聚丙烯酸水凝胶对氯化-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体的吸附热力学和动力学研究

通过水溶液聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸水凝胶（polyacrylic acid,PAA）,研究了溶液酸碱度和温度对聚丙烯酸水凝胶吸附氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑离子液体的影响。结果表明,水凝胶对氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑离子液体的吸附量随溶液pH值增大而逐渐增大,pH=2～4时增幅明显,而pH大于4时变化趋于缓慢;随温度的升高而逐渐降低。该等温吸附行为基本符合Langmuir吸附等温式,由二级吸附动力学模型获得的吸附过程活化能（Ea=52.470 kJ/mol）可以看出,PAA对氯化1-丁基3-甲基咪唑的吸附属于化学吸附范畴。     

陶瓷负载Ag、Ce共掺杂TiO_2光催化剂降解甲基橙的研究

以陶瓷为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了银离子和铈离子共掺杂TiO2的负载型光催化剂——T-AC/陶瓷,研究了pH值、双氧水用量、催化剂用量、紫外灯强度、废水的初始浓度等因素对T-AC/陶瓷光催化剂降解甲基橙染料废水的影响。结果表明,当pH为2、双氧水用量为0.5 mL/100 mL、催化剂用量为3 g/L、紫外灯功率为20 W、废水初始浓度为10mg/L时,甲基橙的降解率可达85.9%,并且甲基橙的光催化降解属于一级动力学方程,T-AC/陶瓷催化剂有较高的活性和稳定性,在废水处理中具有较好的应用前景。     

陶瓷负载Ag、Ce共掺杂TiO2光催化剂降解甲基橙的研究

以陶瓷为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了银离子和铈离子共掺杂TiO2的负载型光催化剂——T-AC/陶瓷,研究了pH值、双氧水用量、催化剂用量、紫外灯强度、废水的初始浓度等因素对T-AC/陶瓷光催化剂降解甲基橙染料废水的影响。结果表明,当pH为2、双氧水用量为0.5 mL/100 mL、催化剂用量为3 g/L、紫外灯功率为20 W、废水初始浓度为10mg/L时,甲基橙的降解率可达85.9%,并且甲基橙的光催化降解属于一级动力学方程,T-AC/陶瓷催化剂有较高的活性和稳定性,在废水处理中具有较好的应用前景。     

纳米Au/TiO2复合物光催化降解亚甲基蓝

以纳米金棒为掺杂物,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米Au/TiO2复合材料,在紫外光下对亚甲基蓝溶液进行光催化降解。结果表明,在紫外光下,Au/TiO2复合物对亚甲基蓝的脱色率最高可达99.6%,是纯TiO2的1.3倍。这主要归结于掺杂纳米尺寸的Au可增加TiO2对光的吸收以及减少电子-空穴对的复合,由此提高其光催化能力。     

壳聚糖-沸石杂化膜的制备及其对甲基橙的吸附

采用物理共混法制备了壳聚糖-沸石杂化膜,用扫描电镜(SEM)和热重分析仪(TGA)对其进行表征,并系统地研究了壳聚糖-沸石杂化膜对甲基橙的吸附行为。结果表明,最佳质量配比为(沸石/壳聚糖)为1∶20;pH值对吸附的影响最为关键,在实验浓度的范围内对甲基橙溶液最大吸附量为974.05 mg/g。杂化膜对甲基橙的等温吸附行为符合Lang-muir模型,吸附动力学模式符合准二级动力学方程,考虑以化学吸附行为为主。杂化膜有良好的再生能力。     

Worm-like分子筛负载磷钨酸催化剂的制备及光降解甲基橙的性能研究

以Worm-like分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法制备不同磷钨酸负载量的负载型催化剂,并采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和N2吸附/脱附等手段对负载型磷钨酸催化剂进行表征。结果表明,磷钨酸成功负载在Worm-like分子筛上,且随着磷钨酸负载量的增加,FT-IR、XRD和N2吸附/脱附结果呈规律性变化。将该系列催化剂用于光催化降解甲基橙实验,结果表明,甲基橙质量浓度为20mg/L,磷钨酸负载量为70%(质量分数)时,甲基橙降解率为87.2%;回收催化剂并重复使用3次,甲基橙降解率仍达75%以上。     

磷钨酸季铵盐-β-环糊精包合物光催化降解甲基橙

制备了磷钨酸季铵盐-β-环糊精包合物，并进行了初步表征，用正交实验优化了包合物的制备条件。在光催化反应仪中，以紫外灯为光源，以包合物为光催化剂，研究了其对模拟染料废水甲基橙溶液的光催化降解脱色的影响。讨论了影响光催化降解效果的溶液初始酸度、催化剂投加量和甲基橙的初始浓度等几个重要因素。     

