1992年中国总膳食研究──农药残留

为连续观察我国膳食质量的变化，继１９９０年第一次总膳食研究之后于１９９２年进行了第二次总膳食研究。本研究对四个大区９类食物中有机氯农药（ＨＣＨ，ＤＤＴ）和三类食物中１５种有机磷农药进行测定。ＨＣＨ总摄入量各区间无明显差别，与１９９０年相比也无明显差别。ＤＤＴ总摄入量与１９９０年相比均有所下降，且各大区间亦无差别。在被检测的１５种有机磷农药中共检测出７种，其中高毒性、中毒性、低毒性分别占检出农药样品的１１．７％，６４．７％和２３．５％。南方一区谷类敌敌畏占允许残留量的６３．３２％，亚胺硫磷占允许残留量的２３．１０％，其它各区各种有机磷农药残留量占允许量的０．０５％～５．０９％。     

1992年中国总膳食研究—化学污染物(一)不同地区的比较

继１９９０年第一次中国总膳食研究后于１９９２～１９９３年进行了第二次中国总膳食研究。本文主要报道研究的总体设计、方法以及四大区重金属和其他有害元素以及农药的膳食摄入量和污染水平，并与ＷＨＯ的ＡＤＩ（每日允许摄入量）和ＰＴＷＩ（暂时每周允许摄入量）值进行比较。重金属铅的平均膳食摄入量比１９９０年略有降低，北方两个区的摄入量明显下降，而南方两个区摄入量明显增加，镉的摄入量普遍增加，而汞的摄入量普遍降低。首次得到铝和氟的总膳食摄入量。有少数元素在个别地区的食物中污染水平超过我国允许量标准，其中，北方一区豆类中汞超标９５．７％；谷类食品中的氟除南方二区外，均超标１１．９％～９５．３％。与１９９０年引比，１９９２年六六六（ＨＣＨ）摄入量大致相近，而滴滴涕（ＤＤＴ）则有所降低。在本次检测的１５种有机磷农药中共检出７种，其膳食摄入量均很低，仅占允许量的１％左右或更低。有机磷农药残留量除南方一区谷类敌敌畏和亚胺硫磷分别占允许残留量的６３．３％和２３．１％外，其他各区各种有机磷农药残留量占允许残留量的０．０５％～５．０９％。与１９９０年不同的是检出了乙酰甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、亚胺硫磷等３种有机磷农药，但未检出敌百虫。     

2009年浙江省3个城市居民膳食碘摄入量评估

目的 评估浙江省不同地区居民膳食碘摄入水平.方法 2009年在浙江省内陆和沿海地区抽取杭州、台州、舟山市180户家庭共497人,采用总膳食研究方法进行膳食调查,统计人群各种食物的消费量,按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工并混合成可食的各种食物类别制作成膳食样品.采用四甲基氢氧化铵提取-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定膳食样品中碘含量.食物消费量与样品(烹饪加工后的熟样)中碘含量相乘得到碘膳食摄入量.以2001年中国营养学会公布的碘推荐摄入量(RNI)和可耐受最高摄入量(UL),评估膳食碘摄入量.结果3个城市居民膳食碘摄入为421.0 μg/d(标准人),M=358.5 μg/d.P5(第5百分位数)、P25、P75、P90、P95分别为145.7、267.6、495.6、774.1、1273.0 μ g/d.5.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入低于RNI,87.5％的居民每日膳食碘处于RNI与UL之间,7.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入超过UL.不考虑烹饪损失,食盐每日供给的碘占膳食碘摄入量的81.6％.加工烹饪食物后,膳食碘的57.2％来源于蔬菜类,13.0％来源于谷类,8.5％来源于水产类.每日膳食碘摄入超过UL的人群其海藻类摄入明显高于每日膳食碘摄入小于RNI人群和膳食碘处于RNI-UL之间的人群.结论 浙江省3个城市居民总体膳食碘摄入量尚未达到最高限值,且碘摄入不足与摄入过高情况并存,碘盐和海藻类食物是膳食碘的主要来源.     

