提升管-下行床耦合反应器模拟

采用轴径向二维扩散模型对提升管-下行床耦合反应器催化裂化反应进行了数学模拟,并与提升管及下行床进行了对比.结果表明,在下行床之前耦合一段适当长度的提升管不仅可以保证原料具有较高的转化率,而且可以保证目的产品的选择性较高,缩短达到相同产品收率所需的下行床长度.这种耦合反应器充分利用了提升管与下行床各自的优势,并可以根据具体的原料及产品需求调整进料的位置以改变提升段与下行段的长度比例,实现柔性操作.     

催化裂化提升管进料混合段研究进展

催化裂化是炼油工业中重要的二次加工过程,提升管反应器是催化裂化装置的核心部分,其中的进料混合段是原料油与催化剂的初始接触阶段,该区域油、剂间的接触与混合效果将对裂化反应的产品分布产生直接影响。在传统的提升管进料段结构中,存在着催化剂分布不均匀、颗粒返混严重等问题,不利于实现油、剂间快速而均匀的混合与反应。针对提升管进料混合段内存在的缺点与不足,国内外研究者提出了诸多改进方法,其中改变进气方式、增加内构件、提升管变径等方案的效果较为显著。     

下行床反应器内催化裂化过程的CFD模拟

耦合湍流气粒多相流模型和催化裂化集总动力学模型,建立了描述下行床内多相流动和催化裂化过程的反应器数学模型,并利用计算流体力学单元模拟软件CFX4.3对下行床内的催化裂化过程进行了数值模拟及分析.模型能预测出在工业应用中反应器内最受关注的诸多参数,如固含率、相间滑移速度、压降、气固相的加速区以及各组分浓度的分布情况.预测结果表明,气相反应的进行将导致反应器内的气粒流动行为发生较大变化,充分考虑反应与流动行为的耦合十分重要;而反应器床径的增大将导致转化率和各产物收率的下降.     

下行床内提高颗粒浓度及改善颗粒分布研究进展

重质油高效转化和优化利用是国民经济发展的重大需求,具有十分重要的现实意义和战略意义。提升管催化裂化一直是重油轻质化的重要手段,但提升管的不均匀环核结构及气固返混特性降低了重油转化率和产品选择性。相对于提升管,下行床具有近平推流流型及气固短停留时间的优点,处理重油具有潜在优势。但下行床内颗粒浓度过低且气固初始接触较差限制其推广及应用。本文综述了提高下行床颗粒浓度及改善颗粒初始分布的相关文章,指出了深入研究下行床的颗粒增浓机制及气固初始混合可以丰富下行床的基础研究并推动其工业应用。     

双催化剂催化裂化工艺

为了获取更高的低碳烯烃收率,开发了双催化剂催化裂化技术。该技术采用反应并联、催化剂分区再生的技术手段,同时使用Y型催化剂和ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。反应部分采用双提升管工艺,重油与轻油分别匹配不同的催化剂和工艺条件在不同的提升管内进行反应。再生部分采用分区再生、烟气串联的两段再生技术,避免2种催化剂混合,同时保证轻油裂化所需的热量。中试试验结果表明,该技术可以显著提高催化裂化装置的低碳烯烃产率。     

提升管和下行床在催化裂化过程中的比较

在综合考虑流动、反应、传质的基础上,建立了适用于模拟提升管和下行床反应器中催化裂化过程的二维返混模型,并利用正交配置法进行数值求解,得到了各产物在两种反应器内的不同浓度分布规律。这处结果源于两者流动结构和混合状况的差异。和提升管相比,由于下行床内的气固两相流动更接近平推流,气固速度和颗粒浓度径向分布均匀,气固轴向返混小,因而可得到更高的汽油收率。     

大型循环流化床流动结构分析

采用双光路光纤密度探头和激光多普勒测速仪测量了内径418mm,高18m的大型循环流化床提升管和下行床中的瞬态颗粒浓度信号和颗粒速度信号.对瞬态颗粒浓度和颗粒速度的概率密度分布分析表明,下行床中存在着和提升管中不同的微观流动结构,在提升管内流动结构存在明显的两相：即颗粒团相和空穴相,两相的固含率分别为接近1-ε_mf和0.01～0.02.而在下行床中,虽然在边壁也存在着颗粒的团聚行为,但不能形成稳定的、固含接近于起始流化状态固含值的颗粒团相.这种流动结构的区别揭示了下行床中气固顺重力场运动和提升管逆重力场运动在流动机制上的差异.     