TiO2/CdS复合半导体光催化剂降解甲基橙的实验研究

采用Sol-Gel法制备TiO2/CdS复合半导体光催化剂,以8 W-365 nm的紫外灯为光源、甲基橙溶液模拟染料废水、在自制的光催化反应器中研究TiO2/CdS的光催化活性和光催化降解甲基橙的特点和规律.结果表明,当CdS掺入量为0.5%(摩尔比)时,TiO2/CdS的光催化活性最高;当CdS的掺入量＞3.5%(摩尔比)时,TiO2/CdS光催化剂的光催化活性低于TiO2的光催化活性;对初始浓度为15 mg/L的甲基橙溶液处理2.5 h后,脱色率可达44%;甲基橙的光催化降解反应符合Y=A B1×X B2×X2动力学模型.     

微波辐射回用活性炭对水中亚甲基蓝和Cd2＋去除效果的研究

考察了微波-活性炭联合处理技术对模拟染料废水中亚甲基蓝和Cd2＋的去除效果。对于100 mL浓度为1 000 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液、活性炭用量为10 g时,新活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.99%;采用700 W微波对吸附亚甲基蓝的活性炭辐射10 min进行再生并回用,经微波辐射再生10次后活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.68%,未经微波作用反复使用10次的活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为85.41%。结果表明：微波处理有效地减缓了活性炭吸附能力的下降速率,实现了活性炭再生和反复使用。在吸附过程中,Cd2＋使活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力略有下降,而共存的亚甲基蓝则促进了活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附,对新炭和再生后活性炭物理化学特性的表征证明了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附为物理吸附,对Cd2＋的吸附为化学吸附。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测地表水中13种药物及个人护理品

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测,建立了地表水中13种药物及个人护理品的测定方法。水样用盐酸与氢氧化钠溶液调p H值至7.0左右,过固相萃取小柱进行富集,用14 m L甲醇洗脱。以C18柱为分离柱,0.01%甲酸的甲醇-0.01%甲酸水溶液为流动相,目标物在10 min内分离,在0.50~250μg/L范围内,13种化合物峰面积与内标物质峰面积之比与质量浓度的线性关系良好(0.99),检出限在0.05~0.5 ng/L范围内。基质加标实验结果表明,13种化合物在水中的回收率分别在56.2%~123.2%之间(加标水平5 ng/m L)和58.0%~107.8%(加标水平50 ng/m L),相对标准偏差在1.60%~19.9%(n=6)之间。应用该方法测定了从2条纳污河流采集的10份水样,结果表明,除美托诺尔和普洛萘尔未被检出外,其余11药物的检出频率在30%~100%之间。在13种目标物质中,咖啡因的检测浓度最高达287.5ng/L,舒必利次之,为277.5 ng/L。本方法快速、准确,适用于地表水中PPCPs类的快速测定。     

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in Norwegian waters

Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total DDT, alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and oxychlordane in blubber, and the elements mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in liver, of 82 harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, were determined. The seals were found dead or dying in Norwegian waters during the disease outbreak caused by a morbilli virus in 1988. Of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the highest concentrations were found of PCBs, which were 2-4 times higher than the total DDT concentrations. P,p'-DDE was the main contributor to the total DDT, and constituted about 80%. The PCB and total DDT concentrations ranged from 0.4-38 and 0.1-8.8 mg kg(-1), respectively. The mercury concentrations ranged from 0.1-89 mg kg(-1). Significantly higher mean levels of PCBs (13 mg kg(-1) and mercury (16 mg kg(-1)) were found in blubber and liver, respectively, of seals from the Southern coast of Norway, as compared to the corresponding mean levels in seals from the Oslofjord (8.8 and 4.1 mg kg(-1)), and at the Northwestern coast (5.8 and 7.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of selenium and mercury. When the seals were grouped according to sex and age, females of ageclass > 1 and pups of both sexes had significantly lower PCB and total DDT levels than males ageclass > 1. Significantly higher hepatic mercury levels were found in seals ageclass > 1 as compared to pups. Only low levels of the other organochlorines, cadmium and arsenic, were found. Copper and zinc were considered to be present at normal physiological levels. The present organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations gave no support to suggestions that organochlorines and heavy metal pollution may be directly involved in the observed seal deaths.     

