低纬斜压两层模式大气半地转适应过程

利用斜压两层模式研究了赤道平面近似下的低纬热带大气适应过程。指出低纬斜压大气适应过程主要受重力惯性内波控制。通过重力惯性内波对初始非地转能量的频散，使纬向运动达到地转平衡，而经向维持非地转运动，正压模式下称为半地转平衡，斜压模式下称为半热成风平衡。通过对垂直运动方程的求解，可知，垂直运动只与重力惯性内波相联系，其产生与初始斜压位涡度无关，而只与初始时刻的垂直运动和垂直运动倾向有关，半地转适应使运动趋向水平运动。讨论了半热成风平衡的建立及其物理机制，指出由于重力惯性内波激发出垂直运动，与垂直运动相联系的水平辐合辐散调整流场和温度场之间的关系，使温压场最终达到半热成风平衡。通过对适应过程终态的分析，指出平均温度场和切变流场之间的适应方向决定于初始非半地转扰动的尺度与斜压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径有关的特征尺度的比值，当比值大于１时，切变流场向平均温度场适应；当比值小于１时，平均温度场向切变流场适应     

GENERALIZED ENERGY CONSERVATION AND UNSTABLE PERTURBATION PROPERTY IN BAROTROPIC VORTEX

Based on a barotropic vortex model, generalized energy-conserving equation was derived and two necessary conditions of basic flow destabilization are gained. These conditions correspond to generalized barotropic instability and super speed instability. They are instabilities of vortex and gravity inertial wave respectively. In order to relate to practical situation, a barotropic vortex was analyzed, the basic flow of which is similar to lower level basic wind field of tropical cyclones and the maximum wind radius of which is 500 km. The results show that generalized barotropic instability depending upon the radial gradient of relative vorticity can appear in this vortex. It can be concluded that unstable vortex Rossby wave may appear in barotropic vortex.     

垂直切变基流中非地转涡旋波的不稳定

利用Boussinesq方程研究了扰动传播方向与垂直切变基流有一夹角时的不稳定问 题，即斜交型不稳定问题。当Richardson数不大时，在α中尺度波段其增长率最大，此时该斜交型不稳定的性质既不同于重力惯性波的对称不稳定，也与Rossby波的斜压不稳定有差异，而是非地转涡旋波的不稳定。     

正压准地转模式中大地形作用下的低频波

利用包含大地形和常速纬向基本气流的正压准地转位涡度方程,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明,起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度。地形最大高度的作用主要是使Rossby波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Rossby波的稳定性起决定作用,同时适当的地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。而常速纬向基流在总体上的作用是使波动变得趋向低频,且西风基流更有利于低频（30～60天）波的形成。从纬向波数上看,纬向3波以上的波动更容易出现低频（30～60天）。     

Some Aspects of the Characteristics of Monsoon Disturbances Using a Combined Barotropic－Baroclinic Model

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基本气流对赤道Rossby波和重力波的影响

应用考虑基本气流作用的赤道β平面线性模式，分析了基本气流对赤道Rossby波和重力波的影响。分析表明，基本西风气流中西传的赤道Rossby波和西传重力波仍有混合现象，基本西风气流将使Rossby波出现不稳定增长，而基本东风气流中的Rossby波和重力波是完全可分的。     

斜压切变基流中横波型扰动的特征波动──Ⅰ:谱点分析

文中对谱点的分布作了定性分析和数值计算。结果发现：当基流存在切变时,无论是重力惯性波还是涡旋波都存在连续谱。在通常的环境下,对天气尺度的扰动,3支波动的连续谱不重叠,3支波动明显可分;当扰动尺度小于临界波长l0时,可出现涡旋波和一支重力惯性波的两波连续谱区的重叠,当扰动尺度小于l0／2时,可出现涡旋波和一对重力惯性波的三波连续谱区的重叠,此时两种波动不可分。当出现重叠谱时,若出现不稳定扰动,其频率的实部落在重叠谱区。     

THE SEMI-GEOSTROPHIC ADAPTATION PROCESS WITH TWO-LAYER BAROCLINIC MODEL IN LOW LATITUDE ATMOSPHERE

In this paper, the adaptation process in low latitude atmosphere is discussed by means of a two-layer baroclinic model on the equator β plane, showing that the adaptation process in low latitude is mainly dominated by the internal inertial gravity waves. The initial ageostrophic energy is dispersed by the internal inertial gravity waves, and as a result, the geostrophic motion is obtained in zonal direction while the ageostro-phic motion maintains in meridional direction, which can be called semi-geostrophic balance in barotropic model as well as semi-thermal-wind balance in baroclinic model. The vertical motion is determined both by the distribution of the initial vertical motion and that of the initial vertical motion tendency, but it is unrelated to the initial potential vorticity. Finally, the motion tends to be horizontal. The discussion of the physical mechanism of the semi-thermal-wind balance in low latitude atmosphere shows that the achievement of the semi-thermal-wind balance is due to the adjustment between the stream field and the temperature field through the horizontal convergence and divergence which is related to the vertical motion excited by the internal inertial gravity waves. The terminal adaptation state obtained shows that the adaptation direction between the mean temperature field and the shear flow field is determined by the ratio of the scale of the initial ageostrophic disturbance to the scale of one character scale related to the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. The shear stream field adapts to the mean temperature field when the ratio is greater than 1, and the mean temperature field adapts to the shear stream field when the ratio is smaller than 1.     

