桔园蜘蛛越冬生态观察

通过系统调查，邵阳市桔园蜘蛛群落共有12科，22属，28种，其中斑管巢蛛（Clubio-na.reichlini）和美丽蚁蛛（Myrmarachae farmicaria）为优势种。对桔园蜘蛛的越冬蛛态、越冬场所及行为进行了较系统的研究，并为桔园蜘蛛的保护提出了一些对策。     

湖北保康野生蜡梅自然群落调查与研究

通过对保康县8个野生蜡梅群落样地进行调查研究。结果表明:群落以蜡梅为主要建群种,蜡梅在多度(88)、重要值(29.82)和频度(100%)方面均为蜡梅群落灌木层中最高者,蜡梅在群落中处于绝对优势的地位。刺滩沟蜡梅群落的丰富度指数(28)、Simpson指数(0.84)和Shannon-Wiener指数(1.06)为8个群落最大者。蜡梅群落灌木类植物物种的Pielou均匀度指数与多样性指数总体表现出较为相似的特征,即物种多样性高,均匀度也较高。物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均表现出相似的变化趋势。     

春季枇杷园节肢动物群落结构及特征分析

采用目测、捕虫网、色板和糖醋液诱捕等方法,初步研究云南省蒙自地区枇杷园越冬代节肢动物群落结构。结果表明,蒙自春季枇杷园生态系统内节肢动物有9目30科41种,其中植食性昆虫31种,捕食性昆虫7种,中性昆虫3种。植食类亚群落的优势度指数与优势集中性指数均最高,节肢动物群落的物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数在时间上呈现一定规律变化。     

油松外生菌根真菌对其幼苗根际其它真菌的影响

通过对油松菌根化苗与非菌根化苗根际土壤真菌群落的种类、数量进行多样性比较.结果表明:菌根化油松苗根际有8种真菌,非菌根化的油松苗根际有10种真菌,运用群落相似性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数对菌根化和非菌根化油松苗根际土壤真菌群落进行了分析比较,表明菌根化和非菌根化油松苗根际土壤真菌群落相似度为0.55,而根际土壤真菌群落丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数菌根化比非菌根化都低.     

沈阳蒲河大道典型植物群落调查与多样性分析

基于对沈阳市蒲河大道典型植物群落的调查,从α多样性指数角度出发,计算各典型植物群落丰富度指数S、辛普森(Simpson)指数、香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数、均匀度指数(Pielou),并运用综合评价指数K值对典型群落进行比较分析,得出银杏-紫丁香群落多样性最高,五角枫-小桃红群落最低。根据分析结果,给出多样性较差群落的优化建议。     

西藏东南地区不同海拔果树昆虫群落多样性研究

为了明确西藏地区果园昆虫种类组成及多样性,对该地区果园昆虫种类、数量进行了系统调查,分析探讨了西藏地区低、中、高3个不同海拔区域果园昆虫群落的组成、群落丰富度、多样性、均匀度和优势度等特征。结果表明,在不同海拔的昆虫种类组成具有明显差异。调查共采集到昆虫标本877个,隶属13目47科71种,其中,低海拔地区共51种,占比71.83%;中海拔地区17种,占比23.94%;高海拔地区11种,占比15.49%。低海拔地区物种丰富度最高,为7.7344,高海拔地区最低,为2.1762;昆虫群落物种多样性、群落均匀度、群落相似性也随海拔的升高而降低,而优势集中度则随海拔升高而增大。在果园生态系统中,不同海拔生产者(果树种类)垂直分布的不同,消费者(果树昆虫,包括害虫及天敌)的组成及多样性亦不同;西藏东南部地区果园昆虫在低海拔生境中群落较为丰富,多样性指数、均匀度最高;高海拔地区群落优势度最高。     

青岛市中山公园木本植物多样性研究

对青岛市中山公园木本植物的群落多样性进行调查研究。结果表明:中山公园有木本植物199种,隶属于55科113属;频度指数最高的为刺槐和朴树,均为62.5%。乔木Margalef丰富度指数均值为1.32,灌木Margalef丰富度指数均值为0.47,乔木和灌木的Shannon-Wienner指数分别为2.39和1.96,乔木层多样性指数高于灌木层。     

菏泽市城市绿地植物多样性保护规划研究

选取菏泽市中心城区具有代表性的公园绿地、附属绿地和防护绿地,应用物种丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)、优势度指数(Simpson指数)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)对不同绿地植物群落进行研究分析,并对菏泽市其它绿地植物多样性进行实地调查研究。结果表明:菏泽市城市绿地建设中应以塑造"平原森林城市"为目标,注重应用乡土树种和模拟自然群落,研究并总结出典型植物群落的树种配置和城市绿地植物配置比例,提出树立大城市观念,建立城乡连续的植物多样性保护体系。     

吉兰泰荒漠绿洲过渡带不同生境植被多样性与土壤养分特征研究

以吉兰泰荒漠绿洲过渡带的植被和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,研究了不同生境植被群落多样性和土壤养分特征,以期为该地区植被恢复重建提供参考依据。结果表明：1)研究区群落多样性水平较低,且Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现为固定沙地>半固定沙地>盐碱滩地>流动沙地。2)研究区土壤粒径主要以中砂与细砂为主,其含量分别介于35.13%～40.23%和46.02%～56.59%。3)4种生境平均土壤有机碳(SOC)、有效氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和有效钾(AK)含量分别介于3.12～8.32 g·kg^-1、2.70～5.86 mg·kg^-1、2.50～4.85 mg·kg^-1和476.86～690.87 mg·kg^-1,土壤养分含量随着沙地固定逐渐增加。4)土壤SOC和AN含量与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数和植被盖度呈极...     

