基于CT图像的肺结节计算机辅助诊断系统

本文介绍了一种基于CT图像的肺结节计算机辅助自动诊断系统。我们将肺结节的自动检测分为肺实质的提取、感兴趣区域（ROI）的分割和ROI特征参数提取及分类判别几个步骤。该系统能够在对肺部CT图像进行自动分析后给医生提示出可疑肺结节，从而提高了医疗诊断效率。     

原发性肺癌孤立性结节的自动提取

研究自动分割和提取原发性肺癌肺部孤立性结节(SPN)特征的方法。对CT图像进行预处理后，首先分割出肺实质，然后用模糊C均值聚类方法对肺实质图像作进一步地细分割，提取感兴趣区域(ROI)，最后根据分形理论计算出分形维数结合灰度方差供分类判决。结果表明此方法能够有效地自动识别SPN。     

基于3D ResUnet网络的肺结节分割

目的:将深度残差结构和U-Net网络结合形成新的网络ResUnet,并利用ResUnet深度学习网络结构对胸部CT影像进行图像分割以提取肺结节区域。方法:使用的CT影像数据来源于LUNA16数据集,首先对CT图像预处理提取出肺实质,然后对其截取立体图像块并进行数据增强来扩充样本数,形成相应的肺结节掩膜图像,最后将生成的样本输入到ResUnet模型中进行训练。结果:本研究模型最终的精度和召回率分别为35.02%和97.68%。结论:该模型能自动学习肺结节特征,为后续的肺癌自动诊断提供可靠基础,减少临床诊断的成本并节省医生诊断的时间。 【关键词】肺结节;分割;深度残差结构;召回率;ResUnet     

基于胸部CT图像的肺结节分割

目的提出一种从胸部CT图像中分割提取多种类型肺结节的算法,辅助肺癌诊断和疗效评估。方法首先由放射科医生确定种子点和目标容积区域,再根据初分割结果自动识别非肺壁粘连结节和肺壁粘连结节。然后采用多阈值结合距离变换的方法分割非肺壁粘连结节,光线投射和直线拟合分割肺壁粘连结节。最后,将算法应用于85组患者数据（232个肺结节）,并由高年资放射科医生评价分割结果的准确性。结果本文算法鲁棒性强,能准确判别肺壁粘连和非肺壁粘连结节,从而适用于孤立、血管粘连、毛玻璃和肺壁粘连结节的提取。测试的232个结节中无异常发生,且分割速度较快。经放射医生评价,平均准确率达90％。结论本文算法可以从胸部CT图像中分割提取4种类型肺结节,鲁棒性、准确性和速度均可满足实际临床需求,对肺癌筛查、诊断和疗效评估具有重要价值。     

基于多特征融合跟踪的微小肺结节识别算法

如何在海量的肺部高分辨率CT(HRCT)序列图片中准确识别微小结节(直径为5～10 mm)一直是肺结节计算机辅助检测(CAD)系统的研究重点和难点。本文提出了一种新的微小肺结节识别算法——多特征融合跟踪算法。该算法在处理一个HRCT序列图片时,首先结合大津法和形态学方法获取每一张CT图的肺实质,再通过基于灰度阈值和改进的模板匹配算法提取感兴趣区域(ROI),接着计算ROI的多个有效特征,然后在整个HRCT序列图片中进行ROI的多特征跟踪和融合,最后根据分类规则识别并标出候选肺结节。实验证明,该算法能准确地检测出微小肺结节,且假阳率较低。     

一种基于三维特征的肺结节概率分割算法

本文提出了一种基于三维特征的肺结节概率分割算法。首先,提取感兴趣区域(ROI)内每个体素的三维灰度和纹理特征,得到每个体素的特征向量;然后,根据特征向量对体素进行分类;最后,使用区域生长算法对分类结果进行后处理,得到最终的分割结果。利用肺部图像数据库联盟组织(LIDC)公共数据集对本文分割结果与LIDC中由4位放射科医生分别手动分割得到的概率图进行比较,从而验证本文方法的性能,结果表明通过提取肺结节的三维灰度和纹理特征对其进行概率分割的方法是有效的。     

良恶性肺小结节CT图像基于灰度共生矩阵10种纹理特征研究

目的 建立多水平模型研究良恶性肺小结节CT图像的灰度共生矩阵纹理特征,更好地描述肺小结节CT图像,达到辅助肺小结节鉴别的目的.方法 对185例2171张肺小结节CT图像基于灰度共生矩阵提取10个纹理特征,拟合多水平统计模型分析良恶性CT图像的纹理特征的差异.结果 在考虑患者水平的基础上能量、惯性矩等8个纹理特征,在良恶性肺小结节的CT图像间的差异有统计学意义.结论 基于灰度共生矩阵的一些纹理特征是反应肺小结节CT图像良恶性的有效特征参量,在一定程度上有助于早期肺癌的鉴别诊断.     

