谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白基因敲入小鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内GFP阳性神经元的分布及与小白蛋白的共存

目的观察谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白（GAD67-GFP）基因敲入小鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核（Vc）浅层内，表达GFP的GABA能神经元的分布及其与小白蛋白（PV）的共存。方法分别运用原位分子杂交与免疫组织化学相结合；GFP与神经元标记物——神经元核蛋白（NeuN）或PV免疫荧光染色相结合的双重标记方法，在光学显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下进行观察。结果1．Vc浅层内90％以上的GFP阳性神经元同时表达GAD67 mRNA，而几乎所有表达GAD67 mRNA的阳性神经元都呈GFP阳性；2．GFP阳性神经元主要分布于Ｖc的Ⅰ－Ⅱ层内，细胞较小，尤其在Ⅱ层内可见大量密集分布的GFP阳性细胞和突起。GFP阳性神经元分别占Ⅰ、Ⅱ层内NeuN阳性神经元总数的19．4％和24．3％；3．GFP／PV双标神经元主要分布于Ｖc的Ⅰ－Ⅱ层，这些双标神经元大约占PV阳性神经元的62．4％，占GFP阳性神经元的12．8％。结论在Ｖc表达GFP的GABA能神经元主要密集分布于与外周伤害性信息传递关系密切的板层内，且大部分PV样阳性神经元属于GABA能神经元。     

利用GAD67-GFP基因敲入方法显示小鼠脊髓内表达GFP的GABA能神经元的分布(英文)

γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA)是脊髓背角、前角内主要的抑制性神经递质。为了更好地观察脊髓背角内 GABA能神经元的形态和功能 ,本研究使用了两种谷氨酸脱羧酶 67-绿色荧光蛋白 (GAD67-GFP)基因敲入小鼠 ,并观察了敲入小鼠脊髓内的 GFP表达状况。用免疫荧光组织化学双标记方法显示脊髓内所有的 GF P阳性神经元基本上都呈 GAD67和 GABA阳性 ;GFP阳性神经元在脊髓背角的 ～ 层最为密集 ,背角深层内侧部及中央管周围呈中等密度分布 ,而在脊髓背角其它部位及前角则呈散在分布。脊髓内 GFP阳性神经元的分布与 GABA能神经元的分布一致。本文作者等还进一步在 GAD67-GFP敲入小鼠中观察了 GFP和神经元标志物神经元核蛋白 (Neu N )的共存状况。脊髓背角内 GFP阳性神经元分别占 、 和 层的 Neu N阳性神经元的 3 1.5 %、3 3 .3 %和 44 .7% ,与以往的 GABA免疫组化研究结果基本一致。本研究表明 GAD67-GFP基因敲入小鼠脊髓内的 GFP在GAD67启动子的调节下正确地表达于 GABA能神经元 ,该基因敲入小鼠可用于脊髓 GABA能神经元的形态学特征和生理学特性及其发育规律等方面的研究     

GABA与NOS在大鼠杏仁皮质核神经元内的共存

本文采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPHd)组织化学和γ氨基丁酸(GABA)免疫组化双重染色相结合的方法,观察杏仁皮质核(Co)神经元内GABA与NADPHd的共存。结果显示GABA样阳性神经元多散在分布于杏仁皮质后内侧核(PMCo)和杏仁皮质后外侧核(PLCo),以小型为主,中型较少;NADPHd阳性神经元多散在分布于PMCo、PLCo、杏仁皮质前核(ACo),以中、小型神经元为主;双标神经元(GABA/NADPHd均阳性)多散在分布于PLCo,以中、小型神经元为主。大鼠Co内有GABA与NADPHd共存的神经元,提示一氧化氮(NO)对Co内的GABA能神经元可能有调控作用。     