中尺度大气波动的波谱和谱函数——数学模型和计算方法

作者得到了准二维Boussinesq方程组，并用其研究了中尺度大气波动的波谱和谱函数。在一定条件下对该方程组线性化并取标准模后，可将其初边值问题转化为矩阵的广义特征值问题来进行数值求解，这样就可知原问题波谱和谱函数的性质。当无基本流且取地转参数、层结参数为常数时，可求得其波谱和谱函数的解析解。此时该模式中仅包含有一对重力惯性内波模态，且各模态均是简谐波；模态越高，垂直波数越大则波动传播得越慢，所有的模态均为离散谱，并存在聚点。对此作者用数值解作了验算，结果表明，该数值求解方案合理可行，对不太高的模态其精度也令人满意。在无基本流然而考虑层结的垂直变化后，则一般无法求取解析解，为此进行了数值求解。这时该模式仍仅包含有一对重力惯性内波的离散谱模态，不过由于层结参数的变化，各模态结构与简谐波出现了偏差。     

On the low-frequency,planetary-scale motion in the tropical atmosphere and oceans

Scale analyses for long wave, zonal ultralong wave (with zonal scale of disturbance L1~104 km and meridional scale L2~103 km) and meridional ultralong wave (L1~103 km, L2~104 km) are carried out and a set of approximate equations suitable for the study of these waves in a dry tropical atmosphere is obtained. Under the condition of sheared basic current, frequency analyses for the equations are carried out. It is found that Rossby waves and gravity waves may be separated for n ≥ l where n is the meridional wave number, whereas for n = 0 and L1~1000 km, the mixed Rossby-gravity wave will appear. Hence it is confirmed that the above results of scale analyses are correct. The consistency be-tween frequency analysis and scale analysis is established.The effect of shear of basic current on the equatorial waves is to change their frequencies and phase velocities and hence their group velocities. It increases the velocity of westward travelling Rossby waves and inertia-gravity and mixed waves, but decelerates the eastward inertia-gravity waves and the Kelvin wave. The recently observed low-frequency equatorial ocean wave may be interpreted as an eastward Kelvin wave in a basic current with shear.     

Study on the Dynamic Process of the Onset of South China Sea Summer Monsoon

By using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1958 to 1997, we first looked into the atmospheric flow conditions in the one month immediately prior to the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSSM） each year. A monthly-averaged zonal basic flow of 40-yr composite was then calculated. The stability of Rossby wave in the basic flow was studied based on the spherical barotropic vorticity equation. Furthermore, the spectral function expansion method was adopted to define and compute the evolvement of a developing wave packet. The results indicate that there exists barotropic instability of spherical Rossby wave in the climatically-averaged flow field before the SCSSM onset. The instability is triggered by the westerly jet stream in the Southern Hemisphere, and the strongest instable perturbation lies to the south of the westerly jet stream. The peak of the developing spherical Rossby wave packet propagates from mid and high latitudes to low latitudes, though not crossing the equator, spurring the cumulus convection in the tropical zones. The eruption of the cumulus convection and its spread to monsoon regions help to speed up the adjustment of the general circulation and the SCSSM onset. It is concluded that elements that contribute to the SCSSM onset are on global scale, albeit the onset itself looks like a local phenomenon.     

风速垂直切变下非均匀层结大气中重力惯性内波的稳定性

本文应用WKB方法研究了在弱非均匀层结大气中,当基本气流具有弱垂直切变时,重力惯性内波的稳定性问题.由导得的波能量方程出发,分析了风速垂直切变及非均匀大气层结对重力惯性内波波能变化率的影响.     

与海南岛秋季暴雨有关的一类热带中尺度涡旋的动力学分析

对惯性重力内波方程组分别通过线性和非线性求解探讨造成2010年10月海南岛一次特大暴雨中一类热带中尺度涡旋生成发展的动力、热力机制,研究发现:（1）在副热带高压和大陆冷高压南侧反气旋性纬向水平风切变大值区、静力不稳定大气层结、积云对流潜热释放、低空急流、适当强度的冷空气有利于热带中尺度涡旋的形成和发展;（2）非线性惯性重力内波的孤立波解与这类热带中尺度涡旋有很好的联系,在静力不稳定的大气层结下,热带中尺度涡旋的形态主要由对流凝结潜热加热所决定,即潜热加热下的孤立波解要求热带中尺度涡旋在垂直方向是一个浅薄的涡旋系统;另外强盛的对流凝结潜热对热带中尺度涡旋垂直运动振幅的增强起主要作用,更有利于涡旋的发展和维持。基于天气事实分析的理论研究为深化影响海南的热带中尺度涡旋乃至南海中尺度对流系统的机理认识进行了探索。      

