Characteristics of the Time Course of Evoked Secretion of Transmitter Quanta in Different Parts of the Motor Nerve Ending in the Frog

Experiments were performed on neuromuscular preparations from frogs, in which three extracellular microelectrodes were used to record nerve ending currents and single-quantum endplate currents simultaneously from the proximal, central, and distal parts of single synaptic contacts. The rate of propagation of excitation across terminals was measured, along with the minimum synaptic delay, the intensity, and the degree of synchronicity of the secretion of transmitter quanta in different parts of the nerve ending, and the relationships between these factors and the calcium ion concentration in the medium. These studies showed that along with gradients in the rate of conduction of excitation and the intensity of secretion in different parts of the ending, there were also differences in the kinetics of the release of transmitter quanta. As the distance from the end of the myelinated part of the axon increased, the rate of conduction of the nerve impulse and the duration of the synaptic delay decreased, while the synchronicity of the release of quanta increased. Increases in the calcium concentration in the medium produced greater increases in the synchronicity of transmitter quantum release in the distal parts of the synapse than in the proximal parts. Mathematical modeling of multiple-quantum endplate currents showed that the characteristics of the kinetics of the secretion process observed here in different parts of the nerve ending represent a factor which partially compensates for the decrease in the amplitude and extending of the duration of the leading front of the multiple-quantum endplate current which are associated with the low rate of conduction of excitation across the nerve ending. The contribution of this compensation increases as the intensity of secretion of transmitter quanta increases in the distal parts of the synaptic contact.     

General types of relationships between the development of the organism and the development of the subsystems of the organism

There are elementary and complex types (combined elementary types): of temporospatial relations between the pattern of development of the organism and the patterns of development of individual subsystems; of influences exercised by the development of the organism upon the development of the subsystems of the organism; of influences exercised by the development of individual subsystems upon individual development; of temporospatial relations between the stability of the line of individual development and the stability of the line of development of individual subsystems; of mutual influence between the stability and variation of the line of individual development, on the one hand, and the stability and variation of the line of development of the individual subsystems, on the other.     

相对基石哲学构建心火相对系统解剖实质科学理论研究

世界的逻辑构造推出世界的基石构造。世界的基石构造本质上是实践物质基石体系。理论的产生分为客观实践、理论推理。理论的检验分为直接检验、间接检验。心脏系统的原创模型趋近心脏系统的原创原型,两者是中医临床的质的统一,都能指导中医临床实践。基石哲学、意象思维与旁推比类在中医心脏系统理论的构建中是关键。实践物质基石体系的自然物质层次结构基石的子系统的心脏系统基石实践,产生心脏系统的医学生物物质的理论:医学生物物质的心脏系统是红骨髓-心脏-神经-内分泌-免疫网络。从实践物质基石体系的心脏基石推理的主血、藏神、识神的心脏系统功能到实践物质基石体系的自然物质层次结构基石的子系统的心脏系统基石实践的红骨髓-心脏-神经-内分泌-免疫网络的医学生物物质的心脏系统功能,是从中医临床到医学物质的发展。     

Sexual dimorphism of the interhemispheric asymmetry dynamics during the processing of the transcallosal signal

The characteristics of the dynamics of the functional interhemispheric asymmetry (FIAs) of the transcallosal influences in male and female rats were compared in this study through an analysis of the amplitude-temporal parameters of the homotopic transcallosal responses (TCR) in the course of their multiple topographical pickup from the dorsolateral surface of the cortex of both hemispheres in the time interval of the realization of the components of the responses. Two principal types of patterns of hemispheric dominance have been distinguished. The first type was described in accordance with the rule of the right-left-right shift of FIAs; the second type was described in accordance with the rule of its left-right-left shift. The changes in the FIAs of the temporal parameters of the positive components and the amplitude parameters of the positive and negative fluctuations were characterized by the identical type of dynamics in rats of both sexes. The dynamics of the FIAs of the temporal parameters of the negative components unfolded in accordance with the first type in the females, but in accordance with the second type in the males. The dominance of the investigated zones of the cortex of the right hemisphere was expressed more markedly in the females at the initial and terminal stages of the processing of transcallosal information. The phases of the dominance of the left hemisphere, by contrast, were identified and detected in a relatively larger territory of the neocortex examined in the males by comparison with the females. The results obtained suggest the relatively greater participation of the cortex of the right hemisphere in the females, but of the left hemisphere in the males during the processing of a transcallosal signal. Laboratory of the Neurobiology of Behavior, Biological Scientific-Research Institute of the State University, Saint Petersburg. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 80, No. 12, pp. 21–33, December, 1994.     