基于改进的VGG-16卷积神经网络的肺结节检测

【摘要】针对肺结节特征复杂、人工提取特征困难的问题,提出基于改进的VGG-16卷积神经网络的肺结节检测模型。首先采用阈值分割与处理最大连通区域后的图像进行掩模运算,得到肺实质部分。然后通过Regionprops标记每个连通区域序号分割出所有疑似结节;采用核函数极限学习机而不是Softmax函数作为VGG-16结构中的分类器。最后利用改进后的VGG-16模型去除假阳性结节,完成对肺结节检测。在LIDC-IDRI数据集上进行的实验表明改进后的模型能达到92.56%的准确率和94.44%的高敏感度。该模型可用于辅助医生进行肺结节诊断,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

基于PET/CT图像纹理参数的肺结节诊断模型

目的基于PET/CT融合图像纹理参数建立肺结节良恶性诊断模型,提高肺癌的识别率。方法选取宣武医院核医学科经PET/CT检查的52例肺结节患者,收集其PET/CT影像图像及人口学、影像学信息。以Contourlet变换和灰度共生矩阵相结合的方式,对PET/CT图像的感兴趣区域提取纹理参数。基于所提取的纹理参数建立支持向量机模型,得到每个肺结节良恶性判别结果。为了提高模型的诊断效果,将结节边缘、最大摄取值、有晕征等影像学信息也纳入模型,重新建立支持向量机模型。通过灵敏度、特异度、正确率等指标对模型诊断效果进行评价。结果纹理参数肺结节诊断模型的灵敏度、特异度分别为90.7%、93.5%,纹理参数结合影像学信息的肺结节诊断模型的灵敏度、特异度分别为95.7%、100.0%。结论基于PET/CT图像纹理参数建立的支持向量机模型对良恶性肺结节具有较好的鉴别诊断效果。     

肺结节检测算法研究

探讨基于CT图像数据的肺结节自动检测算法.肺结节提取一般步骤为:CT图像预处理、肺实质分割、肺结节提取.     

基于多特征融合与XGBoost的肺结节检测

为了提高肺结节检测的精确度和效率，提出一种基于多特征融合和XGBoost的肺结节检测模型。首先采用阈值分割与形态学运算，获得候选结节区域；然后通过基于超分辨率重建的卷积神经网络进行候选结节的特征增强；其次采用快速鲁棒特征、灰度共生矩阵、灰度不变矩的提取方法获得候选结节的局部与全局的多种特征，采用词袋模型进行降维并融合；最后利用XGBoost-决策树分类模型去除假阳性结节，完成肺结节的检测。在LIDC-IDRI数据上进行的实验表明该模型能达到97.87%的准确率和97.92%的召回率。该模型可用于辅助医生进行肺结节诊断，具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Computer-aided diagnostic scheme for the detection of lung nodules on chest radiographs: localized search method based on anatomical classification

We developed an advanced computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for the detection of various types of lung nodules on chest radiographs intended for implementation in clinical situations. We used 924 digitized chest images (992 noncalcified nodules) which had a 500 x 500 matrix size with a 1024 gray scale. The images were divided randomly into two sets which were used for training and testing of the computerized scheme. In this scheme, the lung field was first segmented by use of a ribcage detection technique, and then a large search area (448 x 448 matrix size) within the chest image was automatically determined by taking into account the locations of a midline and a top edge of the segmented ribcage. In order to detect lung nodule candidates based on a localized search method, we divided the entire search area into 7 x 7 regions of interest (ROIs: 64 x 64 matrix size). In the next step, each ROI was classified anatomically into apical, peripheral, hilar, and diaphragm/heart regions by use of its image features. Identification of lung nodule candidates and extraction of image features were applied for each localized region (128 x 128 matrix size), each having its central part (64 x 64 matrix size) located at a position corresponding to a ROI that was classified anatomically in the previous step. Initial candidates were identified by use of the nodule-enhanced image obtained with the average radial-gradient filtering technique, in which the filter size was varied adaptively depending on the location and the anatomical classification of the ROI. We extracted 57 image features from the original and nodule-enhanced images based on geometric, gray-level, background structure, and edge-gradient features. In addition, 14 image features were obtained from the corresponding locations in the contralateral subtraction image. A total of 71 image features were employed for three sequential artificial neural networks (ANNs) in order to reduce the number of false-positive candidates. All parameters for ANNs, i.e., the number of iterations, slope of sigmoid functions, learning rate, and threshold values for removing the false positives, were determined automatically by use of a bootstrap technique with training cases. We employed four different combinations of training and test image data sets which was selected randomly from the 924 cases. By use of our localized search method based on anatomical classification, the average sensitivity was increased to 92.5% with 59.3 false positives per image at the level of initial detection for four different sets of test cases, whereas our previous technique achieved an 82.8% of sensitivity with 56.8 false positives per image. The computer performance in the final step obtained from four different data sets indicated that the average sensitivity in detecting lung nodules was 70.1% with 5.0 false positives per image for testing cases and 70.4% sensitivity with 4.2 false positives per image for training cases. The advanced CAD scheme involving the localized search method with anatomical classification provided improved detection of pulmonary nodules on chest radiographs for 924 lung nodule cases.     