岩石坡面植被群落演替与物种多样性动态研究——以舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口为例

选取4个典型样地对舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口植被演替与恢复进行动态监测,结合丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数法研究物种多样性在坡面植被群落演替过程中的变化。研究表明:经过3年的演替时间,人工建植的草本植物已逐渐被乡土植物替代,在其他条件相同时,阴坡物种数要高于阳坡,缓坡物种数高于陡坡;随着演替的进行,边坡植物物种渐趋于多样化,物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou指数)均表现为指数函数变化规律。从整个演替过程来看,3类指数均表现为阴坡高于阳坡、缓坡高于陡坡。     

四川柑桔园线虫种类调查初报

本文报道来自四川省26个县市的78份柑桔园土壤样本的植物线虫种类鉴定结果。共鉴定出16个种,其中新种3个:简阳根结线虫(Meloidogyne jianyangensis Yang,Hu & Chen)、合川沟环线虫(Ogma hechuanensis Hu & Zhu)、陈氏拟盘旋线虫(Rotylenchoides cheni n. sp. )。新纪录1个,即Rotyleachus devonensis Van de Berg。分别介绍了每个种的分类地位和分布地区,并明确柑桔根线虫(Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb)和简阳根结线虫可寄生于柑桔,而其他种的寄生性有待观察。     

湖南柑桔园杂草种类及优势种群调查研究

为了合理利用与有效控制柑桔园杂草,于2005—2006年在湖南省柑桔园进行了大面积普查和抽样调查,基本摸清了湖南柑桔园的杂草种类、分布、群落结构和优势种群。共调查到41科136种,其中以禾本科、菊科和苋科杂草为主的3科13种杂草为优势种群。对柑桔园杂草的综合治理与合理利用途径进行了探讨。     

三峡库区部分柑桔园土壤营养状况的初步研究

研究了三峡库区忠县、丰都县和北碚区3个县(区)27个柑桔园10～35 cm土层4种土壤类型的营养状况并对其作了初步分析.结果表明,3个地区柑桔园土壤pH值多数适宜柑桔生长,土壤有机质含量普遍处于低水平;多数果园土壤大量元素的有效含量处于缺乏范围;中量元素有效Ca和Mg含量较为丰富,S含量较低;微量元素的有效含量多数处于适宜范围,但碱性紫色土有效Fe和Zn含量较少;土壤pH值与有机质含量对土壤其他有效营养元素含量影响显著.综合评价三峡库区柑桔园4种土壤类型的肥力水平依次为:水稻土>酸性紫色土>黄壤土>碱性紫色土.造成这种差异的原因与成土母质及土壤受侵蚀程度不同有很大关系.     

浙江省柑桔盾蚧寄生蜂资源及其天然制约作用探讨

通过近20年的调查研究，发现浙江省桔园有盾蚧科Diaspididae害虫12种。由于寄生性天敌的天然制约作用，多数蚧虫处于零星分散、时生时灭状态。浙江桔园有盾蚧类害虫寄生蜂27种，其中跳小蜂科Encyrtidae 6种，蚜小蜂科Aphelinidae 18种。细蜂总科Proctotrupoidea 1种，姬小蜂科Eulophidae 2种。在桔园中对盾蚧有显著作用的为跳小蜂科的巨角跳小蜂属Comperiella、蚜小蜂科的黄蚜小蜂属Aphytis和恩蚜小蜂属Encarsia。在桔园栽培管理措施得当时，可以做到害虫与天敌的生态平衡。     

Selection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for citrus growth promotion and Phytophthora suppression