Functional morphology of vessels in the distribution of the pulmonary circulation of people adapted to the Northeast USSR]

Studies of the contrasted vessels of the lungs in practically healthy men who had lived in the north-eastern region of the USSR over 3 years and who had died of casual causes in Magadan were carried out by stereoroentgenogrammetry and morphometry. The studies revealed a rearrangement of the distribution arteries of the lesser circulation according to the hypervolemic type: a reliable dilatation of the lumen, thinning of the walls of the right pulmonary artery, superlobar trunk, branches of the segmentary arteries of the superior and middle lobes of the lung. The pronounced desorganization and perish of elastic laminae in the wall of the stretched arteries were compensated by the appearance of layers of the smooth muscles -- by the so-called hypermuscularization of arteries of the elastic type. The enlarged capapcity and intensification of the blood flow in the arteries of the superior and middle lobes of the lung represented an important mechanism of adaptation of the lesser circulation in man under extreme climatic conditions in the north-eastern region of the USSR.     

The influence of interoceptive stimulation on the development of a dominant focus in the spinal cord

Summary The authors studied the effect of interoceptive stimulations (in stimulation of the mechanoceptors of the urinary bladder) on the development of a dominant focus in the spinal cord of cold-blooded animals (frog). it was shown that interoceptive stimulations effected on the background of a dominant (already formed in the flexor center of the spinal cord under the effect of subliminal stimulations of the sensory nerve) causes an intensification of the dominant.It was established that the interoceptive stimulations may cause the formation of the dominant focus in the spinal cord (it may form in the flexor center of the spinal cord).Parabiotic stages appear, the reflex excitation is depressed and inhibition develops in prolonged action of interoceptive stimulations.In formation of a dominant focus in the flexor center of the spinal cord under the effect of interoceptive stimulation, the stimulation of the ulnar nerve and of the contralateral peroneal nerve on the background of reflex contraction of the semitendinosus results in increase of the amplitude of the muscular action currents. This points to a pronounced increase of the summation ability of the center.Presented by Active Member of the AMN SSSR V. N. Chemigovskii     

基于有限元模型的踝关节生物力学分析*

背景：有限元力学分析在生物力学领域广泛应用。 目的：采用大型有限元软件ANSYS对踝关节三维有限元数字模型进行生物力学分析,探讨踝关节各组成骨的应力分布规律及其发生形变、位移情况。 方法：把经MIMICS、Geomagic和ANSYS处理后生成的踝关节三维数字模型导入软件ANSYS中,经过约束条件、施加载荷、求解试算等阶段,对其各组成骨进行有限元分析。 结果与结论：①静止直立位时,踝关节各组成骨最大应力区集中在内踝与距骨相关节处、胫骨远端关节面髁间线前部、胫骨中下段前缘皮质区及距骨滑车外侧部;最小应力区集中在外踝、胫骨远端内侧皮质区、距骨头、距骨颈;最大位移发生在距骨头,位移自下而上逐步减小;最小位移发生在胫骨、腓骨中下段1/3处。②高空坠落时,最大应力区集中在胫骨中下段前缘皮质区、距骨滑车前外侧、内踝内侧皮质区以及胫骨远端关节面髁间线前部。其中胫骨中下段应力集中区随着压力的增加,稍向内侧移位。距骨滑车外侧部最大应力集中区位置无明显变化,范围逐渐加大。最小应力区集中在外踝、胫骨远端关节面外侧部、距骨头、内踝的外侧皮质;随着压力不断加大,内踝外侧皮质的小应力蓝色区域范围逐渐减小;外踝逐渐出现应力稍大的淡蓝色区域,提示所受应力加大。最大位移发生的部位自距骨头向上,经距骨颈、胫距关节面到胫腓骨中下段逐渐减小,到胫腓骨中下段时减到最小。     

6例子宫肌瘤高强度聚焦超声治疗失败原因浅析

目的分析高强度聚聚焦超声（HIFU）体外治疗子宫肌瘤失败的原因和解决的办法。方法选择不麻醉下体外HIFU治疗子宫肌瘤效果不佳改为妇科手术切除的患者，分析HIFU治疗过程中B超复查的声图像资料。结果6例子宫肌瘤患者分别采用HIFU治疗最少3次，最多9次。每次HIFU治疗后B超复查子宫肌瘤未见有肯定的明显回声改变。彩色多普勒血流显像，肌瘤周边或肌瘤内的血流信号无明显减少。肌瘤体积无缩小，反而逐渐增大。6例子宫肌瘤患者，有5例做了切除手术，1例在B超引导下，穿刺注射硬化剂后再做HIFU治疗，肌瘤体积迅速缩小，目前仍在观察中。结论HIFU治疗子宫肌瘤失败，主要是HIFU治疗靶区焦点的声强不够。联合超声介入治疗可以增加HIFU治疗靶区的超声能量，提高HIFU治疗肌瘤的效果。     

