P2P声誉系统中GoodRep攻击及其防御机制

声誉系统由于其聚集评价的特点,为恶意节点提供了可乘之机.一些恶意节点合谋形成GoodRep攻击组,相互虚假夸大,进而在高声誉值的掩饰下危及P2P网络安全.提出了GoodRep的攻击模型及其防御机制——RatingGuard,并给出了该机制的数学描述和模块化实现过程.RatingGuard通过分析推荐节点之间的评价行为相似度,对推荐节点进行聚类划分和异常检测,识别出存在的GoodRep攻击组节点,从而帮助声誉系统排除GoodRep攻击组的干扰.仿真结果表明,RatingGuard在GoodRep攻击组的抵制方面效果显著,有效提高了声誉系统在面对GoodRep攻击时的恶意节点检测率.     

移动P2P分布式信任模型设计

移动P2P网络的开放性和松耦合特性使得节点恶意攻击行为普遍存在,而现有基于声誉的信任模型大都基于“信誉值高的节点评价推荐越可信”的假设,无法识别恶意节点动态策略性攻击行为。针对这一问题,将社会网络相关理论引入信任系统,提出一种基于社会距离的信任模型（SD2Trust）。该模型区分了服务可信度和推荐评价可信度,用多维结构同型性描述向量刻画节点网络地位和行为特征,根据社会距离确定推荐节点集和推荐信誉计算权重,综合信任考虑了诋毁风险。理论分析和实验结果表明,该模型能有效对抗恶意节点动态策略攻击行为。     

一种P2P电子商务系统中基于声誉的信任机制

P2P电子商务系统中恶意节点的存在会破坏系统的正确性和可用性.基于声誉的信任机制通过计算节点的信任度可以识别出恶意节点.这种机制的可用性依赖于信任度的计算方法、信任机制的准确性及其抗攻击能力.然而,P2P环境下已有的信任机制在上述3个方面都存在着一些问题.这些问题的解决取决于影响信任度的信任因素的选取.因此,提出了一种新的P2P电子商务系统中基于声誉的信任机制.在该机制中,一个节点具有两种类型的声誉.一个节点相对于另一个节点的局部声誉是根据另一个节点对其交易行为的评价来计算的.一个节点的全局声誉是根据所有与其交易过的节点对它的评价来计算的.通过较全面地引入影响信任度的信任因素,既解决了局部声誉和全局声誉的精确计算问题,又提高了信任机制抗攻击的能力.为了确定节点所给评价的真实性,提出了一个节点评价的质量模型,并给出了节点评价的可信度计算方法.在计算信任度的过程中,利用置信因子来综合局部声誉和全局声誉,并给出置信因子的确定方法.最后,对信任机制的有效性和抗攻击能力进行了理论分析和实验验证.结果表明,提出的信任机制优于其他现有的方法,能够有效地应用于P2P电子商务系统中.     

双ratings的声誉模型

针对现有对等网络系统中的声誉模型不能很好地处理虚假反馈和合谋的问题,结合公平思想,提出了一种新的基于双ratings的声誉模型.采用两个度量来评价节点:服务信任和回馈信任.服务信任表示服务节点提供服务的可靠性;回馈信任表示评价节点评价的可靠性.该模型根据节点历史交易情况,通过比较评价节点的评价值以及比较评价节点的回馈信任,识别虚假反馈和合谋,并给出了具体量化的服务信任和回馈信任数学表达形式.实验结果表明了模型的可行性和算法的有效性.     

一种基于差评散布的P2P网络信任机制

面对各种网络攻击,P2P网络需要有效的信任机制隔离恶意节点,保证节点的成功交易。考虑节点行为特征和差评的重要性,提出基于差评散布的信任机制。服务节点一旦提供的服务被给出差评,对其近期交易的相关节点进行差评的散布,加大差评对服务节点声誉的影响力度。经过二次计算的节点声誉值能真实反映节点近期的声誉水平与交易趋势。实验结果表明,该信任机制能保证正常节点的交易成功率,有效对抗各种攻击行为。     

P2P中一种改进的可信模型

对基于贝叶斯网络的可信模型中的资源搜索算法和可信度计算方法进行重新设计,本文提出一种改进的P2P可信模型。改进后的资源搜索算法使节点接收到的冗余包数量减少 ,并提高了系统的可靠性。在此基础上,针对P2P网络的匿名性,提出了一种新的运用服务次数和对评价值取对数方式进行可信度计算和更新的方法。此方法可以有效地阻止 恶意节点对正常节点和可信节点的攻击,同时还可防止恶意节点间通过小集团合作方式来提高各自节点的可信度。实验结果表明,本模型较现有模型在抑制P2P网络中恶意节点的活动方面具有更好的效果,且增加了系统服务可靠性．     