大鼠GAD样阳性终末与三叉神经中脑核内GABA_B受体和PAG共存神经元的联系

本研究应用免疫荧光组织化学双重和三重反应技术 ,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察了大鼠三叉神经中脑核神经元内GABAB受体和磷酸激活的谷氨酰胺酶 (PAG)的共存关系 ,以及谷氨酸脱羧酶 (GAD)样阳性终末与此二者共存的神经元之间的联系。结果证明 :在三叉神经中脑核内可见大量 GABAB受体样和谷氨酰胺酶样免疫阳性神经元 ,在吻尾方向上几乎亘其全长出现 ,多为大的假单极神经元。许多谷氨酰胺酶样阳性神经元同时呈 GABAB受体样免疫阳性 ,这种双重阳性的细胞约占磷酸激活的谷氨酰胺酶样阳性细胞的 85 %。在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到密集分布的谷氨酸脱羧酶样阳性终末聚集于 GABAB受体样和磷酸激活的谷氨酰胺酶样双重阳性的三叉神经中脑核神经元胞体周围 ,并与之形成密切接触。以上结果提示 ,GABA能投射至三叉神经中脑核的神经终末可能通过 GABAB受体对谷氨酸介导的口面部本体觉信息的传递发挥抑制性调控作用     

大鼠囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体样和谷氨酸脱羧酶样阳性终末与表达GABAA受体α3亚单位的三叉神经中脑核神经元之间的联系

目的 观察大鼠三叉神经中脑核(Vme)内囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体(VGluT1和DNPI)样和谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)样阳性终末与GABAA受体α3亚单位(GABAARα3)样阳性神经元之间的联系。方法 免疫荧光组织化学三重染色技术，在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。结果 在Vme吻尾方向上，有大量的神经元胞体呈GABAARα3样免疫阳性，这些神经元多为大的假单极神经元(直径为25—50μm)。VGluT1样、DNPI样和GAD样免疫阳性终末密集分布于Vme内，一些VGluT1／DNPI样和GAD样阳性终末包绕在GABAARα3样阳性Vme神经元胞体周围，并与之形成密切接触。结论 Vme神经元在介导口面部本体感觉信息的传递过程中，可能同时接受中枢其他来源的谷氨酸能和GABA能终末的调控，其中GABA能终末的作用可能是通过GABAA受体实现的。     

GAD67-GFP基因敲入小鼠三叉上核内向三叉神经运动核投射的GFP阳性神经元表达c-fos的研究

本文综合应用逆行束路追踪(将四甲基罗达明-TMR注入一侧三叉神经运动核)和免疫荧光组织化学三重标记技术,在激光共聚焦显微镜下对谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白(GAD67-GFP)基因敲入小鼠在口周部给予伤害性刺激时,三叉上核(Vsup)内向对侧三叉神经运动核(Vmo)投射的呈GFP阳性的GABA能神经元表达c-fos的情况进行了研究。结果显示:(1)Vsup内可观察到许多GFP阳性神经元,细胞较小;(2)也可观察到许多TMR或c-fos单标神经元较密集地分布于Vsup内,其中c-fos阳性产物只见于神经元的胞核,在胞浆内未见表达;(3)在激光共聚焦显微镜下可进一步观察到部分神经元同时呈GFP/TMR、TMR/c-fos、GFP/c-fos双重标记或GFP/TMR/c-fos三重标记。其中GFP/TMR双标神经元分别占GFP或TMR阳性神经元的17.8%和19.2%;TMR/c-fos双标神经元分别占TMR或c-fos阳性神经元的34.9%和31.3%;GFP/c-fos双标神经元分别占GFP或c-fos阳性神经元的21.2%和20.5%;而GFP/TMR/c-fos三标神经元分别占GFP、TMR或c-fos阳性神经元的11.1%、12%和10.8%。以上结果表明小鼠Vsup内部分GABA能神经元可接受来自同侧的口面部伤害性信息,并对这些信息进行整合后,直接发出投射纤维至Vmo;故Vsup内部分GABA能运动前神经元可能参与口面部伤害性反射局部环路的构成。     