高血压病人中医辨证分型与甲襞微循环变化的关系

对用中医辨证分型理论分为４型的１３４例高血压患者行甲襞微循环检查，结果表明微循环的障碍程度从肝火亢盛到阴虚阳亢型、痰浊壅盛型、气血瘀滞型逐渐加重，肝火亢盛型为轻度微循环障碍，阴虚阳亢型特点是微血管内流速较快，数目增多，管径最细，长度最长，颜色最浅；痰浊壅盛型特点是微血管模糊不清，畸形最多最重，排列不整，流速较慢，颜色较暗，乳头较浅；气血瘀滞型特点是流速最慢，颜色最暗，乳头最浅，袢顶最宽，红细胞聚集最严重。提示：微循环检查可为中医辨证施治提供科学依据。     

Cyclical processes in neuronal populations of the cat somatosensory cortex during extero- and interoceptive activation and in the course of its extinction

The EEG reactions were recorded in chronic experiments in awake cats and the slow periodic changes in the frequency of the multicellular impulse activity were observed at points (standard localization) of the somatosensory (I) zone of the cortex. Results of the analysis of both processes were combined in graphs in a single time scale. The correlation of the expressivity of the activation reaction and degree of modulation of the cyclical fluctuations of the frequency of the impulse activity were followed both during the action of exteroceptive (conditional, light; unconditional, sound) and the interoceptive (mechanical and chemical) stimuli. A particular characteristic of the interoceptive stimulation as compared with the exteroceptive consisted in the inertia of the respondent reaction and the lesser contrast in relation to the background. During the extinction of the responses the decrease in the activation reaction correlated with a decrease in the initial (after the switching on of the stimulus) fluctuation of the frequency of the multicellular impulse activity. The data obtained serves as proof of the unity of the two processes: the regulation of the activation of the brain and the regulation of the periodicity of the neuronal impulse activity.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 77, No. 11, pp. 1–11, November, 1991.     

Three‐dimensional morphological analysis of the human sacroiliac joint: influences on the degenerative changes of the auricular surfaces

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is responsible for weight transmission between the spine and lower extremity. However, details of the structure and function of the SIJ remain unclear. In a previous study, we devised a method of quantitatively evaluating the level of degeneration of the SIJ using an age estimation procedure for the auricular surface of the ilium. Our results in that study suggested that the degree of degeneration of the joint surface may be associated with the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium. In that study, however, the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium was simplified for analysis, meaning that more detailed investigations were required in future. In the present study, we focused on individual differences in the shape of SIJ and carried out three‐dimensional quantitative evaluation of the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium to ascertain its association with joint degeneration. We produced three‐dimensional images of the right auricular surfaces of the ilium of 100 modern Japanese men (age 19–83), and obtained the three‐dimensional rectangular coordinates of 11 defined measurement points. We then calculated 16 parameters indicating the morphological characteristics of the auricular surfaces of the ilium from the three‐dimensional rectangular coordinates of these measurement points, and used these to perform principal component analysis to investigate trends in the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium. We found that the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium could be characterized in terms of (i) size, (ii) concavity of the posterior border and (iii) amount of undulation. An investigation of the correlation between these parameters and age suggested that the amount of undulation of the auricular surface of the ilium tends to diminish with advancing age. In an investigation of the association between morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium and degeneration of the articular surface when the subjects were divided into a high‐degeneration group (n = 55) and a low‐degeneration group (n = 45) and the 16 parameters were compared, there was a significant difference in the amount of undulation of the auricular surface of the ilium. In an investigation limited to older subjects aged ≥ 60 (n = 47) at the time of death, there were significant differences between the high‐degeneration group (n = 27) and low‐degeneration group (n = 20) in terms not only of the parameters indicating the amount of undulation of the auricular surface of the ilium but also of those indicating the amount of the concavity of the posterior border. These results suggested that the amount of undulation of the auricular surface of the ilium may affect the degree of degeneration of the articular surface. In addition, in older subjects, the degree of concavity of the posterior border of the SIJ may also affect the degree of degeneration of the articular surface. It is thus likely that differences in the morphology of the auricular surface of the ilium may affect degenerative changes in the SIJ.     

