长江中游鳊群体的遗传多样性

采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)细胞色素b基因(cytb)和控制区序列,分析长江中游宜都、沙市、燕窝、团风等4个产卵场鳊种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明:长江中游鳊群体cytb序列共检出82个多态位点,86种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数(Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.930和0.00244;控制区序列共检出变异位点46个,单倍型76种,Hd指数和Pi指数分别为0.972和0.00505;构建的单倍型网络结构和分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,4个群体的遗传变异绝大部分来自群体内部,群体间无显著遗传分化;群体间的分化指数(FST)、平均基因流(Nm)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明,4个鳊地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未发生明显群体遗传分化;中性检验表明,鳊历史上发生了群体扩张,扩张时间在第四纪冰期后期。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因序列变异的克孜河塔里木裂腹鱼和斑重唇鱼遗传多样性

采用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)序列,分析了采自新疆克孜河3个群体(斯木哈纳SM、牙师YS、卡拉贝利KL)的塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizothorax biddulphi)41尾个体及1个斑重唇鱼(Diptychus maculates)群体(斯木哈纳)23尾个体的种群遗传多样性和遗传结构.结果显示,塔里木裂腹鱼检测到6个碱基变异位点,定义了4种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数及核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.525 4和0.001 16.分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果提示,塔里木裂腹鱼的遗传变异全部发生于群体内部;群体间Kimura-2-parameter遗传距离、分化指数(F<,st><0.085 25)和基因流(N<,m>>3.18)都显示3个群体没有种群分化,属于单一种群.斑重唇鱼检测出7个变异位点,定义了8个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数与核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.830 1和0.001 13.研究表明,克孜河的塔里木裂腹鱼和斑重唇鱼均处于很低的遗传多样性水平,物种维持力较弱.     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的9个青鱼群体遗传变异分析

为掌握中国青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)种质资源分布特征, 揭示青鱼种质资源的遗传变异情况, 研究通过对9个青鱼群体271个样本线粒体COⅠ区设计引物并进行PCR扩增, 运用软件分析了群体内部遗传多样性和各群体之间的进化关系。分析结果表明: 长度为1003 bp的9个群体COⅠ基因区域序列GC含量低于AT含量, 共检测到6个突变位点, 7种单倍型, 其中Hap4单倍型在9个群体中都有分布。AMOVA分子方差分析显示271个青鱼样本的变异90.33%来自群体内部, 9.67%来自群体间。青鱼总体核苷酸多样性(π)偏低, 在0.00109—0.00244。单倍型多样(H_d)性较高, 在0.403—0.847。遗传分化系数(F_st)在–0.0033—0.23445, 保持在低度至高度分化, 主要集中在低度和中度分化。分析得到广东佛山群体可能经历过瓶颈效应, 其余8个群体可能经历过快速的种群扩张事件。研究结果揭示了中国目前青鱼种质资源的遗传背景, 可以为中国青鱼种质资源的保护和创新利用提供重要的参考依据。     

利用线粒体COI基因揭示中国乌骨鸡遗传多样性和群体遗传结构

全面了解中国乌骨鸡的遗传背景有利于保护和开发利用其种质资源。本研究测定了中国12个乌骨鸡品种线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI)基因, 比较分析其遗传多样性和群体遗传结构。255份乌骨鸡样品共检测到22个变异位点, 占分析位点的3.17%; 核苷酸多样性为0.00142-0.00339, 单倍型多样性为0.380-0.757, 其中略阳乌鸡核苷酸多样性最高, 德化黑鸡最低。检测到7个氨基酸变异位点, 来自6个品种共11个个体。定义了24种单倍型, 其中单倍型H1和H3为12个乌骨鸡品种共享, 出现频率分别为115次和64次; 盐津乌骨鸡单倍型数最多, 广西乌鸡最少。中性检验与错配分析显示实验种群未经历显著的群体扩张事件。分子变异分析显示81.06%的变异来自群体内; 品种间遗传距离为0.002-0.004, 品种间遗传分化系数F_st值为-0.035至0.594, 雪峰乌骨鸡与其他种群间的遗传分化程度最高。邻接树显示, 乌骨鸡未能独立形成分支, 不能从家鸡和红原鸡中有效区分开来。中国乌骨鸡中介网络图将24个单倍型分为3条进化主支, 呈现出一定的品种特异性, 由无量山乌骨鸡、云南盐津乌骨鸡和雪峰乌骨鸡组成单倍型H8、H9、H11、H12游离于这3条进化主支之外。增加其他家鸡和红原鸡COI基因的中介网络图主体结构与中国乌骨鸡的相同。结果表明中国乌骨鸡品种遗传多样性较低, 但品种间遗传分化显著, 可能是从当地家鸡中选育而来, 需要加强种质资源的保护。     