Lead,mercury, cadmium,chromium, nickel,copper, zinc,calcium, iron,manganese and chromium (VI) levels in Nigeria and United States of America cement dust

This study was aimed at investigating the relative abundance of heavy metals in cement dust from different cement dust factories in order to predict their possible roles in the severity of cement dust toxicity. The concentrations of total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) levels in cement dust and clinker samples from Nigeria and cement dust sample from the United States of America (USA) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS), while Zn and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), and Cr (VI) by colorimetric method. Total Cu, Ni and Mn were significantly higher in cement dust sample from USA (p < 0.05), also, both total Cr and Cr (VI) were 5.4–26 folds higher in USA cement dust compared with Nigeria cement dust or clinker (p < 0.001). Total Cd was higher in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively. Mercury was more in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05), while Pb was only significantly higher in clinker from Nigeria (p < 0.001). These results show that cement dust contain mixture of metals that are known human carcinogens and also have been implicated in other debilitating health conditions. Additionally, it revealed that metal content concentrations are factory dependent. This study appears to indicate the need for additional human studies relating the toxicity of these metals and their health impacts on cement factory workers.     

Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen supply and tropospheric ozone on spring wheat-II. Nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn)

CO(2) enrichment is expected to alter leaf demand for nitrogen and phosphorus in plant species with C(3) carbon dioxide fixation pathway, thus possibly causing nutrient imbalances in the tissues and disturbance of distribution and redistribution patterns within the plants. To test the influence of CO(2) enrichment and elevated tropospheric ozone in combination with different nitrogen supply, spring wheat (Tritium aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was exposed to three levels of CO(2) (361, 523, and 639 microl litre(-1), 24 h mean from sowing to final harvest), two levels of ozone (28.4 and 51.3 nl litre(-1)) and two levels of nitrogen supply (150 and 270 kg ha(-1)) in a full-factorial design in open-top field chambers. Additional fertilization experiments (120, 210, and 330 kg N ha(-1)) were carried out at low and high CO(2) levels. Macronutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg) and three micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn) were analysed in samples obtained at three different developmental stages: beginning of shoot elongation, anthesis, and ripening. At each harvest, plant samples were separated into different organs (green and senescent leaves, stem sections, ears, grains). According to analyses of tissue concentrations at the beginning of shoot elongation, the plants were sufficiently equipped with nutrients. Elevated ozone levels neither affected tissue concentrations nor shoot uptake of the nutrients. CO(2) and nitrogen treatments affected nutrient uptake, distribution and redistribution in a complex manner. CO(2) enrichment increased nitrogen-use efficiency and caused a lower demand for nitrogen in green tissues which was reflected in a decrease of critical nitrogen concentrations, lower leaf nitrogen concentrations and lower nitrogen pools in the leaves. Since grain nitrogen uptake during grain filling depended completely on redistribution from vegetative pools in green tissues, grain nitrogen concentrations fell considerably with severe implications for grain quality. Ca, S, Mg and Zn in green tissues were influenced by CO(2) enrichment in a similar manner to nitrogen. Phosphorus concentrations in green tissues, on the other hand, were not, or only slightly, affected by elevated CO(2). In stems, 'dilution' of all nutrients except manganese was observed, caused by the huge accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates, mainly fructans, in these tissues under CO(2) enrichment. Whole shoot uptake was either remarkably increased (K, Mn, P, Mg), nearly unaffected (N, S, Fe, Zn) or decreased (Ca) under CO(2) enrichment. Thus, nutrient cycling in plant-soil systems is expected to be altered under CO(2) enrichment.     

Emission inventory of eight elements,Fe, Al,K, Mg,Mn, Na,Ca and Ti,in dust source region of East Asia

Based on calculation of the emission rate of the atmospheric mineral dust and the data of elemental contents in surface soils, this paper calculates the emission inventory of eight main elements of the atmospheric dust, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca and Ti, in the dust source region of East Asia. As the dust sources in both Northern China and the Southern Mongolia are of three types and, in each of the six source type areas, surface soils are relatively uniform in soil types and soil texture, a simple method to calculate the emission of an element in one source type area is proposed by multiplying the total emission of the dust PM₁₀ and PM₅₀ in the source type area with the mean percentage content of the element in surface soils of the area. Comparison of our calculation of the total Fe emission in the source region of East Asia with the total Fe deposition to the North Pacific Ocean, measured and calculated by previous authors, shows very good agreement. This general method can also be used for the emission calculation of any other element.     

Half-lives of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats,monkeys, and humans--a critical review

The elimination half-lives (t1/2) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t1/2 of TCDD is 19 days. The t1/2 of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t1/2 values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t1/2 values of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: logt1/2H = 1.34 logt1/2R + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t1/2H = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t1/2R = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80-102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t1/2 values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans.     

Phthalic acid esters in grains,vegetables, and fruits: concentration,distribution, composition,bio-accessibility,and dietary exposure

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Grain, vegetable, and fruit samples were collected from Xi’an City in Northwest China and analyzed for the characteristics, bio-accessibility,...