Structure lamellaire des copolymères séquencés: Paramètres structuraux et coefficient de partage du solvant dans le gonflement du copolymère biséquencé polystyrène/polyisoprène

The lamellar structure of a two-block polystyrene/polyisoprene copolymer was studied by small angle X-ray diffraction as a function of the solvent content of the samples. The analysis of the intensity of the diffraction lines has permitted the evaluation of the distribution coefficient of the solvent between the microdomains of segregation. The change of the structural parameters as a function of the affinity of each solvent with respect to both blocks was studied. It was shown that the swelling of the lamellar structure proceeds parallel to the interfaces of the lamellae when the solvent used does not preferentially dissolve one of the blocks, whereas it corresponds to an increase of the thickness of the lamellae if preferential solution of one of the blocks by the solvent takes place.     

Structural and functional interrelations of immunocompetent cells in the mammary gland of lactating rats and in the small intestine of newborn rats during suckling period

The interrelation of quantitative changes of immunocompetent cells (ICC) in the mammary gland of lactating rats and in the small intestine of neonatal rats in their suckling period was studied. The dynamics of the ratio of ICC in the mammary gland of females and in the small intestine of the offspring in the early postnatal period was examined. Maximal numbers of ICC in the mammary gland was detected on day 3 of lactation, the subsequent reduction of their number was accompanied by an increase of the number if intestinal ICC in the offspring, which further progressed with a transition of pups to mixed nutrition. The detected dynamics of ICC content in the mammary gland of female and in the small intestine of the offspring is indicative of a significance of a mammary gland in the maintenance of immune homeostasis of the small intestine of the offspring in the early postnatal development. This role of the mammary gland is reduced with the development of the immune apparatus of the small intestine.     

Morphologic study of the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the human knee

The collateral ligaments of the knee are important in maintaining knee stability. Numerous studies have been described the morphology and function of the ligaments of the knee. However, little data was given about the lateral and medial collateral ligaments simultaneously. The objective of the present study was to compare the morphology of the lateral (LCL) and medial (MCL) collateral ligaments in human knees. We dissected 34 cadaver knees and examined the size, attachment and inclination of the LCL and the MCL. In both of them, the posterior bundle was longer than that of the anterior bundle. The anterior and posterior bundles of the MCL were longer than that of the LCL. The proximal attachment of the MCL situated more anterior and superior than that of the LCL. As compared with the LCL, the distal attachment of the MCL located a little forward and inferior. The longitudinal diameter of the attachment of ligaments was longer than the transverse one, except for the proximal attachment of the MCL. The size of the attachments of the MCL was larger than that of the LCL except for the longitudinal diameter of the proximal attachment. At full extension of the knee, the inclination of the MCL was backward, while that of the LCL was forward. These data showed that the LCL and MCL had the different structural properties. It may provide a better understanding of the function of the collateral ligaments.     

三叉神经节经皮射频热凝术进针安全深度的解剖与CT对照研究

目的：探讨三叉神经节经皮射频热凝术（PRT）进针安全深度,为颅内进针避免损伤血管神经提供解剖学依据。方法：选择21例成人颅底解剖标本,用游标卡尺从颅内测量卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离（A）和卵圆孔内侧缘中点至三叉神经压迹上缘最高点的距离（B）;同时从颅外同一方向测量卵圆孔内侧缘至破裂孔外侧缘的距离（c）和破裂孔外侧壁垂直深度（D）;用螺旋CT扫描颅底,测量颅底水平位颅中窝最大密度投影（MIP）图像上同一方向卵圆孔内侧缘至破裂孔外侧缘的距离（E）。然后对距离c和安全距离及距离E进行统计分析,确定距离E是否可以作为指导不同患者进行PRT治疗时个体化的颅内安全进针深度。结果：①颅内卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离为右侧（1．19±0．15）cm,左侧（I．20±0．14）cm;②颅内卵圆孔内侧缘中点至三叉神经压迹顶点的距离为右侧（1．51±0．17）cm,左侧（1．49±0．16）cm;③颅外卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离为右侧（0．92±0．09cm）,左侧（O．92±0．10）cm;④破裂孔外侧壁中点垂直深度为右侧（0．55±0．07）cm,左侧（0．55±0．07）cm;⑤中颅底水平位螺旋CT最大密度投影（MIP）图像上同一方向卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离为右侧（1．00±0．17）cm,左侧（1．00±0．17）cm,与距离C差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：三叉神经节PRT治疗时颅内进针深度不应超过1．00Gm,临床上可用中颅底水平位螺旋CT最大密度投影（MIP）技术显示与相同方向卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离的一致性,来指导不同患者进行PRT治疗时个体化的颅内安全进针深度。     

Clinical anatomy of the calcaneal tuberosity.