基于SSR分子标记的中国黄连木遗传多样性分析北大核心CSCD

该研究利用筛选出的7对SSR引物,对中国20个省、市、自治区的210份种质资源进行分子标记试验,分析中国黄连木种质资源遗传多样性、亲缘关系、遗传分化特点并构建DNA分子身份证,为黄连木的资源保护、种质利用提供理论依据,结果表明:(1)7对引物在210份种质中共扩增出158个等位基因位点,平均每对引物的等位基因数为22.571个。(2)基因多样性(GD)变化幅度为0.654~0.913,平均为0.804;期望杂合度(He)变化范围0.257~0.771,平均为0.532;多态信息含量(PIC)变化范围0.639~0.907,平均为0.784。(3)从不同地区黄连木群体的遗传多样性来看,观测杂合度(Ho)介于0.373~0.600之间,平均值为0.520;期望杂合度(He)介于0.632~0.811之间,平均值为0.737;从各群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)来看,黄连木各地区群体间的遗传分化值在0.015~0.099之间,各群体间的遗传分化处于中等以下水平。(4)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,黄连木的遗传分化变异以群体内为主,占总变异量的94%,群体间的变异占6%。(5)UPGMA聚类、群体遗传结构分析和PCoA分析结果相一致,全部种质被划分为两大类,西南地区群体单独为一类,其他地区单独为一类。(6)利用7对SSR引物构建了210份黄连木种质的DNA分子身份证。     

铜鱼线粒体控制区的序列变异和遗传多样性

采用PCR和DNA测序技术研究长江中上游野生铜鱼的遗传多样性和群体遗传学特征,从9个采样点共获得100尾铜鱼,用于分析的线粒体DNA控制区的片段序列为946bp。在100个序列中,共检测出变异位点47个(其中增添/缺失位点8个),单倍型41种。9个地理群体的平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.9257±0.0162和0.004178±0.002337,表现出较贫乏的遗传多样性。群体间的分化指数(FST值)、平均基因流(Nm)、分子方差分析(AMOVA)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明9个铜鱼地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未明显发生群体遗传分化。另外,共享单倍型比例较高,约为34%(14/41)。单倍型的UPGMA分子系统树和简约网络图显示单倍型的聚类与地理分群没有相关性。上述结果表明9个铜鱼地理群体属于同一种群。       

基于大豆胞囊线虫病抗性候选基因的SNP位点遗传变异分析

以我国363份栽培和野生大豆资源为材料, 对大豆胞囊线虫抗性候选基因(rhg1和Rhg4)的SNP位点(8个)进行遗传变异分析, 以期阐明野生和栽培大豆间遗传多样性及连锁不平衡水平差异。结果表明, 与野生大豆相比, 代表我国栽培大豆总体资源多样性的微核心种质及其补充材料的连锁不平衡水平较高(R²值为0.216)。在栽培大豆群体内, 基因内和基因间分别有100％和16.6％的SNP位点对连锁不平衡显著, 形成两个基因特异的连锁不平衡区间(Block)。在所有供试材料中共检测到单倍型46个, 野生大豆的单倍型数目(27)少于栽培大豆(31), 但单倍型多样性(0.916)稍高于栽培大豆(0.816)。单倍型大多数(67.4％)为群体所特有(31个), 其中15个为野生大豆特有单倍型。野生大豆的两个主要优势单倍型(Hap_10和Hap_11)在栽培大豆中的发生频率也明显下降, 推测野生大豆向栽培大豆进化过程中, 一方面形成了新的单倍型, 另一方面因为瓶颈效应部分单倍型的频率降低甚至消失。     