Quantitative Kinetic Analysis of Lung Nodules Using the Temporal Subtraction Technique in Dynamic Chest Radiographies Performed with a Flat Panel Detector

Early detection and treatment of lung cancer is one of the most effective means of reducing cancer mortality, and to this end, chest X-ray radiography has been widely used as a screening method. A related technique based on the development of computer analysis and a flat panel detector (FPD) has enabled the functional evaluation of respiratory kinetics in the chest and is expected to be introduced into clinical practice in the near future. In this study, we developed a computer analysis algorithm to detect lung nodules and to evaluate quantitative kinetics. Breathing chest radiographs obtained by modified FPD and breath synchronization utilizing diaphragmatic analysis of vector movement were converted into four static images by sequential temporal subtraction processing, morphological enhancement processing, kinetic visualization processing, and lung region detection processing. An artificial neural network analyzed these density patterns to detect the true nodules and draw their kinetic tracks. Both the algorithm performance and the evaluation of clinical effectiveness of seven normal patients and simulated nodules showed sufficient detecting capability and kinetic imaging function without significant differences. Our technique can quantitatively evaluate the kinetic range of nodules and is effective in detecting a nodule on a breathing chest radiograph. Moreover, the application of this technique is expected to extend computer-aided diagnosis systems and facilitate the development of an automatic planning system for radiation therapy.     

基于CT影像分析的肺结节计算机辅助检测与诊断技术进展

肺结节是肺部最常见的病变之一,肺结节的早期检测和诊断对于肺癌的早期诊治十分重要.近年来,随着多层螺旋CT(MSCT)、高分辨CT(HRCT)及低剂量胸部CT(LDCT)的应用,计算机辅助诊断(CAD)系统的必要性和重要性也日益显现.由于CAD系统可以明显提高诊断医生的工作效率,为更多的患者服务,因此成为国内外相关领域专家的研究热点,近几年来也取得了一定的成果.就肺结节的CT计算机辅助检测和诊断的基本方法和应用作一综述. Abstract： Lung nodules are one of the most common pathological changes, thus early detection of lung nodule is very important for the diagnosis medical treatment of lung eancer. In recent years, as the application of multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT), high-resolution CT(HRCT) and low-dose chest CTCLDCT), computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system will be more essential and more important. Since CAD system can improve the working efficiency of doctors and provide service to more patients, has become the research hotspot and achievement has been made in relevant area internationally recently. This review summarizes the basic methods and applieations of computer-aided detection and diagnosis of lung nodule based on CT image.     

非对称卷积核YOLO V2网络的CT影像肺结节检测

肺癌一直是严重威胁人类健康的疾病之一,肺结节作为早期肺癌的一个重要征象,在肺癌的早期诊断与治疗中具有重要的意义。传统的CT影像肺结节检测方法不仅步骤繁琐、处理速度慢,而且对于结节的检出率及定位精度都亟待提高。提出一种基于非对称卷积核YOLO V2网络的CT影像肺结节检测方法:首先将连续的CT序列叠加构造为伪彩色数据集,以增强病变和健康组织的差异;然后将含有非对称卷积核的inception V3模块引入到YOLO V2网络中,构造出一种适用于肺结节检测的深度网络,一方面利用YOLO V2网络在目标检测上的优势,另一方面通过inception V3模块在网络的宽度与深度上进行扩增,以提取更加丰富的特征;为进一步提高结节的定位精度,对损失函数的设计与计算方法也进行一定的改进。为验证所提检测模型的性能,从LIDC-IDRI数据集中选取1 010个病例的CT图像用于训练和测试,在大于3 mm的肺结节中,检测敏感度为94.25%,假阳性率为8.50%。实验表明,所提出的肺结节检测方法不仅可以简化肺部CT图像的处理过程,而且在结节检测率及定位精度方面均优于传统方法,可为肺结节检测提供一种新思路。     