2000年中国总膳食研究—膳食砷摄入量

目的了解和评价2000年中国不同地区膳食中总砷及无机砷的含量和成年男子人均膳食摄入量。方法采用总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工并混合成可食的各种食物类别。膳食样品中总砷含量采用氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法,无机砷含量采用氢化物发生原子荧光法测定,并按成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中砷的含量相乘得到不同地区总砷及无机砷的实际摄入量。采用世界卫生组织推荐的无机砷每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)值评价我国4个大区成年男子膳食中无机砷摄入的安全性。结果某些地区的个别食物样品超过我国的食品卫生中砷的限量标准。我国4个大区(北方一区,北方二区,南方一区,南方二区)和中国标准人膳食中总砷和无机砷摄入量(占PTWI百分率)分别为:0.220mg,0.094mg(69.3%);0.254mg,0.098mg(72.2%);0.296mg,0.048mg(35.6%);0.335mg,0.077mg(57.3%)和0.276mg,0.079mg(58.6%)。结论本研究首次运用总膳食的方法得到我国4个大区成年男子和中国标准人膳食中总砷及无机砷摄入量数据。结果显示我国人群膳食中总砷及无机砷摄入量是安全的。     

居民膳食砷摄入水平调查

目的了解杭州市居民膳食砷摄入情况,为开展相关膳食安全性评价提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取1 744名居民并采用总膳食研究方法收集其食物消费量数据,在烹调后测定代表性混合食物样品中的总砷并推算无机砷含量,计算个体摄入量,与砷原每日最高容许摄入量(TDMI)和无机砷原暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)比较,分析其摄入水平。结果杭州市居民膳食总砷每日摄入量和由此推算的无机砷每周摄入量中位数分别为1.4和3.0μg/kg BW,占原TDMI的2.8%和原PTWI的20.2%;18岁以下组总砷每日摄入量和推算的无机砷每周摄入量中位数分别为1.6和3.5μg/kg BW,均高于其他年龄组(Z=-7.577~-2.917,P均0.01);谷类食物对个体膳食砷摄入贡献率最高。结论杭州市居民膳食砷摄入量低于相关限值,但未成年人摄入量高于成人,应引起重视。     

2009年浙江省3个城市居民膳食碘摄入量评估

目的 评估浙江省不同地区居民膳食碘摄入水平.方法 2009年在浙江省内陆和沿海地区抽取杭州、台州、舟山市180户家庭共497人,采用总膳食研究方法进行膳食调查,统计人群各种食物的消费量,按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工并混合成可食的各种食物类别制作成膳食样品.采用四甲基氢氧化铵提取-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定膳食样品中碘含量.食物消费量与样品(烹饪加工后的熟样)中碘含量相乘得到碘膳食摄入量.以2001年中国营养学会公布的碘推荐摄入量(RNI)和可耐受最高摄入量(UL),评估膳食碘摄入量.结果3个城市居民膳食碘摄入为421.0 μg/d(标准人),M=358.5 μg/d.P5(第5百分位数)、P25、P75、P90、P95分别为145.7、267.6、495.6、774.1、1273.0 μ g/d.5.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入低于RNI,87.5％的居民每日膳食碘处于RNI与UL之间,7.2％的居民每日膳食碘摄入超过UL.不考虑烹饪损失,食盐每日供给的碘占膳食碘摄入量的81.6％.加工烹饪食物后,膳食碘的57.2％来源于蔬菜类,13.0％来源于谷类,8.5％来源于水产类.每日膳食碘摄入超过UL的人群其海藻类摄入明显高于每日膳食碘摄入小于RNI人群和膳食碘处于RNI-UL之间的人群.结论 浙江省3个城市居民总体膳食碘摄入量尚未达到最高限值,且碘摄入不足与摄入过高情况并存,碘盐和海藻类食物是膳食碘的主要来源.     