气固下行床超短接触反应器催化技术及其发展

介绍了超短接触反应器的工业应用及其发展现状,指出气固下行床超短接触反应是一项新的催化工艺,它将过去气固上行逆重力场运动改变成气固下行顺重力场运动,从而减少了返混、缩短停留时间,能大幅度提高轻油收率。该反应系统也比较容易实现提升管催化裂化、催化裂解装置的改造,有利于降低装置建、改造成本。     

同轴式催化裂化反应系统机理模型建立及分析

催化裂化工艺技术是原油炼制工业中重要的技术之一,其中提升管及再生反应系统是反应装置内的核心部分,在工业模拟过程,需要对装置过程控制建立数学模型,进而实现软件化的过程控制,因此,对催化裂化反应系统的数学建模具有重要的意义。本文分析了催化裂化装置的工艺流程,对同轴式催化裂化反应装置提升管和再生器反应系统进行了数学建模,并进行了相应的模型参数估计。     

100万吨/年大型催化裂解装置反再系统工艺设计

工业催化裂化装置从技术发展的角度来说,最基本的是反应—再生形式和催化剂性能两个方面的发展。催化裂化装置一般由三个部分组成,即:反应—再生系统,分馏系统,吸收稳定系统。先后经历了固定床催化裂化、移动床催化裂化和流化床催化裂化。60年代出现了分子筛催化剂,由于它具有活性高、选择性和稳定好,占据主导地位的流化床反应器又发展为提升管反应器。同时还促进了再生技术的发展。陆续出现了两段再生、高效再生和完全再生等新技术。本设计结合当今世界的新工艺,新设备。在反应器、再生器、旋风分离器和提升管等设备方面都有很详细的大量计算。在工艺技术方面到达了装置技术先进,经济合理。     

Data analysis, modeling and control performance enhancement of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking unit

Considerable fluctuations were observed in the riser temperature of one of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit of a Southeast Asian refinery. This undesired occurrence has an adverse effect on the performance of the process unit. In the present study, several statistical tools are developed and then used, for the first time, for analyzing routine operating data in order to characterize the dynamics of the riser temperature and other critical variables that may be affecting the riser temperature. Subsequently, a first-principles-based dynamic model of the FCC unit is implemented to closely simulate the FCC unit under investigation. The model is validated by predicting the measured operating data of the FCC unit. This facilitated an in-depth study of the FCC unit, leading to the identification of several strategies for improving the control loop performance of the riser temperature.     

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors(Ⅰ) Turbulent Gas-Solid Flow-Reaction Model

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,mass transfer,heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions areknown to exert interrelated influences in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)riser reactors.In the presentpaper,a three-dimensional turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors was devel-oped.The model took into account the gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,inter-phase heat transfer,masstransfer,catalytic cracking reactions and their interrelated influence.The k-V-k_P two-phase turbulence modelwas employed and modified for the two-phase turbulent flow patterns with relatively high particle concentration.Boundary conditions for the flow-reaction model were given.Related numerical algorithm was formed and a nu-merical code was drawn up.Numerical modeling for commercial FCC riser reactors could be carried out with thepresented model.     

