分户热计量供暖住宅户间传热温差

采用数值求解方法，分析了在逐时室外气温条件下，北京地区外保温高层住宅典型房间在采用分室调节时，室温和户间传热温差随时间变化规律。为住宅分户热计量供暖系统设计热负荷的确定和供暖设备选择提供供了依据，也为分户热计量供暖收费和建筑保温及防治露措施研究提供参考依据。     

住宅热水分户供暖系统设计的理论及实践

结合住宅分户供暖工程设计中的有关问题,讨论了分户供暖系统的主要形式、工程设计要点和系统的水力计算方法。     

浅议分户供热与计量

本文针对北方地区供热收费困难提出了分户供热的几种形式及计量方式。     

地板采暖与采暖分户计量

论述了地板采暖在集中供暖分户计量中占有独特优势，天然适应单户计量、调节与控制。相比之下，散热器采暖却有其不足之处。分析认为，新型的地板采暖更具有发展前景，与分户计量供暖有深缠的纽带关系，是分户计量供暖的最佳选择形式。     

谈供热分户计量

供热分户计量可以改革传统的计量和收费形式,是一项社会化系统工程,也符合未来节能发展趋势,但是当前供热分户计量发展比较迟缓,制约了供热计量效率的提升.分析了供热分户计量发展的现状和存在的不足,并就供热分户的发展措施提出一定建议,为相关研究提供一定参者.     

分户计量改造后散热器流量对散热量影响变化分析

以烟台市三高校小区节能改造工程为例,阐述了既有住宅建筑供暖分户计量节能的改造过程,通过增加旁通管和温控阀,采暖系统由改造前的单管顺流式变为单管跨越式,随着进入散热器的流量发生变化,散热量有所增加。通过一个供暖期的运行证明,该系统能够有效地调节室内温度,节能效果达到预期的目标。     

城镇住宅供暖、供冷系统改造与发展趋势分析

目前北方现有住宅采暖仍以单管顺流式的供暖系统为主，尚有较重的计量收费、节能的改造任务，本文给出了多种改造方案，分别指出了其优缺点和适用范围；在南方地区住宅供冷系统现采用房间电空调器和集中空调，本文对其优缺点加以分析；并指出今后城镇住宅供暖、供冷形式的未来趋势。     

辽阳地区供暖热计量价格分析

通过对某北方城市3个典型样本热源厂近3年供暖状况的调查分析,从供热成本、供热计量收费价格计算及按用热计量收费的可行性等3个方面进行深入探讨,得出了实行供热计量收费是实现建筑节能的重要举措,是实现用热商品化的有效途径,也是供热体制改革的重中之重。     

关于住宅分户供暖的几种形式与应用

分析了当前供暖收费标准的不合理,提出了城市集中供热实施“分户控制系统”、“计量收费”势在必行的问题。并提供了我国实施计量收费集中供热时的几项设计方案及应具备的前提条件等,客观的分析了几项设计方案的可行性,以适应供热商品化的发展。     

集中供热节能控制终端设计

目前,集中供热普遍采用分户计量按流量计费,在此基础上,为了更有效地节约能源,本文进行了集中供热节能控制终端设计,实现了通过发送手机短信远程控制、红外遥控、定时控制、手动控制等多种方式灵活控制用户端暖气控制阀的开闭,使用户可根据实际的供暖需求灵活控制室内供暖状态;对供暖费用的收取采用射频卡预付费结合手机卡支付的方式,在有效解决热供应系统＂收费难＂问题的同时也大大提高了用户缴热费的便利性。     

低温水地板辐射采暖实例分析

通过实例分析了低温水地板辐射采暖方式与传统对流采暖方式在人体热舒适方面的差异,指出这是一种舒适节能的供暖方式,建议在新建建筑及现有供暖系统改造中大力推广。     

太阳能热水系统与高层住宅一体化结合的运行方式

随着高层住宅越来越多的建立,太阳能热水器的适用问题也愈发突出.针对高层住宅应用太阳能热水系统的一些特点,总结了三种现有的运行方式,即集中式、集中—分散式和分散式,并分别从系统构造、布置、运行特点等几方面进行分析比较.最后结合我国现状阐述太阳能热水系统在高层住宅中的实际运用情况,并提出相应建议.     

Energy demand and comparison of current defrosting technologies of frozen raw materials in defrosting tunnels

The optimization process of coal defrosting in defrosting tunnels is solved in this article. Individual technical solutions of defrosting tunnels, as well as energy demands, are dealt with in this report. Defrosting tunnels are used for the defrosting of deep-frozen substrates like coal, ore or powdery substances. There are two different ways of defrosting. The first one is based on convective heating and the second one on radiant heating. Nowadays, convective heating is used much more than radiant heating. However, theory and practice show that the radiant heating is much more efficient. The aim of this article is to describe the design and construction of a multifunctional method of a defrosting tunnel. In the second stage we make experimental measurements of convective and radiant methods of defrosting on a built model. Its third aim is to make energy and economy assessments of defrosting process on the model. Finally, to implement the acquired knowledge in the practice, determining the conditions, in which the change of present-day convective defrosting technology to the new radiant technology becomes effective.     

