气管-支气管结核的胸部X线与CT诊断

目的 了解气管-支气管结核的胸部X线与CT征象及其诊断价值。方法 36例气管-支气管结核患，其中临床证实16例，手术病理证实20例，均经胸部X线与CT检查，对全部患的胸部X线与CT表现进行了回顾性分析。结果 36例患中，胸部X线显示肺段叶及全肺不张12例，两肺结核性病灶18例，其中有陈旧性结核灶，粟粒播散灶，浸润灶及肺门淋巴结肿大。病变支气管表现有完全性支气管阻塞10例，支气管肺内结节状突起5例；胸部CT扫描显示支气管管腔变窄伴管壁增厚25例，管腔表面凹凸不平5例。管腔内有结节状突起6例，纵隔淋巴结肿大及钙化15例。结论 对气管-支气管结核的胸部X线与CT表现进行综合分析。大大有助于提高其诊断准确性。     

多层螺旋CT对支气管肺外伤的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT在支气管、肺外伤诊断中的诊断价值,并与X线胸片比较来选择最佳检查方法。方法:回顾性分析19例胸部外伤患者的CT表现,主要分析支气管和肺组织损伤的表现。结果:根据CT表现将肺损伤分为轻中重三度,其中轻度5例,2例X线胸片漏诊;中度6例,X线胸片显示病变较CT显示的范围小,程度轻;重度8例,其中3例X线胸片漏诊部分病变。支气管损伤2例,X线胸片均不能清晰显示,经螺旋CT薄层扫描,并行三维重建后处理可清晰显示病变。结论:胸部创伤的急诊检查,不能满足于X线胸片的粗略显示,还应重视多层螺旋CT检查。     

儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部X线及CT表现

目的 初步探讨儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部X线及CT表现特点.方法 回顾性分析6例经病毒核酸检测确诊的重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像资料,病初6例摄胸部X线片,其中4例复查,1例行胸部CT检查.结果 6例病初胸部X线表现为肺纹理增多、增粗,均有不同程度的肺实质浸润和间质改变,其中实质浸润累及双肺3例,左肺3例;肺门增大3例.病程中复查4例,影像表现变化较快,与临床表现一致.CT检查表现为双肺中内带实变和磨玻璃密度影、胸膜下小结节影,肺门和纵隔淋巴结增大,右侧胸腔积液.结论 儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部X线及CT表现有一定特点.最终诊断需结合流行病学和实验室检查.     

异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段的胸部X线片和螺旋CT表现

目的 总结异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段在胸部X线片和螺旋CT上的特征性表现。方法 回顾分析5例异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段的胸部X线片和螺旋CT资料。结果 5例异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段在胸部X线片上均表现为心后区肿块，左下肺动脉纹理细小，受累左下肺区域无正常肺动脉分支影分布，但有异常增粗纹理。CT上5例均表现为受累肺组织体积轻度缩小，支气管通畅，2例肺实质呈磨玻璃状改变。5例均可见左下肺动脉在背段动脉起始远侧缺如，增粗扭曲的异常体动脉起自降主动脉，其扩张的分支分布于受累肺段。1例血管造影表现与CT相仿。结论 该病在胸部X线片上的表现有一定特征性。增强螺旋CT扫描可明确诊断，以避免创伤性的血管造影和致命的穿刺活检。     

儿童肺隔离症的影像学诊断(附11例报告)

目的分析儿童肺隔离症的影像学表现及评价诊断方法。材料与方法11例儿童中均摄胸部X线平片,其中支气管碘油造影、CT、B超检查各2例,主动脉造影1例。结果(1)胸部平片表现为肺实质肿块1例、囊性肿块7例、肺实变灶3例,肺门增大及肺组织结构异常8例;(2)支气管碘油造影的造影剂未进入病变区,支气管树移位2例;(3)CT示实质性及囊性肿块各1例,异常供血血管1例;(4)B超示肺内实质肿块1例,另1例囊性肿块受气体干扰术前未能作出诊断;(5)主动脉造影1例示降主动脉异常供血血管。结论胸部X线平片是最基本检查手段,可提供重要线索,但难以确诊;B超、CT检查有很高诊断价值,CT增强可显示异常的供血动脉;主动脉造影具有决定意义,但属有创伤检查,儿童难以接受;MR检查是公认的最佳方法。     