长江上游异鳔鳅鮀线粒体控制区遗传多样性

异鳔鳅鮀(Xenophysogobio boulengeri)是长江上游特有鱼类,目前主要分布在长江上游干流及岷江江段,近年来其资源量呈显著下降趋势。本研究采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)控制区序列,分析江津、南溪、犍为和水富4个群体共178尾异鰾鳅鮀的遗传多样性。结果表明:异鳔鳅鮀线粒体控制区序列共检测出38个变异位点,定义41个单倍型;平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.817和0.002;分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示总群体间无显著遗传分化,绝大部分变异来自群体内部;但基因流(Nm)分析显示部分群体间基因交流受到阻碍,两两群体间的FST值支持部分群体间出现初步分化;错配分布及中性检验表明,异鳔鳅鮀在历史上曾发生过群体扩张事件,发生群体扩张的时间是0.0173 Ma;单倍型网络结构及NJ系统发育分析显示异鳔鳅鮀遗传结构比较单一。基于上述结论,应将异鳔鳅鮀作为一个整体进行就地保护。     

基于表型性状和SSR标记的57份辣椒种质遗传多样性分析

为了解辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种质资源的遗传多样性,以57份辣椒种质资源为材料,对34个表型性状进行变异度、多样性及主成分分析,分别基于表型性状和SSR分子标记进行聚类分析。结果表明,种质间的34个表型性状存在差异,平均变异系数为40.67%,平均Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为1.20;提取的10个主成分可以代表辣椒种质表型性状75.972%的遗传信息,其中第1主成分占比22.317%,主要由果实横径、单果重、果肩形状和果顶性状所组成;19对SSR引物的平均Nei’s基因多样性指数及香农信息指数分别为0.48和0.80;基于表型性状和SSR标记均将57份辣椒分为4类,但2种聚类结果间的相关性不显著(r=-0.175 9)。这为辣椒育种的亲本选配及种质资源评价提供理论依据。     

胡卢巴等位酶变异和遗传多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对33份胡卢巴(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)种质资源的5个酶系统 24个酶位点的变异和遗传多样性进行初步分析.结果表明:参试胡卢巴的遗传多样性水平较高,物种水平上的遗传多样性参数:多态位点百分数(P)为75.0%,平均每位点的等位基因数(A)为1.75,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.352;种源水平上的平均遗传多样性参数:P=70.6%,A=1.87,He=0.422.各种质资源间基因分化系数(GST)为0.026;基因流(Nm)的平均值为26.14,表明胡卢巴不同种质资源间基因分化水平低,基因交流频繁.聚类分析结果显示,来自中国不同地区的胡卢巴亲缘关系较近,而国外胡卢巴和国内胡卢巴的亲缘关系相对较远.     

An exceptionally high nucleotide and haplotype diversity and a signature of positive selection for the eIF4E resistance gene in barley are revealed by allele mining and phylogenetic analyses of natural populations