The aim of the study was a qualitative anatomical analysis of the macroscopic features of the surface of the calcaneal tuberosity, of the architecture of its cancellous bone and histological structure of the whole region. Dry human bones and pathological dissection material 24-36 h post mortem were used in the study. On the tuberosity, the variability of its surface relief and the two borders between the superior, middle and inferior facets were studied. More frequent medial declination of the inferior line, corresponding to the distal circumference of the Achilles tendon attachment, was found. Two systems of expressive condensation of cancellous bone just below the surface of the calcaneal tuberosity were described. In the histological part of the study, the distribution and different thickness of the fibrous cartilage layer covering the attachment region of Achilles tendon, the bottom of retro-calcaneal bursa and the whole surface of the calcaneal tuberosity were described. The functional and clinical relevance of results obtained are evaluated from the point of view of disciplines dealing with the pathology and surgery of the heel region. The relationships of official anatomical terms and a wide spectrum of clinical synonyms designating this region are discussed.     

The Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Modulates Gut-Related Neurons in the Dorsal Vagal Complex in Rats

Using retrograde tract-tracing and electrophysiological methods, we characterized the anatomical and functional relationship between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the dorsal vagal complex. Retrograde tract-tracing techniques revealed that the central nucleus of the amygdala projects to the dorsal vagal complex with a topographic distribution. Following injection of retrograde tracer into the vagal complex, retrogradely labelled neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala were clustered in the central portion at the rostral level and in the medial part at the middle level of the nucleus. Few labelled neurons were seen at the caudal level. Electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala altered the basal firing rates of 65 % of gut-related neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Eighty-one percent of the neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and 47 % of the neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus were inhibited. Electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala also modulated the response of neurons in the dorsal vagal complex to gastrointestinal stimuli. The predominant effect on the neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract was inhibition. These results suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala influences gut-related neurons in the dorsal vagal complex and provides a neuronal circuitry that explains the regulation of gastrointestinal activity by the amygdala.     

Investigation of the speed of response of a hemodialysis system

Conclusions 1. The response speed of a hemodialysis system depends on the multiplicity of change of the concentration of the low-molecular substance in an equivalent volume of an organism, size of the equivalent volume, velocity of the blood flow, clearance of the dialyzer, and also on the multiplicity of the flow rate of the dialyzate and number of periods of recirculation (in a system with recirculation) and velocity of the dialyzate (in a system with discharge). 2. In a system with recirculation with a multiplicity of the change of concentration of 2, 5, and 10, the multiplicity of the flow rate of the dialyzate should be selected respectively in limits from 2 to 4, from 5 to 10, and from 7 to 15. With an increase of the flow rate above these values the dialysis time decreases little; with a decrease of the flow rate the dialysis time increases considerably. With a multiplicity of the change of concentration of more than 2 the flow rate of the dialyzate should be realized in 2–3 equal volumes with the same period of recirculation of these volumes through the dialyzer. 3. At a constant velocity of the blood flow and equal flow rate of the dialyzate the ratio of the dialysis time in the system with discharge of the dialyzate to the dialysis time in the system with recirculation is equal to the ratio of clearances of the dialyzers with recirculation and discharge. All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Surgical Apparatus and Instruments, Moscow. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 9–14, May–June, 1972.     

双侧踇趾皮瓣瓦合修复拇指套脱伤可行性的初步探索

目的　探索游离母趾背侧趾甲皮瓣与对侧母趾腓侧皮瓣瓦合修复拇指套脱伤的可行性。 方法　对18具新鲜尸体标本的右拇指建立拇指套脱伤模型,将创面分为背侧和掌侧两部分,分别测量背、掌侧创面纵长及创面近端周径,记录测量数据,然后于尸体上模拟手术：背侧创面设计同侧母趾背侧趾甲皮瓣覆盖,掌侧创面设计对侧母趾腓侧皮瓣覆盖,两块皮瓣瓦合后修复整个套脱伤拇指创面。 结果 测得的36个拇指套脱伤模型的数据中,背侧创面纵长最大为6.2 cm,掌侧创面纵长最大为5.9 cm,创面近端周径最大为6.9 cm,均较文献报道两块皮瓣的最大可切取值小。18例模拟手术中,应用同侧母趾背侧趾甲皮瓣与对侧母趾腓侧皮瓣瓦合修复右手拇指套脱伤模型,一次性修复了创面、指腹及指甲,术后拇指指腹饱满,外形美观,与对侧正常拇指外形相似。 结论　母趾趾背侧趾甲皮瓣与母趾腓侧皮瓣均能够提供足够大皮瓣以覆盖背侧与掌侧创面,两块皮瓣瓦合修复拇指套脱伤的手术方式具有可行性。