Swyer-James综合征的CT表现

目的 分析Swyer-James综合征（SJS) CT表现，探讨其CT扫描和诊断价值。方法 28例胸部CT扫描患者，均有深吸气状态下胸片，其中5例有深呼气X线片，1例行支气管造影，2例经手术证实为闭塞性细支气管炎并支气管扩张。在常规深吸气后屏气螺旋CT扫描疑为SJS时，即进行深呼气后屏气状态下定位扫描和病变区螺旋扫描，观察病变肺叶容积变化和肺内气体潴留情况。结果 28例共累及56叶肺，CT显示全部肺叶透亮度增高和肺野血管纹理细小，其中51叶（91％）容积缩小，5叶（9％）容积正常；而胸片显示肺叶透亮度增高29叶（52％）、其中容积缩小19叶（66％）；深呼气CT扫描均发现受累肺叶不同程度的气体潴留，而5例深呼气X线片仅发现3例共5叶有气体潴留；同时，CT显示合并支气管扩张24例、肺结核9例、细支气管炎10例和节段性肺不张2例，而胸片发现肺结核6例，细支气管炎4例。结论 深吸气和深呼气CT扫描是诊断和鉴别诊断SJS的最佳方法，明显优于胸片。     

CT在儿童气管支气管X线穿透性异物诊断中的价值

目的：探讨CT在气管及支气管X线穿透性异物的表现及应用价值。方法：回顾性分析50例气管、支气管X线穿透性异物CT表现；所有异物均经临床纤维支气管镜取出证实。结果：气管异物4例，右主支气管异物31例，左主支气管异物15例；CT表现：①异物本身；②局限性支气管阻塞、其下方支气管充气或轻度扩张；③纵隔移位及纵隔“双边”；④胸部“双边”；⑤肺气肿。结论：CT扫描不仅能定位诊断，而且能直接显示异物本身，优于普通X线检查。     

病毒性肺炎的肺部成像

病毒性肺炎具有影像学与临床表现的多样性,且不易查到病原菌。以发热为主要表现伴中性粒细胞升高、胸部X线片正常的病人均应接受薄层CT扫描以观察肺实质     

特发性单侧透明肺的影像诊断

目的分析特发性单侧透明肺的影像诊断。方法本组共29例特发性单侧透明肺。29例均拍胸部正侧位片,其中19例行电视透视,14例行胸部CT扫描,2例做支气管造影,1例行体层摄影,1例行肺动脉、主动脉造影。结果29例患肺透亮度增大,其中左全肺23例,左下叶5例,左全肺并右肺中下叶1例。左肺门及肺血管性纹理细小。21例左侧胸廓轻度塌陷,21例纵隔气管左偏,19例电视透视见纵隔摆动,14例CT扫描见左肺动脉细小,其中主干细小9例,左肺下叶动脉细小5例。12例见右下肺动脉干增粗,5例动脉段延长,7例肺动脉段突出,4例心脏增大,19例支气管扩张。结论影像学检查是特发性单侧透明肺的关键确诊手段。     

SARS的临床与影像分析

目的 总结SARS患者的临床及胸部影像学资料，以期提高对这一烈性传染病的认识。方法回顾性分析175例临床诊断SARS患者的临床和影像学资料。175例患者共摄胸片1060张，行CT扫描20例次。结果SARS的典型影像学表现为双侧或单侧多叶、多片的肺实质浸润，共97例(59．5％)，61例(37．4％)为局限性单侧肺浸润。以快速进展变化为特征；病死率为8．0％。结论胸部影像异常是SARS诊断的必要指标，系列X线平片可以观察SARS的病情变化，指导治疗并提示预后，CT能够早期检出SARS肺部的异常征象。     