In barley, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) gene situated on chromosome 3H is recognized as an important source of resistance to the bymoviruses Barley yellow mosaic virus and Barley mild mosaic virus. In modern barley cultivars, two recessive eIF4E alleles, rym4 and rym5, confer different isolate-specific resistances. In this study, the sequence of eIF4E was analysed in 1090 barley landraces and noncurrent cultivars originating from 84 countries. An exceptionally high nucleotide diversity was evident in the coding sequence of eIF4E but not in either the adjacent MCT-1 gene or the sequence-related eIF(iso)4E gene situated on chromosome 1H. Surprisingly, all nucleotide polymorphisms detected in the coding sequence of eIF4E resulted in amino acid changes. A total of 47 eIF4E haplotypes were identified, and phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood provided evidence of strong positive selection acting on this barley gene. The majority of eIF4E haplotypes were found to be specific to distinct geographic regions. Furthermore, the eI4FE haplotype diversity (uh) was found to be considerably higher in East Asia, whereas SNP genotyping identified a comparatively low degree of genome-wide genetic diversity in 16 of 17 tested accessions (each carrying a different eIF4E haplotype) from this same region. In addition, selection statistic calculations using coalescent simulations showed evidence of non-neutral variation for eIF4E in several geographic regions, including East Asia, the region with a long history of the bymovirus-induced yellow mosaic disease. Together these findings suggest that eIF4E may play a role in barley adaptation to local habitats.     

Genetic structure and differentiation of wild and domesticated populations of Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae) from Mexico

 Genetic variation and structure of ten wild, three domesticated and one wild-cultivated populations of pepper (Capsicum annuum) from northwestern Mexico were studied in order to find out if the domestication process has reduced the genetic variation of the modern cultivars of this species. The analysis was based on 12 polymorphic loci from nine isozymes. Wild populations were sampled in different habitats along a latitudinal gradient of ca. 500 km. All populations had high genetic variation (i.e. wild: A = 2.72, P = 90.8%, He = 0.445; wild-cultivated: A = 2.50, P = 92.3%, He = 0.461; domesticated: A = 2.60, P = 84.6%, He = 0.408), indicating little genetic erosion in modern cultivars of pepper. Genetic diversity estimated by Nei's method showed that most genetic variation is found within, rather than among populations. However, genetic differentiation is greater among cultivated (G _ST=0.167) than among wild (G _ST=0.056) populations. Wild populations had an average genetic identity (I) of 0.952, indicating little differentiation and high gene flow (Nm=4.21) among these populations. Average genetic identity between wild and domesticated populations was of I=0.818, revealing that the domestication process has modified the genetic composition of commercial varieties of pepper. Changes in genetic composition among commercial varieties seem to have occurred in different directions, as indicated by the average value of I = 0.817 among these populations. The high level of diversity found in wild populations of C. annuum suggests that the wild relatives of cultivated peppers are a valuable genetic resource which must be conserved. Received May 5, 1999 Accepted October 30, 2000     

Estimation of genetic variability and population structure in Sapindus trifoliatus L., using DNA fingerprinting methods

Genetic variability and population structure of Sapindus trifoliatus L. (Sapindaceae), collected from Gujarat, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh states were estimated using three DNA fingerprinting methods viz., random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), directed amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). The cumulative data analysis carried out for all three markers showed 69.42 % polymorphism. The intra-population genetic diversity analysis revealed the highest values of Nei’s genetic diversity (0.16), Shannon information index (0.24) and polymorphic loci (43.99 %) among Bhavnagar (BH) population, whereas lowest values were found in Junagarh (JU) population. The maximum inter-population average genetic distance (0.20) was between Allahabad (AL) and JU populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed highest percentage of variation among individuals of populations (56 %) followed by 25 % among populations and 19 % among regions. Principal coordinate analysis and UPGMA dendrogram revealed that genetic diversity was in congruence with the geographical diversity. The data strongly suggest that low genetic flow, geographic isolation and to some extent genetic drift are the major factors responsible for high genetic differentiation. Preservation of genetic diversity of S. trifoliatus is important, both to promote adaptability of the populations to changing environment as well as to preserve a large gene pool for future genetic improvement. The present study using RAPD, DAMD and ISSR profiles of S. trifoliatus provide the means of rapid characterization of accessions within the populations, and thus enable the selection of appropriate accessions for further utilization in conservation and prospection programs of this important plant genetic resource.     