小鼠下丘脑室旁核的亚区

综合运用Nissl染色,HRP逆行标记,Gomori染色,加压素、催产素免疫细胞化学和生物图象参数测量等方法对小鼠下丘脑室旁核的细胞组成及分布特点进行分析。结果表明小鼠室旁核除大细胞神经元和小细胞神经元外还有数量较多的中等神经元。三者混杂分布。该核团前、后部,内、外侧,及外侧的腹、背部其细胞密度,含催产素、加压素的神经分泌细胞的分布特点以及投射联系等均有差异。依据这些特点,小鼠下丘脑室旁核可分为五个亚区:前亚区(PVA);内侧亚区(PVM);背外侧亚区(PVLd);腹外侧亚区(PVLv),后亚区(PVLp)。     

异丙酚诱导GAD_(67)-GFP基因敲入小鼠意识消失过程中GABA能神经元的活化

探讨在系统性给予谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白(GAD67-GFP)基因敲入小鼠异丙酚后诱导的意识消失作用中的GA-BA能神经元的活化情况。GAD67-GFP阳性小鼠20只,腹腔注射异丙酚130mg/kg(对照组腹腔注射相同体积的生理盐水)。分别在注射后5min,30min,1h进行行为学评分,随后立即处死并取脑,应用免疫组织化学观察神经元活化标记物Fos在全脑的表达分布并用免疫荧光双标的方法观察Fos与GABA能神经元的共存情况。行为学结果表明在给予异丙酚后5min和30min均能达到适度或深度麻醉效果,而1h时则处于过渡状态,行为学评分为5min时13分,30min时14分,1h时为9分。与对照组相比,Fos在海马CA1区、杏仁核、丘脑室旁核、下丘脑室旁核、梨状核、下丘脑腹内侧核、中脑导水管周围灰质的表达在三个时间点都有明显增加(P<0.05),在嗅球外丛状层有表达但与对照组相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。注射后5min、30min和1h下丘脑腹内侧核有Fos与GABA共存,有共存的细胞占该区域Fos阳性神经元的80.3%、89.7%和91.6%。下丘脑腹内侧核GABA能神经元活化是异丙酚诱导意识消失的可能机制之一。     

大鼠杏仁体基底外侧核中含D2受体的γ氨基丁酸神经元受多巴胺能末梢支配(英文)

杏仁体中的多巴胺(DA)和γ -氨基丁酸(GABA)递质系统均参与精神分裂症的病理过程,临床上一般用多巴胺II型受体(D2)阻断剂予以治疗。然而,目前尚不清楚GABA与D2受体是否共存,也不清楚DA能神经末梢与GABA能神经元之间的联系方式。本实验用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)和免疫电镜(IEM)研究了杏仁体关键性核团基底外侧核中GABA与D2受体的共存关系以及DA神经能末梢与GABA能神经元之间的突触关系。CLSM显示由谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)标记的GABA能神经元全部对D2受体呈免疫阳性反应,表明GABA能神经元含有D2受体。IEM显示,在 980个DA能神经末梢形成的突触中,45%的突触是由DA免疫反应阳性神经末梢直接(36% )或间接(9% )与GAD免疫反应阳性神经元的树突形成,另 55%是由DA免疫反应阳性神经末梢与未标记的神经元成分形成。DA GABA的直接性突触进而可区分为单突触 (16% )、汇聚突触 (14% )及轴 轴突触(6% )。而DA- GABA的间接性突触是个突触复合体。在该复合体中,DA免疫反应阳性末梢在一个未标记的末梢上形成对称性突触,而该未标记末梢又与GAD免疫反应阳性树突形成非对称性突触。在DA与未标记神经元成分之间的突触中,AD免疫反应阳性末梢分别与未标记胞体(4% )、树突(42% )及轴突末梢(9% )形成突触。所有DA突触无一例外均为?     