Early pulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis: assessment with thin-section CT

AIM: To determine the frequency and the distribution of early pulmonary lesions in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and a normal chest X-ray on thin-section CT and to correlate the CT findings with the results of pulmonary function tests and clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with clinically proven AS and no history of smoking underwent clinical examinations, pulmonary function tests (PFT), chest radiography, and thin-section CT. Four of 25 patients (16%), who had obvious signs on plain films suggestive of pre-existing disorders unrelated to AS were excluded. RESULTS: Fifteen of 21 patients (71%) had abnormalities on thin-section CT. The most frequent abnormalities were thickening of the interlobular septa in seven of 21 patients (33%), mild bronchial wall thickening in (6/21, 29%), pleural thickening and pleuropulmonary irregularities (both 29%) and linear septal thickening (6/21, 29%). In six patients there were no signs of pleuropulmonary involvement. Eight of 15 patients (53%) with abnormal and four of six patients (67%) with normal CT findings revealed mild restrictive lung function impairment. CONCLUSION: Patients with AS but a normal chest radiograph frequently have abnormalities on thin-section CT. As these abnormalities are usually subtle and their extent does not correlate with functional and clinical data, the overall routine impact of thin-section CT in the diagnosis of AS is limited.     

Classical Imaging Triad in a Very Young Child with Swyer-James Syndrome

Swyer-James syndrome (SJS) or Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by roentgenographical hyperlucency of one lung, lobe, or part of a lobe. As originally described, it shows a unilateral small lung with hyperlucency and air trapping on radiographs. It is postinfectious obliterative bronchiolitis due to childhood respiratory infection. In SJS, the involved lung or portion of the lung does not grow normally. The characteristic radiologic appearance is that of pulmonary hyperlucency on chest X-ray/CT caused by over-distention of the alveoli in conjunction with diminished arterial flow detected on Tc-99 m MAA pulmonary perfusion scan. Radionuclide pulmonary ventilation studies are considered difficult to perform in very young children as patient co-operation is crucial to achieve adequate tracer entry into the lungs. We present here the case of a female child aged 2 years, who presented with chronic productive cough and fever off and on for 1.5 years. She had classical features on imaging and markedly diminished ventilation on Tc-99 m DTPA aerosol study. Our case highlights the typical findings on ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q scan) and suggests that it is possible to conduct a satisfactory ventilation study with Tc-99 m DTPA aerosol even in very young children.     

Pediatric diffuse lung disease: diagnosis and classification using high-resolution CT.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to categorize high-resolution CT findings in children with diffuse lung disease and to evaluate the accuracy of diagnoses made using CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chest radiographs and high-resolution CT scans of 20 children (1-16 years old; median, 9 years old) with biopsy-proven chronic diffuse lung diseases were reviewed separately by two independent chest radiologists. Thirteen types of diffuse lung disease were included in the study. Radiographic and CT features were noted, and three choices of diagnosis were recorded, with the confidence level. RESULTS: Diagnoses were made with a high degree of confidence (definite or probable) in 25 of 40 interpretations of CT scans, compared with only five of 40 interpretations of chest radiographs (p < .001). Fourteen (56%) of the 25 confident first-choice diagnoses on CT scans were correct, compared with two (40%) of the five interpretations on chest radiographs. Diseases were classified as belonging to one of five distinct groups on the basis of dominant CT features. Airway disease (n = 5) (bronchiolitis obliterans or bronchocentric granulomatosis) showed geographic hyperlucency on CT. Septal disease (n = 4) (lymphangiomatosis, hemangiomatosis, or microlithiasis) showed septal thickening. Infiltrative lung disease (n = 7) (desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis) showed ground-glass opacity. Air-space disease (n = 3) (aspiration, vasculitis, or bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia) showed lung consolidation. Langerhans' histiocytosis (n = 1) showed cysts and nodules. Surprisingly little overlap was seen among these groups. CONCLUSION: CT increases the level of diagnostic confidence for pediatric infiltrative lung disease, improves diagnostic accuracy, and provides a useful classification system.     