A natural recessive resistance gene against potato virus Y in pepper corresponds to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)

We show here that the pvr2 locus in pepper, conferring recessive resistance against strains of potato virus Y (PVY), corresponds to a eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) gene. RFLP analysis on the PVY-susceptible and resistant pepper cultivars, using an eIF4E cDNA from tobacco as probe, revealed perfect map co-segregation between a polymorphism in the eIF4E gene and the pvr2 alleles, pvr2(1) (resistant to PVY-0) and pvr2(2) (resistant to PVY-0 and 1). The cloned pepper eIF4E cDNA encoded a 228 amino acid polypeptide with 70-86% nucleotide sequence identity with other plant eIF4Es. The sequences of eIF4E protein from two PVY-susceptible cultivars were identical and differed from the eIF4E sequences of the two PVY-resistant cultivars Yolo Y (YY) (pvr2(1)) and FloridaVR2 (F) (pvr2(2)) at two amino acids, a mutation common to both resistant genotypes and a second mutation specific to each. Complementation experiments were used to show that the eIF4E gene corresponds to pvr2. Thus, potato virus X-mediated transient expression of eIF4E from susceptible cultivar Yolo Wonder (YW) in the resistant genotype YY resulted in loss of resistance to subsequent PVY-0 inoculation and transient expression of eIF4E from YY (resistant to PVY-0; susceptible to PVY-1) rendered genotype F susceptible to PVY-1. Several lines of evidence indicate that interaction between the potyvirus genome-linked protein (VPg) and eIF4E are important for virus infectivity, suggesting that the recessive resistance could be due to incompatibility between the VPg and eIF4E in the resistant genotype.     

中国石榴栽培群体遗传多样性的荧光AFLP分析

以中国山东、安徽、陕西、河南、云南和新疆6个栽培石榴群体的85个品种类型为试材,利用荧光标记AFLP对中国石榴群体遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明：8对引物组合在种级水平扩增的多态性位点数范围从135～185个不等,平均为158.25个,多态位点百分比范围为62.5%～86.11%,平均为73.26%,说明中国石榴品种遗传多样性较为丰富;石榴品种种级水平遗传多样性大于群体水平,6个群体的遗传多样性依次为河南群体〉新疆群体〉陕西群体〉安徽群体〉山东群体〉云南群体,并且具有显著性差异;群体间的遗传分化系数GST为0.2018,说明石榴遗传变异主要存在群体内,群体间的遗传变异占总变异的20.18%,根据基因分化系数,测得的基因流Nm为1.9027,说明中国石榴群体间存在适当的基因交流;UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,同一群体的大部分品种都聚在一起,但同时存在部分基因交流。所有遗传参数表明,中国石榴栽培品种遗传多样性较为丰富,其中河南群体遗传多样性显著高于其他群体,在中国石榴品种选育中具有更为广阔的应用前景。     

Genetic structure and differentiation in cultivated grape,Vitis vinifera L

222 cultivated (Vitis vinifera) and 22 wild (V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris) grape accessions were analysed for genetic diversity and differentiation at eight microsatellite loci. A total of 94 alleles were detected, with extensive polymorphism among the accessions. Multivariate relationships among accessions revealed 16 genetic groups structured into three clusters, supporting the classical eco-geographic grouping of grape cultivars: occidentalis, pontica and orientalis. French cultivars appeared to be distinct and showed close affinity to the wild progenitor, ssp. sylvestris from south-western France (Pyrenees) and Tunisia, probably reflecting the origin and domestication history of many of the old wine cultivars from France. There was appreciable level of differentiation between table and wine grape cultivars, and the Muscat types were somewhat distinct within the wine grapes. Contingency chi2 analysis indicated significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among groups at all loci. The observed heterozygosities for different groups ranged from 0.625 to 0.9 with an overall average of 0.771. Genetic relationships among groups suggested hierarchical differentiation within cultivated grape. The gene diversity analysis indicated narrow divergence among groups and that most variation was found within groups (approximately 85%). Partitioning of diversity suggested that the remaining variation is somewhat structured hierarchically at different levels of differentiation. The overall organization of genetic diversity suggests that the germplasm of cultivated grape represents a single complex gene pool and that its structure is determined by strong artificial selection and a vegetative mode of reproduction.     