广东省部分食物中有机氯农药残留分析

食物中有机氯农药污染是近年来食物监测计划中的重要项目。虽然我国已于1983年停止生产和使用有机氯农药六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)，然而．由于这类农药半衰期长．不易降解的特性，在环境中的残留仍有可能保持较长时间，为了解食物中HCH和DDT的残留状况，对我省部分地区送检的各类食物中HCH和DDT含量进行了调查。     

成都市城乡居民总膳食中化学污染物污染状况的研究

为了解成都地区城乡居民膳食中化学污染物污染状况,应用总膳食研究方法,对城乡居民膳食中有害重金属元素、有机氯和有机磷农药、天然放射性核素、黄曲霉素B1及亚硝酸盐等18种化学污染物含量进行了测定。结果表明,城乡居民摄人的铅、砷、镉、汞均低于相应的ADI值,但城市居民摄入的蛋及蛋制品、乳及乳制品铅分别为允许限量的244．50％和193．60％,农村居民摄入的薯及薯制品汞含量也超过食品卫生允许限量标准。测定的谷类、蔬菜、水果等5类食物样品中6种有机磷农药残留量均低于检出限。4种放射性核素的比活度大小依次为40K＞226Ra＞238U＞232Th。贡献率城乡均以40K最大。所致的全身剂量当量城乡分别为117．2μSv／年和173．2μSv／年．属于天然辐射水平。黄曲霉毒素B1、亚硝酸盐城乡摄入量均在国家标准之内。由此可以认为我市代表性膳食是比较安全的,但也存在着某些食品中铅、汞含量和六六六有机氯农药残留超过国家允许限量标准的潜在危险。     

2015年中国十五省(区、市)18～59岁居民水产品类食物摄入状况分析

目的分析2015年中国十五省(区、市)18~59岁居民水产品类食物摄入状况。方法本文数据来自2015年中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究。将参加过此次调查并有完整的连续3d 24h膳食回顾调查数据的18~59岁居民作为研究对象,分析调查对象水产品类食物消费率和水产品类食物摄入量,并与《中国居民膳食指南》(2016版)水产品类食物推荐摄入量进行比较。结果结果显示,我国十五省市18~59岁居民2015年水产品类食物消费率为42.9%、平均每天水产品类食物摄入量为28.6g、水产品类食物摄入量未达到推荐摄入量的人群比例为77.3%。结论我国十五省市18~59岁居民水产品类食物消费率仍较低,摄入量也远未达到《中国居民膳食指南》(2016版)水产品类食物推荐摄入量的要求,应鼓励我国成年居民增加水产品类食物的摄入。     

1989-2009年中国九省区膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(七)18～49岁成年居民膳食锌的摄入状况及变化趋势

目的描述1989-2009年中国九省区18～49成年岁居民膳食锌的摄入状况、食物来源以及二十年间的变化趋势。方法利用"中国健康与营养调查"的资料,选取1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年调查中18～49岁成年人作为研究对象,采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾询问法收集膳食资料。结果中国九省区居民平均每日锌摄入量从1989年的12.3mg下降到2009年的11.2mg。1989年和2009年中国九省区成年居民膳食锌摄入量不足的概率分别为32.7%和45.8%。膳食锌主要来源于谷类食物、动物性食物、坚果和蔬菜水果。结论我国成年居民中普遍存在着锌摄入不足的问题,应该从调整膳食结构入手,引导居民增加富含锌的食物摄入,以维持锌营养需求与健康状况。     