HRCT findings of chest complications in patients with leukemia

High-resolution CT (HRCT) findings of several chest complications occurring in leukemic patients were reviewed. Although most entities show non-specific HRCT findings including ground-glass opacity and air-space consolidation, characteristic findings are observed in several pulmonary complications including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, fungal infections, miliary tuberculosis, leukemic infiltration, pulmonary edema, bronchiolitis obliterans, and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. A combination of these characteristic HRCT findings and the information obtained from the clinical setting may help in achieving a correct diagnosis of chest complications occurring in leukemic patients.     

Chemical pneumonitis.

Many organic and nonorganic agents can cause chemical pneumonitis. The more soluble agents tend to involve the upper respiratory tract, whereas less soluble agents reach the distal airways, causing pulmonary edema. The initial chest radiograph can be normal for as long as 48 hours, therefore delayed radiographs are important in significant exposures. The most common radiographic pattern is pulmonary edema, although various radiographic opacities have been reported. Acute complications include secondary pneumonia. Long-term complications include bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and lung destruction.     

Scintigraphy and computed tomography findings for the diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

We report a case of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) associated with allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia. On inspiratory and expiratory chest computed tomography (CT), characteristic findings for BO, such as air-trapping, mosaic attenuation or bronchial wall thickening were not clearly observed. However, ventilation-perfusion lung scans of the chest demonstrated multiple matched defects, which suggested severe obstructive airway disease. In the diagnosis of BO after stem cell transplantation, lung scans should be recommended when representative findings are not obvious on chest CT.     

Swyer-James综合征的影像诊断

目的：探讨Swyer-James综合征（SJS）的影像学特征,提高对SJS的认识及其诊断水平。方法：结合文献回顾分析6例资料,6例均行胸透、胸片及CT扫描,3例行CT增强扫描。结果：本组胸片均示患肺透亮度增大,5例左侧容积缩小,透视见纵隔摆动;胸部CT均示左肺动脉细小,右下肺动脉干增粗5例,6例支气管扩张,HRCT示肺纹理稀疏减少,呼气相气体储留及马赛克征。结论：影像学检查对Swyer-James诊断有重要的价值。     

Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia simulating bronchial carcinoma

Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP) is an uncommon but well-recognised condition that usually presents radiologically as bilateral multifocal patchy areas of consolidation on the chest radiograph and on computed tomography (CT). Five cases are described in which the presenting feature was that of a solitary pulmonary nodule. Four of these nodules showed evidence of cavitation and three patients presented with haemoptysis. In all cases the appearances closely resembled bronchial carcinoma. Received 22 December 1997; Accepted 23 January 1998     

Bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation: appearance on expiratory minimum intensity projection images.

OBJECTIVE: Bronchiolitis obliterans can manifest as a mosaic pattern of lung attenuation on computed tomographic (CT) scans. This study was conducted to investigate image enhancement using expiratory minimum intensity projection images and to compare these with thin-section scans. METHODS: Eleven patients (21 transplanted lungs) with biopsy-proven bronchiolitis obliterans were studied. Ten 1-mm thin-section scans were acquired helically at the level of the carina after full expiration. Expiratory minimum intensity projection images 10 mm thick were generated from a multiplanar reconstruction of data. Two thoracic radiologists analyzed the images. RESULTS: In comparison with thin-section scans, expiratory minimum intensity projection images demonstrated a greater (in 17 lungs) or equal (in 4 lungs) percentage area of air trapping, with greater conspicuity (in all 21 lungs). Air trapping involved an average of 52% of the cross-sectional area of 1 lung. CONCLUSIONS: Air trapping due to bronchiolitis obliterans is accentuated by forced expiration; minimum intensity projection images improve the detection of differences in lung attenuation. Therefore, expiratory minimum intensity projection images are very useful in demonstrating the mosaic pattern of lung attenuation caused by bronchiolitis obliterans.