In order to reduce unnecessary amount of P-fertilizer and severity of Phytophthora root rot in citrus orchards, the experiment was set up. Thirteen indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi species were isolated from rhizosphere soil of citrus orchards in Thailand and were then propagated into three host plants [sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays), and leek (Allium cepa)] by trap culture. We also tested whether indigenous AMF species (13 different species) could colonize into three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks (Shogun: Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun; Tangerine: C. reticulata; and C-35 citrange: Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata). With root colonization rates, the results indicated that Acaulospora tuberculata and Glomus etunicatum provided the best colonization in all citrus cultivars. We selected, therefore, those AMF species to verify their influences on citrus growth and Phytophthora root rot resistance. Three cultivars of citrus scions and rootstocks, Shogun, Tangerine and C-35 citrange, were inoculated with two effective indigenous AMF species, G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata in order to determine the influences on citrus growth. The plants were investigated to determine the mycorrhizal efficiency index (MEI), AM colonization, P content, and other parameters. Co-inoculation of AMF species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) with Phytophthora nicotianae was also carried out in Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstocks. The results of citrus growth revealed that Shogun and Tangerine inoculated with G. etunicatum produced the highest MEI. Tangerine and C-35 citrange amended with fertilizers and G. etunicatum showed the highest P content in leaves. This indicated that G. etunicatum has an influence on citrus growth and P uptake, suggesting it to be the highly effective strain. Shogun scion/C-35 citrange rootstock combinations that were inoculated by both P. nicotianae and different AM fungi (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) showed root injury at low level of root rot symptom. However, the part of Shogun scions grafted on rootstocks showed severe symptom of shoot die back in treatment inoculated with P. nicotianae alone, while treatment inoculated with different AM species (G. etunicatum or A. tuberculata) and P. nicotianae rendered lower shoot die back symptoms than that of Phytophthora treatment. The low level of shoot die back symptom was shown at first, then healthy young shoot was restored. Our results indicated the facts that different host plants and different AMF species produced different outcomes of growth and pathogen resistance. The application of both AM isolates, therefore, has an enormous potential to be produced the inoculum for citrus orchards.     

三峡库区柑橘园土壤环境质量研究

对三峡库区4个区(县)柑橘生产果园土壤环境质量分析评价的结果表明,研究区域柑橘产地的土壤环境质量符合NY/T391-2000《绿色食品产地环境技术条件》标准要求,适宜发展绿色果品生产。0～30cm土层全镉、有效态镉的含量显著高于30～60cm土层,说明该区域柑橘园的土壤已受到镉污染;柑橘园0～30cm和30～60cm土壤重金属含量总体无显著性差异,从而说明该区域柑橘园土壤中的重金属源于成土母岩。柑橘园紫色土中有效态镉占全量的百分率高达30.39%,黄壤中有效态镉占全量的百分率仅为2.30%。     

Spiders associated with the meadow and tree canopies of orchards respond differently to habitat fragmentation

The response of animal communities to habitat quality and fragmentation may vary depending on microhabitat associations of species. For example, sensitivity of species to woody habitat fragmentation should increase with their degree of association with woody plants. We investigated effects of local and landscape factors on spider communities in different microhabitats within Swiss apple orchards. We expected a stronger negative effect of woody habitat fragmentation on spiders inhabiting tree canopies compared to spiders living in the meadow. The 30 orchards that we sampled varied in woody habitat amount and isolation at landscape and patch scales. Local factors included management intensity and plant diversity. Spiders associated with meadow were affected by plant diversity, but not by fragmentation. In contrast, spiders associated with canopies responded to isolation from other woody habitats. Surprisingly, we found both positive and negative effects of habitat isolation on local abundance. This indicates that differences in dispersal and/or biotic interactions shape the specific response to habitat isolation. The relative importance of local and landscape factors was in accordance with the microhabitat of the spiders. Thus, considering microhabitat associations can be important for identifying processes that would be overlooked if sampling were pooled for the whole habitat.     

广东柑桔潜叶蛾种群动态及放秋梢适期研究

调查了同一年中３个柑桔园及同一柑桔园连续３年柑桔潜叶蛾的卵量消长动态；并在不使用农药无人为干预的苗圃内连续一年调查潜叶蛾幼虫密度、叶片受害率及幼虫自然死亡率。发现潜叶蛾在广州及其附近地区７月下旬至８月上旬，即一年中气温最高期间，有一个短暂的卵量低谷。利用此低谷期在正常挂果园促放秋梢，不喷杀虫剂或只喷一次杀虫剂，新梢虫叶率均在受害允许界限以内。在广东省多年多点推广应用，均取得高效、低成本、少污染的效益。     

Allelopathy in citrus orchards

The involvement of allelopathy in citrus orchards is indicated by the discovery of a phenolic phytotoxin in soils and partly decomposed citrus root residues. The phytotoxin, which was tentatively identified as homovanillic acid, is produced by the anaerobic decomposition of citrus roots in the deeper soil horizons. It caused an arrest in rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) radicle elongation and a severe swelling of the root tip.     

柑桔地方品种鉴定的分子方法初步研究

品种纯度不够是建立高质量果园的重要限制因素.建立在苗期鉴定纯度的分子方法,对选择高纯度幼苗建立高质量果园有重要意义.本试验用改进的CTAB法提取柑桔叶片的总DNA,并利用梯度PCR优化了RAPD反应条件,建立了RAPD-PCR分析的最佳反应体系,显著提高了柑桔RAPD分析的特异性、效率和稳定性.从21条随机引物中扩增贡柑等4个品种的DNA,筛选出一组扩增条带多态性高、稳定性好的RAPD分析引物.结果证明,RAPD分析是品种纯度鉴定研究的简单实用的方法.