深圳市食品中镉污染的暴露量评估

目的了解2007～2009年深圳市各类食品中镉污染水平,根据每标准人日各类食物的摄入量数据,评估深圳市居民镉暴露的安全性。方法根据2007～2009年深圳市食品污染物监测工作方案,对各类食品中镉进行检测,同时结合2002年广东省居民膳食营养调查中各类食物消费量数据,计算出深圳市居民膳食中镉的实际摄入量,并与FAO/WHO推荐的暂定每日可耐受摄入量(PTDI)60μg进行比较,评价深圳市居民膳食中镉摄入的安全性。结果膳食中镉污染主要来源为水产品,连续3年检测均有超标,超标率22.22%、32.10%、21.13%,其次为蔬菜,2年超标率均为7.94%,畜肉1年超标率为21.88%;3年来深圳居民膳食镉的一般摄入量及占暂定每日耐受摄入量(Provisional daily tolerable intake,PTDI)的百分比分别为:78.54μg(130.90%)、43.69μg(73.83%)和31.19μg(51.98%),但膳食镉的偏高摄入量及占PTDI的百分比分别为:571.36μg(952.26%)、227.80μg(379.67%)和180.89μg(301.48%)。结论深圳市居民膳食镉的平均摄入量1年偏高,但偏高摄入量连续3年超过PTDI 3倍以上,对健康可能存在一定危害。     

Contamination of liquid milk and butter with pesticide residues in the Ludhiana district of Punjab state, India

An analysis of 92 samples of liquid milk from Ludhiana, India, during 1999-2001 revealed the presence of DDT in 6 (7.4%) samples and of these 2 samples were found to exceed the maximum residue limit (MRL) of DDT fixed at 0.05 mg kg(-1) (on a whole milk basis). HCH residues were detected in 49 (53.3%) samples and constituted only gamma-HCH (lindane). The MRL of lindane is fixed at 0.01 mg kg(-1) (whole milk basis), and all 49 liquid milk samples exceeded this value. These results are indicative of contamination of bovine milk with pesticide residues as a result of the ban on the use of DDT and HCH in agriculture and public health programs. Similarly, analysis of 40 samples of butter showed the presence of DDT and HCH in 28 and 8 samples, respectively. However, none of the samples exceeded the MRL value of either DDT or any isomer of HCH. DDT residues comprised mainly p,p-DDE and p,p-TDE, whereas HCH residues were present as lindane in 6 samples, and 2 samples revealed the presence of beta-HCH. The estimated daily intake of lindane through the consumption of contaminated liquid milk exceeded its acceptable daily intake value for children. Interestingly, none of the liquid milk or butter samples revealed the presence of any commonly used organophosphorus or synthetic pyrethroid insecticides at their detection limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1).     

2000年中国总膳食样品中六六六和滴滴涕污染的溯源性分析

通过对 2 0 0 0年总膳食样品中有机氯农药残留分析 ,发现南方二区和北方一区水产类样品六六六高残留。由两个地区分省的聚类样品溯源分析 ,结果发现湖北省鳊鱼六六六含量为 4 0 0 6 0 μg kg ,为南方二区水产类六六六含量的 88 8% ,黑龙江省鲤鱼六六六含量为 6 30 96 μg kg,为北方一区水产类六六六含量的90 3% ,这是造成两个地区水产类六六六高残留的主要原因。由六六六异构体构成比例及GC MS的确证分析提示 ,两个地区的水产类样品受到林丹的污染。本研究表明我国某些地区存在违规使用林丹的现象。为保证我国居民膳食安全性 ,加强六六六和滴滴涕残留监测仍是我国食品安全领域的长期任务     

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Bovine Milk from Organic Farms in Chiapas,Mexico

Thirty six samples of bovine milk were collected from Chiapas State, Mexico between January 2011 and December 2011 with the intention of identifying and quantifying organochlorine pesticide residues in organic farms. The analyses were done using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (Ni⁶³). In general the values found in raw milk were lower than the permissible limit proposed by FAO/WHO/Codex Alimentarius 2006. Average concentrations for alpha + beta HCH were 3.62 ng/g, gamma HCH 0.34 ng/g, heptachlor + epoxide 0.67 ng/g, DDT and isomers 1.53 ng/g, aldrin + dieldrin 0.77 ng/g, and endrin 0.66 ng/g (only present in samples from farm 2). The organic milk from Chiapas has shown low concentrations of pesticide residues in recent years and satisfies international and national regulations for commercialization.     