去窦弓神经后大鼠臂旁核亚核内Fos和NADPH-d的分布

目的探讨大鼠臂旁核神经型一氧化氮合酶是否参与减压反射的调节。方法用Fos蛋白免疫组织化学结合还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学双重染色的方法,观察去窦弓神经后Fos和NADPH-d在臂旁核各亚核内的分布情况。结果与假手术组和正常对照组相比,臂旁外侧核外亚核、内侧核外亚核和K-F核内Fos免疫阳性反应明显增强。在这些Fos阳性神经元的表面通常可见NADPH-d阳性纤维终末分布,但偶见Fos和NADPH-d双标神经元。结论臂旁外侧核外亚核、内侧核外亚核和K-F核内部分神经元可被去窦弓神经术特异性激活;一氧化氮可能主要通过突触前机制参与此刺激的传递过程。     

三叉神经本体觉中枢通路二级传入神经元所在地(三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核背内侧区,Vodm)的核团形态、细胞构筑及纤维联系——光镜观察

本文用HRP顺行、逆行标记技术,在光学显微镜下探索了王百忍等发现的三叉神经本体觉中枢通路二级神经元所在地-三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核背内侧区(Vodm)的核团形态及纤维联系,证实了此区存在着一个独立存在于三叉神经脊束核之内的中继核团,它既接受三叉神经中脑核神经元的投射,又向王百忍等所发现的此通路第三级神经元所在地的所谓“带状区”的腹侧部和背侧部都有投射。本研究的结果既证实了王百忍等发现的三叉神经本体党中枢通路在形态学上的可靠性,又对Vodm区的核团位置、形态、细胞构筑及传出联系做了全面的观察,证明它是此通路中的二级传入神经元所组成的核团。     

Morphological evidence for GABA/glycine-cocontaining terminals in synaptic contact with neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the sacral dorsal commissural nucleus of the rat

Previous studies have shown that neurons in the sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) express neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and can be modulated by the co-release of GABA and glycine (Gly) from single presynaptic terminal. These results raise the possibility that GABA/Gly-cocontaining terminals might make synaptic contacts with NK1R-expressing neurons in the SDCN. In order to provide morphological evidence for this hypothesis, the triple-immunohistochemical studies were performed in the SDCN. Triple-immunofluorescence histochemical study showed that some axon terminals in close association with NK1R-immunopositive (NK1R-ip) neurons in the SDCN were immunopositive for both glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2). In electron microscopic dual- and triple-immunohistochemistry for GAD/GlyT2, GAD/NK1R, GlyT2/NK1R, or GAD/GlyT2/NK1R also revealed dually labeled (GAD/GlyT2-ip) synaptic terminals upon SDCN neurons, as well as GAD- and/or GlyT2-ip axon terminals in synaptic contact with NK1R-ip SDCN neurons. These results suggested that some synaptic terminals upon NK1R-expressing SDCN neurons co-released both GABA and Gly.     

GABA, in some cases together with glycine, is used as the inhibitory transmitter by pump cells in the Hering-Breuer reflex pathway of the rat

The Hering-Breuer reflex is one of the fundamental respiratory reflexes and is mediated by second-order relay neurons of the slowly adapting lung stretch receptors. These neurons, which are called pump cells, are located in the nucleus tractus solitarii and include a population of inhibitory neurons. We aimed to determine which transmitter, GABA or glycine, the inhibitory pump cells use. In addition, we examined whether or not second-order relay neurons of the rapidly-adapting lung stretch receptors (RAR-cells), whose excitatory or inhibitory nature is not known, use these inhibitory neurotransmitters. In Nembutal-anesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked and artificially ventilated rats, we labeled pump cells (n=33) and RAR-cells (n=26) with Neurobiotin and processed the tissues for detection of mRNA encoding either glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 67 (GAD67) or glycine transporter 2 (GLYT2) using in situ hybridization. The pump cells were located in the interstitial nucleus and its vicinity and the RAR-cells in the commissural subnucleus. The majority (64%) of the pump cells examined for GAD67 mRNA and many (26%) of the pump cells examined for GLYT2 mRNA expressed respective mRNAs. Of the eight pump cells in which both mRNAs were double-detected, three expressed both mRNAs and one expressed GAD67 mRNA but not GLYT2 mRNA, the other four expressing neither mRNAs. On the other hand, RAR-cells expressed neither GAD67 mRNA nor GLYT2 mRNA. The results suggest that the inhibitory pump cells are basically GABAergic and some of them may corelease GABA and glycine, and that RAR-cells are neither GABAergic nor glycinergic. These findings expand our understanding of the networks of lung receptor-mediated reflexes including the Hering-Breuer reflex.     

