophrenia who received an evaluation of depression and impulsivity at baseline were randomly assigned in a double-blind, parallel group, 12-week trial to clozapine, olanzapine, or haloperidol. Trait impulsivity was measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; depression by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Depression factor. The number and severity of aggressive events, as measured by the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS), were the outcome measures. Results: Baseline depression and impulsivity predicted higher levels of aggression, as measured by the MOAS total score, over the 12-week treatment period across all 3 medication groups. In addition, there was a strong interaction effect between baseline depression/impulsivity and medication grouping in predicting MOAS score. In particular, when higher depression and impulsivity were present at baseline, patients on haloperidol presented with more aggression than patients on the other 3 medications. Conclusions: Depression and impulsivity are important predictors of aggression and of differential response to antiaggressive treatment. This is most likely due to the medications’ dissimilar neurotransmitter profiles. By identifying patients who will respond better to a given medication, we will be able to develop individualized strategies for the treatment of violent behavior.Key words: depression, aggression, prediction, clozapine, olanzapine     

Italian validation of MOAS and NOSIE: a useful package for psychiatric assessment and monitoring of aggressive behaviours

A validation of two rating scales is presented. We first translated the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) and the Nurses' Observation Scale for In-patient Evaluation (NOSIE), which cover different aspects of psychopathology, into Italian. We then tested their validity and reliability in terms of inter-rater and internal consistency. For validity, both cases and controls were included: for the MOAS we compared patients who were aggressive (cases) to those who were presumably non-aggressive (controls). For the NOSIE, cases were acute inpatients and controls were subjects with expected stable behaviour. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was also administered to cases in order to test convergent validity. Either the NOSIE and/or MOAS scales were administered to 358 psychiatric inpatients. A subset of these patients (131 for the MOAS and 226 for the NOSIE) was also used to test the inter-rater reliability. Both scales showed good psychometric properties. The correlation coefficients between raters were much higher than 0.75 (for the NOSIE) or 0.90 (for the MOAS), while the discriminant power between cases and controls was confirmed for both scales and good concordance with BPRS was observed. The NOSIE showed good internal consistency for all domains except neatness. In general the MOAS showed better results than the NOSIE for all psychometric properties, although both scales are suitable for monitoring the behaviour and aggression of acute ward inpatients.     

Association study of MAO-A and DRD4 genes in schizophrenic patients with aggressive behavior

Genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission are interesting candidates to be analyzed in schizophrenia and aggressive behavior. Therefore, we analyzed the functional polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) genes in a sample of 71 schizophrenic patients assessed with the Overt Aggression Scale to measure aggressive behavior. CLUMP analysis of the DRD4 48-bp repeat-exon III polymorphism in schizophrenic patients showed significant differences between the aggressive behavior and the nonaggressive groups (T1 = 18.77, d.f. = 6, p = 0.0046; T3 = 6.54, p = 0.0195). However, analysis of the promoter polymorphism of the MAO-A gene revealed no significant association between aggressive and nonaggressive patients. Finally, analysis of Overt Aggression Scale dimensions exhibited significant differences for the DRD4 and MAO-A genes. Our preliminary findings suggest that the DRD4 and MAO-A genes may be involved in aggressive schizophrenic patients.     

Lack of association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and aggressive behavior in schizophrenia

We investigated the association of the Val66Met gene polymorphism in the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) gene with aggressive behavior among Southern Han Chinese schizophrenia patients. We used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism to determine the genotypes and the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) to measure aggressive behavior. No significant differences in genotype or allele distribution of Val66Met were identified between aggressive and non-aggressive schizophrenia patients.