青藏高原热力作用下的非绝热Rossby波

从含非绝热项的准地转运动方程组出发，分析了青藏高原大尺度热力作用下非绝热Rossby波的一些性质，从理论上证明当背景西风气流为正压时，冬季高原冷却作用有利于Rossby波的经向传播，夏季高原大尺度热力作用不利于波动的经向传播。非绝热Rossby波的频率方程说明冬季高原的热力作用是中纬季节内振荡的重要激发机制。同时，在背景西风气流为纯斜压条件下，求解了高原热力作用下非绝热Rossby波的频率，并由频率方程说明冬季高原热力作用有利于波动向不稳定方向发展，而夏季高原的大尺度热力作用对波动稳定性的影响存在临界值。     

THE FOUNDATION AND MOVEMENT OF TROPICAL SEMI-GEOSTROPHIC ADAPTATION

The breakdown and foundation of geostrophic balance is one of the important movements inthe mid-and high-latitude atmosphere and oceans.In the tropical area,the value of Coriolis pa-rameter is so small that it is difficult to satisfy the bi-geostrophic equilibrium between the pressureand velocity fields.However,in the tropical area,the zonal velocity of some motions in the atmo-sphere and oceans is large,so the Coriolis force is not small,geostrophic balance can exist in zonaldirection,i.e.semi-geostrophic balance.Furthermore,in the dominant area of Hadley circulationin the atmosphere or the area near the ocean meridional boundary,the meridional velocity is large,so geostrophic balance can also exist in meridional direction.In this paper,the process of the dis-persion of inertial gravity wave and the foundation of semi-geostrophic balance are first discussed.Second,the adjustment process between the velocity and pressure fields after adaptation is alsoviewed,and the scale criterion of the semi-geostrophic adaptation is discussed,i.e.for the motionwith meridional scale greater than the equatorial Rossby radius of deformation,the velocity andpressure fields after adaptation change to fit the initial pressure field;on the contrary,the fieldschange to fit the initial zonal velocity field,and the strength of the fields after adaptation dependson the zonal scale.     

切变基本纬向流中赤道Rossby包络孤立波

利用多重尺度摄动法，从描写赤道Rossby波的正压大气位涡度方程中推导出在切变基本纬向流中非线性赤道Rossby波包演变所满足的非线性Schrodinger方程，并得到其单个包络孤立子波解，分析基本流切变对非线性赤道Rossby波动的影响。     

基本流场切变对赤道长Rossby波的影响

文中应用赤道β平面近似 ,建立一个简单的斜压大气半地转模式 ,在热力学方程中引入表征基本位温场 (θ)经向分布特征的无量纲参数 σ,对线性化的扰动方程进行了频率分析 ,研究基本位温场经向非均匀分布以及基本气流垂直切变对赤道纬向超长尺度 Rossby波动的影响 ,并指出仅考虑基本气流垂直切变或者基本位温场变化的作用是不合适的。定性分析结果表明 :基本位温场经向温差必然有基本气流垂直切变与其相匹配 ,而基本气流垂直切变将导致赤道长 Rossby波动不稳定并影响其纬向传播速度     

两层正压流体涡旋中螺旋波的不稳定

利用线性化的两层正压原始方程模型，对有水平和垂直切变基流的圆形涡旋中螺旋波的不稳定作了研究。结果表明，当基流失稳时，涡旋中不稳定扰动的厚度场、速度场在上、下两层都具有明显的螺旋结构，下层的螺旋结构要较上层复杂。基流垂直切变越大则越易失稳。失稳时上、下层扰动的配置接近反位相，故该螺旋波结构相应于斜压模。此时螺旋波上的扰动中心在切向是逆基流传播的，在径向则基本没有传播，而螺旋臂的整体运动缓慢。失稳的螺旋波其散度场要较涡度场明显，物理量的配置也大体符合重力惯性波的情况，故可认为其是重力惯性波的不稳定所致。本模型中该螺旋波的形态与实际热带气旋中的螺旋云(雨)带很相象。     

切变基流中赤道Rossby包络孤立波

A simple shallow-water model on an equatorialβ-plane is employed to investigate the nonlinear equatorial Rossby solitons in a mean zonal flow with meridional shear by the asymptotic method of multiple scales. The cubic nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS, for short) equation, satisfied for large amplitude equatorial envelope Rossby solitons in shear basic flow, is derived. The effects of basic flow shear on the nonlinear equatorial Rossby solitons are also analyzed.     

与水平风切变强度不均匀相联系的CISK惯性重力波

在虚拟高度坐标系中, 用一个简单的线性模式初步研究了水平风切变强度不均匀分布对长江流域梅雨锋附近贯穿整个对流层的深厚惯性重力波发生发展的影响。结果表明:水平风切变强度不均匀对CISK惯性重力波不稳定有重要作用。在一般干的层结大气中, 实际可能出现再强的水平风切变的影响也难以使惯性重力波变得不稳定; 只有在积云对流潜热参与, 原为弱稳定条件下, 水平风切变强度不均匀能促使低空急流北侧不稳定扰动的发生发展。而水平风切变强度不均匀对不稳定贡献最大的区域是梅雨锋南侧的急流轴附近。