Responses of feline trigeminal spinal tract nucleus neurons to stimulation of the middle meningeal artery and sagittal sinus

1. Extracellular single-unit activity was recorded from 250 trigeminal (V) spinal tract nucleus neurons that were excited by electrical stimulation of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and/or sagittal sinus (SS) in anesthetized cats. One hundred and thirty of these neurons were located in the V subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and the remaining 120 neurons were located in the V subnucleus oralis (Vo) or rostral part of the V subnucleus interpolaris (Vi). In many cases these neurons were also examined for the existence of orofacial receptive fields (RFs) by applying mechanical stimuli to the orofacial region. 2. The mean minimum latencies to suprathreshold electrical stimulation of the MMA and the SS were similar for Vc and Vo/Vi neurons. Excitation of Vc neurons occurred at latencies of 14.3 +/- 1.0 (n = 102) and 17.4 +/- 1.6 ms (n = 36) to MMA and SS stimulation, respectively. Excitation of Vo/Vi neurons occurred at latencies of 12.4 +/- 0.9 (n = 86) and 16.4 +/- 1.1 ms (n = 58) to MMA and SS stimulation, respectively. These latencies correspond to mean conduction velocities of approximately 5.2 and 4.0 m/s to MMA and SS stimulation, respectively. 3. Mechanical stimulation of the vessels evoked neuronal responses in five of eight MMA-activated neurons tested and three of five SS-activated neurons tested. 4. Almost all of the neurons tested (127 of 131) had peripheral RFs, and all were in the orofacial region. Nearly all (95%) Vc neurons had RFs within or including the ophthalmic facial region. The RFs of most (67%) Vo/Vi neurons also had RFs within or including ophthalmic regions, but in some cases were only within maxillary and/or mandibular regions. 5. Most of the Vc neurons (87%) were classified on the basis of their cutaneous inputs as nociceptive. The incidence of nociceptive neurons in Vo/Vi was also high (61%), although less than in Vc. In both the Vc and Vo/Vi neuronal populations, MMA-activated neurons were more likely to have nociceptive peripheral inputs than SS-activated neurons. 6. Histological reconstruction of recording sites indicated that the MMA- and/or SS-activated Vc neurons were concentrated in the lateral half of laminae III-V. The responsive neurons at the level of Vo/rostral Vi were not confined to any particular portion of these subnuclei. 7. These findings indicate that sensory afferents that innervate the dural arteries and venous sinuses are capable of activating neurons throughout the V spinal tract nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Respiratory activity in brainstem of fetal mice lacking glutamate decarboxylase 65/67 and vesicular GABA transporter