Genetic variability and population structure of Bergenia ciliata (Saxifragaceae) in the Western Himalaya inferred from DAMD and ISSR markers

Genetic variability and population structure of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb., commonly known as “Pashanbheda” (Stone-breaker), collected from the Western Himalayan region of India were estimated using two DNA fingerprinting methods viz., directed amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). The cumulative data analysis of DAMD and ISSR markers for 74 accessions from eight populations showed 86.1% polymorphism. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed highest percentage of variation within individuals of populations (73.6%) and 21.7% among populations. STRUCTURE and PCoA analyses on the hierarchical partitioning of genetic diversity showed strong admixture of individuals among the eight assumed geographical populations of B. ciliata. The data suggests that high genetic flow is one of the major factors responsible for low genetic differentiation. Preservation of genetic diversity of B. ciliata is important, both to promote adaptability of the populations to changing environment as well as to preserve a large gene pool for future prospection. The present study using DAMD and ISSR markers, therefore, provide the means of rapid characterization of accessions within the populations, and thus enable the selection of appropriate accessions for further utilization in conservation and prospection programmes.     

Genetic diversity of Shiraia bambusicola from East China assessed using ISSR markers

To understand the genetic differentiation of the medicinal fungus Shiraia bambusicola, the genetic diversity of 107 individuals from eight populations collected from Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces were studied using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. The results revealed that the 11 employed primers produced a total of 241 ISSR loci, of which 240 loci (PPB = 99.6%) were polymorphic. Both Nei's gene diversity indexes and Shannon's gene diversity indexes showed that the genetic differentiation of S. bambusicola primarily occurred within the populations. AMOVA revealed that the variation among populations was 40.0%, and the variation within populations was 60.0%. The results of an unweighted pair group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis and a principal coordinate analysis (PCA) revealed that the populations with minimal geographic separations frequently exhibited regional characteristics. These findings revealed that the relationship between sibship and geographical distribution was intensive.     

Analysis of the Genetic Structure of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Populations from Different Regions and Host Plants by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers

The genetic diversity and genetic structure of a population of isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary from different regions and host plants were investigated using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method with 20 random decamer primer pairs in order to provide some information on the phylogenetic taxa and breeding for resistance to sclerotinia stem rot. A minimum of three and a maximum of 15 unambiguously amplified bands were generated, furnishing a total of 170 bands ranging in size from 100to 3 200 bp, corresponding to an average of 8.5 bands per primer pair. One hundred and four of these 170bands (61.2%) were polymorphic, the percentage of polymorphic bands for each primer pair ranging from 0.0% to 86.7%. The genetic relationships among the isolates, based on the results of RAPD analysis, were examined. The genetic similarity of all selected isolates was quite high. At the species level, the genetic diversity estimated by Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.197 and S hannon's index of diversity (I) was 0.300. The unweighted pair-group mean analysis (UPGMA) cluster analysis showed that most isolates from the same regions were grouped in the same cluster or a close cluster. The population of isolates from Hefei (Anhui Province, China) was more uniform and relatively distant to other populations. The Canadian population collected from carrot (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.) was relatively close to the Polish population collected from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) plants. There was no relationship between isolates from the same host plants. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the percentage of variance attributable to variation among and within populations was 50.62% and 49.38%, respectively. When accessions from China, Europe, and Canada were treated as three separate groups, the variance components among groups,among populations within groups, and within populations were -0.96%, 51.48%, and 49.47%, respectively.The genetic differentiations among and within populations were highly significant (P ＜ 0.001). Similarly, the coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) in total populations calculated by population genetic analysis was 0.229 4, which indicated that the genetic variation among populations was 22.94%. The gene flow (Nm)was 1.68, which indicated that the gene permutation and interaction among populations was relatively high.