一种基于共享时长的P2P用户评价机制

在P2P文件共享网络现有声誉系统中,评价信息不足和恶意评价导致声誉不可靠。为此,提出一种基于下载节点共享时长的客观评价方法。该方法使系统自动获得每个下载节点的评级信息,根据该信息建立节点之间的信任关系。仿真结果表明,共享时长方法可提高信任的可靠性,有效隔离恶意节点,并能为不同行为的节点提供分化服务,保证网络资源分配的公平性。     

P2P系统中基于声誉的信任评估机制

P2P系统能够使陌生节点之间进行在线交易,但安全问题越来越受到人们的关注。因此,如何在P2P系统中构建一个有效的信任机制来帮助在节点之间建立信任是目前P2P技术研究的一个热点。提出了一种新的P2P系统中基于声誉的信任评估机制,该机制较全面地考虑了影响信任度的因素,改进了局部声誉与全局声誉的计算方法,降低了信任度的计算负载,并且引入了黑名单机制。实验结果表明,该机制能有效地评估节点的信任度,识别和隔离恶意节点,提高系统交易成功率,并能有效地应用于P2P系统中。     

基于激励机制的P2P节点安全性研究

P2P网络中的节点信任问题是阻碍P2P发展的难题之一,在分析现有信任模型的基础上,提出一种引入不确定性因素的信任模型,用BGTR判定树进行连接,同时在此基础上给出了一种基于纳什均衡的激励模型,通过贡献值的计算来抵御恶意节点的攻击.实验结果表明,此模型在抵御虚假节点以及提高交易次数及交易质量方面都有一定的成效.     

基于评价向量的P2P电子商务信任模型

针对现有P2P信任模型中交易因素考虑不全面、缺乏恶意节点识别机制而导致无法防御恶意节点共谋攻击和耗费网络带宽等问题,提出一种新的P2P信任模型EVTM,该模型采用向量化的方式表示评价的标准,引入时间衰减因子和惩罚机制,促使模型中交易节点积极地、正确地评价,从而构造一个诚信、可靠的交易环境。仿真实验进一步证明EVTM不仅可以根据用户的不同需求对交易对象做出更合理的信任评估,而且能有效地避免恶意节点的共谋攻击,从而降低交易的风险,减少损失。     

采用排名反馈的P2P名誉评价模型

P2P网络中的节点很可能从另外的节点那里收到质量很差的服务和信息,名誉评价是解决该问题的常见方法.基于评分反馈的P2P名誉计算机制存在下述缺点:无法区分恶意评价和诚实节点给出错误评价间的差别;需要对评分可信度进行二次评价,使名誉计算速度减慢;用数字来表示节点名誉的方式不够自然.实际上,名誉评价的用途是确定节点可信度的相...     

基于信任的对等网络拓扑构造

在对等网络中．通常使用信任和声望机制来建立节点间的信任关系，以指导用户选择可信的协作节点．本文给出了一个基于信任的对等网络拓扑构造机制，使节点可以通过交互经验和其他节点的反馈采建立对目标节点的信任，并相应地更新同目标节点的链接关系，以便利之后的交互，并提高整个网络的交互性能．仿真实验测试了本文给出的方案．并证明了其效率．     

RATEWeb: Reputation Assessment for Trust Establishment among Web services

We introduce RATEWeb, a framework for establishing trust in service-oriented environments. RATEWeb supports a cooperative model in which Web services share their experiences of the service providers with their peers through feedback ratings. The different ratings are aggregated to derive a service provider’s reputation. This in turn is used to evaluate trust. The overall goal of RATEWeb is to facilitate trust-based selection and composition of Web services. We propose a set of decentralized techniques that aim at accurately aggregating the submitted ratings for reputation assessment. We conduct experiments to assess the fairness and accuracy of the proposed techniques.     

User‐centric trust and reputation model for personal and trusted service selection

Improving quality of services (QoS) through applying trust and reputation management technology is increasingly popular in the literature and industry. Most existing trust and reputation systems calculate a general trust value or vector based on the gathered feedback without regard to trust's locality and subjectivity; therefore, they cannot effectively support a personal selection with consumer preferences. Our goal is to build a trust and reputation mechanism for facilitating a trustworthy and personal service selection in a service‐oriented Web, where service peers can act as a service provider and/or a service consumer. A user‐centric trust and reputation mechanism distinguishing the different trust context and content to enable a personal service selection with regard to trust preference in a service‐oriented Web is represented in detail. It is widely recognized that reputation‐based trust methods must face the challenge of malicious behaviors. To deal with the malicious feedback behaviors, we introduce a “bidirectional'' feedback mechanism based on QoS experience similarity in our trust and reputation framework. The test run demonstrates that our method can significantly increase the success rate of service transactions and is effective in resisting various malicious behaviors of service peers, when it is compared to other similar methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

An incentive mechanism to reinforce truthful reports in reputation systems

The success of current trust and reputation systems is on the premise that the truthful feedbacks are obtained. However, without appropriate mechanisms, in most reputation systems, silent and lying strategies usually yield higher payoffs for peers than truthful feedback strategies. Thus, to ensure trustworthiness, incentive mechanisms are highly needed for a reputation system to encourage rational peers to provide truthful feedbacks. In this paper, we model the feedback reporting process in a reputation system as a reporting game. We propose a wage-based incentive mechanism for enforcing truthful report for non-verifiable information in self-interested P2P networks. A set of incentive compatibility constraint rules including participation constraint and self-selection constraints are formulated. We design, implement, and analyze incentive mechanisms and players’ strategies. The extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed incentive mechanisms reinforce truthful feedbacks and achieve optimal welfare.     