Interactions of flow and reaction in fluid catalytic cracking risers

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the primary conversion process in oil refining. The performance of an FCC riser strongly depends on the interactions between oil/catalyst flow and cracking kinetics, but most FCC riser models do not consider such interactions. Accordingly, this work develops a computationally simple model capturing the dominant features of flow‐reaction coupling in the riser's dense phase and acceleration zones. Specifically, the particle–particle collision force and the particle–fluid interfacial force are considered. With a four‐lump kinetic model, the riser model predicts conversion and selectivity from the axial profile of the catalyst‐to‐oil ratio resulting from particle–fluid interfacial momentum transfer. The cracking intensity in the riser bottom zone is much greater than that calculated from conventional riser models, which neglects oil‐catalyst hydrodynamic coupling and catalyst dilution due to volume expansion. The present model compares well with published data and predicts conversion‐selectivity patterns that are qualitatively different from those obtained from conventional models. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

Effect of Feedstocks on High‐Severity Fluid Catalytic Cracking

A novel fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, that utilizes a downer reactor, has been developed to enhance the yield of light olefins under high‐severity reaction conditions. The effect of heavier feedstock on this high‐severity fluid catalytic cracking (HS‐FCC) process has been investigated using a small‐scale HS‐FCC pilot plant (0.1 b/d). Hydrotreated and virgin vacuum gas oils (VGO), hydrotreated and virgin atmospheric residues (AR) were used as test‐feeds in a previous study. The yield of desired products, such as gasoline and light olefins, produced from virgin VGO cracking was 79 wt.‐%, which is much higher than that obtained from a conventional FCC process. In the case of hydrotreated VGO, the yield of desired products decreased to 76%, however. On the other hand, AR feeds exhibited a performance similar to VGO with a slight increase in coke formation. In this study microactivity test (MAT) results are reported in which the activity and selectivity of the Y‐zeolite based catalyst is evaluated. Kinetic modeling was also done based on a four‐lump reaction model.     

提升管反应器进料混合段内气固两相流动特性(Ⅰ)实验研究

根据实际工业的操作条件 ,采用催化裂化催化剂及空气 ,在大型冷模实验装置上对催化裂化提升管进料混合段内射流相与颗粒相的速度场、浓度场进行了系统测试 .结果表明 ,由于旋涡场的诱导作用 ,喷嘴射流注入到提升管中以后将会产生二次流动 ,二次流先是发展扩大 ,随后又与主流逐渐汇合 .根据混合流场的分布特点 ,可以将这一极其复杂的流场由下到上分为上游影响区段、主射流影响区段、二次流影响区段、混合发展区段 4部分 ,各区段在径向上又可再分为 2或 3个区来表征有关参数的分布特点     

A comparison of flow development in high density gas‐solids circulating fluidized bed downer and riser reactors

Comparison of flow development in high density downer and riser reactors is experimentally investigated using fluid catalytic cracking particles with very high solids circulation rate up to 700 kg/m²s for the first time. Results show that both axial and radial flow structures are more uniform in downers compared to riser reactors even at very high density conditions, although the solids distribution becomes less uniform in the high density downer. Solids acceleration is much faster in the downer compared to the riser reactor indicating a shorter length of flow development and residence time, which is beneficial to the chemical reactions requiring short contact time and high product selectivity. Slip velocity in risers and downers is also first compared at high density conditions. The slip velocity in the downer is much smaller than in the riser for the same solids holdup indicating less particle aggregation and better gas‐solids contacting in the downer reactors. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1172–1183, 2015     

A two‐zone model for fluid catalytic cracking riser with multiple feed injectors

Developments in modeling of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process have progressed along two lines. One emphasizes composition‐based kinetic models based on molecular characterization of feedstocks and reaction products. The other relies on computational fluid dynamics. The aim is to develop an FCC model that strikes a balance between the two approaches. Specifically, we present an FCC riser model consisting of an entrance‐zone and a fully developed zone. The former has four overlapping, fan‐shaped oil sprays. The model predicts the plant data of Derouin et al. and reveals an inherent two‐zone character of the FCC riser. Inside the entrance zone, cracking intensity is highest and changes rapidly, resulting in a steep rise in oil conversion. Outside the entrance zone, cracking intensity is low and varies slowly, leading to a sluggish increase in conversion. The two‐zone model provides a computationally efficient modeling approach for FCC online control, optimization, and molecular management. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 610–619, 2015