基于RoughSet的特征集融合PET/CT肺部肿瘤CAD模型

针对肺部肿瘤PET/CT感兴趣区域(ROI)在高维特征表示下存在着特征相关和维数灾难问题,提出了一种基于粗糙集特征集融合的PET/CT肺部肿瘤CAD模型。首先提取肺部肿瘤ROI的8维形状特征、7维灰度特征、3维Tamura纹理特征、56维GLCM特征和24维频域特征,得到98维特征矢量;然后基于遗传算法的知识约简方法和基于属性重要度的启发式算法对提取的特征集合分别进行特征级融合得到特征子集G1、G2、G3,A1、A2、A3,降低特征矢量的维数;再次利用网格寻优算法优化核函数的SVM作为分类器分别进行融合前和融合后的分类识别比较,基于遗传算法的特征集融合和基于属性重要度的特征集融合的分类识别比较2组实验;最后以2 000幅肺部肿瘤的PET/CT图像为原始数据,采用基于粗糙集特征集融合的肺部肿瘤PET/CT计算机辅助诊断模型对肺部肿瘤进行辅助诊断。实验结果表明,经过粗糙集特征集融合的肺部肿瘤诊断识别方法能有效提高肺部肿瘤的诊断正确率,一定程度上降低了特征之间的相关性。     

Automated lung nodule classification following automated nodule detection on CT: a serial approach

We have evaluated the performance of an automated classifier applied to the task of differentiating malignant and benign lung nodules in low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) scans acquired as part of a lung cancer screening program. The nodules classified in this manner were initially identified by our automated lung nodule detection method, so that the output of automated lung nodule detection was used as input to automated lung nodule classification. This study begins to narrow the distinction between the "detection task" and the "classification task." Automated lung nodule detection is based on two- and three-dimensional analyses of the CT image data. Gray-level-thresholding techniques are used to identify initial lung nodule candidates, for which morphological and gray-level features are computed. A rule-based approach is applied to reduce the number of nodule candidates that correspond to non-nodules, and the features of remaining candidates are merged through linear discriminant analysis to obtain final detection results. Automated lung nodule classification merges the features of the lung nodule candidates identified by the detection algorithm that correspond to actual nodules through another linear discriminant classifier to distinguish between malignant and benign nodules. The automated classification method was applied to the computerized detection results obtained from a database of 393 low-dose thoracic CT scans containing 470 confirmed lung nodules (69 malignant and 401 benign nodules). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the ability of the classifier to differentiate between nodule candidates that correspond to malignant nodules and nodule candidates that correspond to benign lesions. The area under the ROC curve for this classification task attained a value of 0.79 during a leave-one-out evaluation.     

恶性孤立性肺结节诊断与治疗

肺部结节发病总体呈增长趋势.肺结节按密度分为纯毛玻璃样结节、部分实性结节和实性结节,按良恶性分为良性肺结节和恶性肺结节.恶性孤立性肺结节以早期肺腺癌为主.对于部分液体活检及肺活检诊断为早期肺癌的患者以手术治疗为主;不能手术的早期肺癌患者可考虑体部立体定向放疗;对于诊断不清的患者,应根据生长的速度、影像学资料、高危险因素给予定期随访.随访过程中如发现肺结节体积增大、密度增强应给予手术治疗.     

基于深度学习结合解剖学注意力机制的肺结节良恶性分类

肺结节作为肺癌的初期表现,及时的发现和准确的良恶性诊断对于疾病的治疗具有重要的意义。为了提高肺部CT图像中肺结节良恶性的诊断率,提出一种基于3D ResNet的卷积神经网络,并通过加入解剖学注意力模块有效地提高了肺结节良恶性的分类精度。此外,该方法通过自动分割以获取注意力机制所需的感兴趣区域,实现整个流程的全自动化。解剖学注意力的添加能更好地捕捉图像中的局部纹理信息,进一步提取对于肺结节良恶性诊断有用的特征。本文方法在LIDC-IDRI数据集上进行验证。实验结果表明与传统的3D ResNet及其他现有的方法相比,本文方法在分类精度上有显著的提高,在独立测试集上的最终分类的AUC达到0.973,准确率为0.940。由此可见,本文方法能在辅助医生对肺结节的诊断中起到重要作用。