The respiratory neural network in the mammalian medulla oblongata shows rhythmic activity before birth. GABA and glycine are considered to be involved in control of respiratory rhythm. Recently we have demonstrated respiratory failure in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67-deficient mice [Tsunekawa N, Arata A, Obata K (2005) Development of spontaneous mouth/tongue movement and related neural activity, and their repression in mouse fetus lacking glutamate decarboxylase 67. Eur J Neurosci 21:173-178]. To further evaluate the involvement of GABA and glycine in fetal respiratory function, we studied neural activities in brainstem-spinal cord blocks prepared from GAD65-/-:67-/- and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-/-mice on embryonic day 14 (E14)-E15 and E18. In these knockout mice, the synthesis of GABA and the vesicular release of GABA and glycine are completely absent, respectively. Spontaneous respiratory discharges were observed in the ventral roots at the cervical cord (C) 4 level from wild-type mice but not from the knockout mice on E18. Administration of substance P induced C4 discharges in GAD65-/-:67-/- preparations but not in VGAT-/- preparations. C4 discharges were observed in the knockout mice on E14-E15, although the frequency was lower than that in the wild-type. Neuronal activities in the respiratory network of the E18 brainstem were recorded using a "blind" patch-clamp technique. Expiratory and inspiratory neurons with their characteristic firing patterns were observed in the wild-type fetuses. Strychnine reversed inspiratory-phase hyperpolarization to large depolarization in expiratory neurons. On the other hand, neurons in the same area of the knockout mice fired spontaneously without any rhythm. Substance P induced hyperpolarizing potentials in medullary neurons of GAD65-/-:67-/- mice. Further administration of strychnine induced large depolarizing potentials. Rhythmic activities were not observed in VGAT-/- mice even in the presence of substance P and strychnine. These results indicate that the lack of GABA and glycine impairs the function of the respiratory network in mouse fetuses and the impairment progresses with fetal age.     

Distribution and colocalisation of glutamate decarboxylase isoforms in the rat spinal cord

The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and two isoforms of this enzyme exist: GAD65 and GAD67. Immunocytochemical studies of the spinal cord have shown that whilst both are present in the dorsal horn, GAD67 is the predominant form in the ventral horn. The present study was carried out to determine the pattern of coexistence of the two GAD isoforms in axonal boutons in different laminae of the cord, and also to examine the relation of the GADs to the glycine transporter GLYT2 (a marker for glycinergic axons), since many spinal neurons are thought to use GABA and glycine as co-transmitters.Virtually all GAD-immunoreactive boutons throughout the spinal grey matter were labelled by both GAD65 and GAD67 antibodies; however, the relative intensity of staining with the two antibodies varied considerably. In the ventral horn, most immunoreactive boutons showed much stronger labelling with the GAD67 antibody, and many of these were also GLYT2 immunoreactive. However, clusters of boutons with high levels of GAD65 immunoreactivity were observed in the motor nuclei, and these were not labelled with the GLYT2 antibody. In the dorsal horn, some GAD-immunoreactive boutons had relatively high levels of labelling with either GAD65 or GAD67 antibody, whilst others showed a similar degree of labelling with both antibodies. GLYT2 immunoreactivity was associated with many GAD-immunoreactive boutons; however, this did not appear to be related to the pattern of GAD expression.It has recently been reported that there is selective depletion of GAD65, accompanied by a loss of GABAergic inhibition, in the ipsilateral dorsal horn in rats that have undergone peripheral nerve injuries [J Neurosci 22 (2002) 6724]. Our finding that some boutons in the superficial laminae showed relatively high levels of GAD65 and low levels of GAD67 immunoreactivity is therefore significant, since a reduction in GABA synthesis in these axons may contribute to neuropathic pain.     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层内谷氨酸能、γ-氨基丁酸能和甘氨酸能终末的中枢起源

三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层（I、II层）内有较密集的谷氨酸样、γ-氨基丁酸样和甘氨酸样阳性终未。这些终未除分别来自外周初级传入或局部神经元外，还可能来自脑干的核团。为了探讨这些阳性终未的脑干起源部位，本研究用荧光金逆行追踪与免疫荧光组织化学染色相结合的双标技术对三叉尾侧亚核浅层内谷氨酸能、γ-氨基丁酸能和甘氨酸能终未在脑干的起源部位进行了追踪。结果表明：大鼠脑干向三叉尾侧亚核发出谷氨酸能、γ-氨基丁酸能和甘氨酸能投射的神经元主要位于构成下行抑制系统的中脑中央灰质、中缝大核及其周围的网状结构、中缝苍白核和中缝隐核。本研究的结果提示，除已知的5-羟色胺和P物质外，谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和甘氨酸也可能参与下行抑制系统，对面口部伤害性刺激信息传递发挥调控作用。