RepTrust : P2P环境下基于声誉的信任模型

声誉是一种新型的信任建立机制,在P2P网络中,利用基于声誉的信任机制可以孤立劣质节点,选择更为可信的节点进行交互,以规避和减少风险。针对目前研究中存在的与网络结构藕合过紧、防止联合欺作和声誉时效性处理不佳等问题,提出了一种新的基于声誉的信任模型RepTrust。模型采用与获取路径甚至评价者rater无关的声誉信息计算信任度,利用基于大多数原则的算法过滤不实声誉,利用衰减因子处理声誉的动态性。仿真实验表明模型在信任度计算、对付欺作和动态声誉处理等方面效果明显。     

一种基于反馈可信度的分布式P2P信任模型

开放、共享与匿名的Peer-to-Peer(简称P2P)网络已经取得了越来越多的应用,无中心对等的特性也吸引了越来越多的用户.但由于其网络中的节点不受约束,资源的共享是用户自愿的行为,因此节点间的信任很难通过传统的信任机制建立.一种可行的解决方案是借鉴人际网络中的信任关系,建立一种基于信誉的全局信任模型.已有的工作基本建立在信任度高的节点其反馈也更可信这个假设的基础上,将节点的反馈质量简单地等同于服务质量.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于节点反馈可信度的分布式P2P全局信任模型(简称FCTrust),用于量化和评估节点的可信程度,并给出了模型的数学表述和分布式实现方法.分析及仿真实验结果表明,FCTrust较已有的全局信任模型在遏制更广泛类型的恶意节点攻击的有效性、迭代计算的收敛性及消息成本上有较大提高.     

Parameter learning of personalized trust models in broker-based distributed trust management

Distributed trust management addresses the challenges of eliciting, evaluating and propagating trust for service providers on the distributed network. By delegating trust management to brokers, individual users can share their feedbacks for services without the overhead of maintaining their own ratings. This research proposes a two-tier trust hierarchy, in which a user relies on her broker to provide reputation rating about any service provider, while brokers leverage their connected partners in aggregating the reputation of unfamiliar service providers. Each broker collects feedbacks from its users on past transactions. To accommodate individual differences, personalized trust is modeled with a Bayesian network. Training strategies such as the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm can be deployed to estimate both server reputation and user bias. This paper presents the design and implementation of a distributed trust simulator, which supports experiments under different configurations. In addition, we have conducted experiments to show the following. 1) Personal rating error converges to below 5% consistently within 10,000 transactions regardless of the training strategy or bias distribution. 2) The choice of trust model has a significant impact on the performance of reputation prediction. 3) The two-tier trust framework scales well to distributed environments. In summary, parameter learning of trust models in the broker-based framework enables both aggregation of feedbacks and personalized reputation prediction.

一种考虑节点角色的P2P信任模型

在对等网络中,如何对节点行为进行准确的评估是信任模型研究的重点.经过学习和分析,发现现有的模型几乎都是基于节点作为被推荐者这一角色,而忽略了自身的推荐角色.对此本文提出两重推荐信任模型,从节点的两重角色考虑,为每个节点设计两重评估标准.若干次交易后,该模型能够使正常节点形成紧密的交易关系,有效地遏制了恶意节点的交易行为.实验表明该模型在面对夸大、合谋、伪装和单一行为威胁时较其他一些模型更具有效性.     

Cooperativeness prediction in P2P networks

Peer-to-peer systems are open communities, in which not only is there no overarching control, but neither is there any hierarchy of control among the system components. In such open communities where peers can join and leave freely and behave autonomously, selecting appropriate peers to cooperate with is a challenging problem, since the candidate peers may be unreliable or dishonest. Reputation systems have been proposed to boost trust and enhance collaboration among peers. However, conventional computational reputation systems tend to generate trust based on ad hoc aggregation techniques thus produce reputation values with ambiguous meanings. In this paper we propose a probabilistic computational approach to model and generate reputation. By explicitly separating the reputation between providing services and giving recommendations, our solution represents the estimate of service quality for a specific transaction as a probability conditioned upon each retrieved recommendation, thus taking the innate behaviours of reporters into account. A Kalman filter is applied to learn further the service reputation from the estimate. The proposed approach works well even when there is sparse feedback from the reporting peers giving output with well-defined semantics and useful meanings.