热负荷动态监控供热系统的研究

介绍了新型节能的热负荷动态监控供热方法，构建了热负荷动态监控供热系统的工作模型并阐释了其工作原理。旁管-双暖气片供热技术的应用，改善了传统采暖结构，实现了用户按需调节供热负荷，避免了无效供热。最后指出采用热负荷动态监控技术是采暖供热的发展方向。     

温室太阳能加热系统的设计与试验研究

针对温室冬季加热费用高的问题，作者研制了温室太阳能加热系统，介绍了系统的总体设计，详细论述了系统的控制策略和软件设计，实现了系统的自动控制，并对系统进行了应用效果试验。系统经济性分析评价的结果表明，与锅炉和电加热系统相比，使用本系统是经济合理的。     

Very low temperature radiant heating/cooling indoor end system for efficient use of renewable energies

Solar or solar-assisted space heating systems are becoming more and more popular. The solar energy utilization efficiency is high when the collector is coupled with indoor radiant heating suppliers, since in principle, lower supply temperature means lower demand temperature and then the system heat loss is less. A new type radiant end system is put forward for even lower supply temperature compared to the conventional radiant floor heating systems. A three dimensional model was established to investigate its energy supply capacities. Simulation results show that 50 W per meter length tube can be achieved with the medium temperature of 30 °C for heating and 15 °C for cooling. The predicted results agree well with the actual data from a demonstration building. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a supply temperature of 22 °C in winter and of 17 °C in summer already met the indoor requirements. The new end system has good prospects for effective use of local renewable resources.     

Technoeconomic optimization of a hybrid solar air-heating system

This paper presents a simple techno-economic model for a hybrid solar air-heating system based on water as the storage medium. The configuration of the system consists of a conventional solar air-heater, water tank for thermal storage, a unit which adjusts the higher air temperature (during peak sunshine hours) to the required limit (by mixing fresh air) and an arrangement for providing auxiliary energy if and when required. A thermostatically controlled electric heater is assumed to be the source of auxiliary energy, in the present calculations. In order to evaluate the performance of the system using the developed model numerical calculations have been made corresponding to the climate of Delhi, India. The calculations have been extended to obtain the optimized values of collector area and storage mass which correspond to the minimum value of useful energy. Numerical results show that the cost of useful energy obtained for optimized values of collector area and storage mass is much less than the cost of electrical heating.     

Energy consumption of a residential building: comparison of conventional and RES-based systems

The energy needs of a typical one-family house in the Thessaloniki area for heating, cooling and domestic hot water production are calculated. The calculations are based on the typical average daily consumption of hot water and on the degree-day method for heating and cooling. The results are finally translated into thermal energy consumption, assuming the typical Greek situation (heating with diesel oil boilers and conventional radiators, cooling with local air-to-air split-type heat pumps and hot water production with electric heaters). The same energy needs are assumed to be covered by a vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger combined with a water-to-water heat pump system with fan-coils for heating and cooling and a thermosyphonic solar system for domestic hot water production. The ground heat exchanger/heat pump system efficiency is determined using data from an existing and continuously monitored similar system installed in the broader area of Thessaloniki. The solar system load coverage is calculated using the f-chart method. The energy consumption of the renewable energy systems is calculated and compared to that of the conventional system. The results prove that significant energy savings can be achieved.     

A new type of district heating system based on distributed absorption heat pumps

Large district heating (DH) system accounts for 70% of urban building heating in China. In North China, this proportion is even higher (The North China is the north of the Huai River and Qinling Mountains). Many cities in North China can exploit various kinds of low-grade renewable energy. This paper presents a new heating method to realize renewable energy recovery by absorption heat pumps associated with municipal network. In the DH substations, absorption heat pumps are driven by the exergy-difference originated from the larger temperature difference of heat exchange between primary and secondary heat network. There are two configurations—type I and type II substations based on the temperature of renewable energy. A reasonable parameter setting of system is suggested. The equipment operational performance was optimized based on a practical example. The low-grade renewable energy can be recovered effectively in this method. As a result, both heating capacity and energy efficiency of the DH system can be improved. Furthermore, operating costs may be reduced remarkably, due to the reduction in both the coal consumption of heat production unit and the power consumption of delivery pump. Therefore, the system is superior in energy conservation and has a promising application prospect.     

On cost‐effective technical measures to avoid environmental damages of regional energy systems

The production of heat and electricity can cause large environmental impacts and, hence, large costs for society. Those are costs that are seldom taken into consideration. An important question is how the future technical energy systems should be formed if environmental costs were considered as any other good or service, such as raw material, capital and labour. This study comprises cost‐effective technical measures when monetary values of external effects are included in an energy system analysis. It is an analysis of how the present energy system can for society be cost‐effectively reconstructed to be more sustainable. A regional energy system model has been developed to perform the study and it concentrates upon production of heat in single‐family houses, multi‐dwelling buildings, non‐residential premises and district heating systems. The analysis adopts a business economic perspective, using present prices of energy carriers, and a more socio‐economic perspective, in which external costs are included. The result of the analysis is the optimal mix of energy carriers as well as new and existing heating plants that minimizes the costs of satisfying a demand for heat. The results show that it is profitable to invest in new heating plants fuelled with woody biomass. Furthermore, the external costs arising with satisfying the demand for heat can decrease substantially, 60%, by carrying through with the investments that are cost‐effective according to the institutional rules valid today. When monetary values of external costs are taken into consideration, this number is additional 5‐percentage points lower. It is shown that if environmental costs are included it is more expensive to continue with business as usual than it is to reconstruct and run a more sustainable energy system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.