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Inland Wetland Fishes of Karnataka, India and Their Implications on Human Dietary Intake

As part of a larger study assessing contamination status of inland wetlands of India, we evaluated the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in fishes collected from different inland wetlands in Karnataka, India and their suitability for human consumption. Among the OCPs tested, isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were the most frequently detected with β- and γ-HCH as the main pollutants. Average concentration of ∑HCH and ∑DDT ranged from 2.1 to 51.7 μg/kg and below detection level to 12.3 μg/kg respectively. Other organochlorine pesticides such as heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and endosulphan were found at lower levels. Among various fish species tested, the higher pesticide burden was recorded in Anguilla bicolor bicolour (77.9 μg/kg) and the lower was in Heteropneustes fossilis (2.1 μg/kg). OCPs detected in the present study were well below the tolerance limits recommended for fishes. The calculated daily dietary intake of OCPs in all the species examined was lower than the maximum acceptable dietary intake (ADI) limits prescribed for human consumption. However, continuous monitoring is recommended to facilitate the early identification of risks.     

Contamination levels and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from India

Organochlorine pesticides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), are potential chemical pollutants extensively used for agriculture and vector control purposes due to low cost and high effectiveness. Concentrations of HCH and DDT were determined in 175 surface soil samples from different agricultural fields, fallow and urban lands of districts Nagaon and Dibrugarh, Assam, India. The mean concentrations of total HCH and total DDT were 825 ng/g (range: 98-1945 ng/g) and 903 ng/g (range: 166-2288 ng/g) in district Nagaon while 705 ng/g (range: 178-1701 ng/g) and 757 ng/g (range: 75-2296 ng/g) in district Dibrugarh, respectively. The soils from paddy fields contained highest amounts of HCH and DDT residues. Total organic carbon was found to be positively associated with soil HCH and DDT residues. Ratios of DDT/(DDD+DDE) were 1.25 and 1.82 while of α/γ HCH were 2.78 and 2.51 for districts Dibrugarh and Nagaon, respectively. Source identification revealed that soil residue levels have originated from long past and recent mixed source of technical HCH and Lindane for HCHs and mainly technical DDT for DDTs. Spatial distribution was also investigated to identify the areas with higher pesticide loadings in soil.     

Pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania

This study investigated the presence of pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania. One-hundred-and-eighty nine samples of 11 widely used foods at table ready stage were analysed using US FDA multi-residue methods. Pesticide residues were detected in 29% of all samples analysed. The spread of contamination in individual foods was: spinach 72.7%, rice 50%, beef meat 42.1%, stiff porridge 8.6%, and beans 6.7%. After allocating Non-detects levels a half value of Method Detection Limit i.e., (MDL)/2, the mean concentrations of the pesticide residues in the foods were; In spinach: g-HCH 0.08 microg/kg; DDT 2.89 microg/kg; Chlorpyrifos 0.02 microg/kg. In rice: g-HCH 0.08 microg/kg; DDT 1.70 microg/kg; and Chlorpyrifos 0.02 microg/kg. In beef meat: g-HCH 0.14 microg/kg; DDT 0.76 microg/kg. In stiff porridge: g-HCH 0.06 microg/kg; and DDT 0.30 microg/kg. In beans: g-HCH 0.04 microg/kg; and DDT 0.13 microg/kg. In fish variety: g-HCH 0.05 microg/kg. Converted into consumer Average Daily Doses, these concentrations were within ADI/ PTDI levels set by CODEX and, therefore, posed no significant health risk. However, the presence of pp-DDT in many samples indicates a possible recent contamination of food raw materials with DDT. A more effective pesticides control system should be put in place before lifting the ban on DDT for restricted uses in vector control programs in Tanzania.     

Organochlorine pesticides in commercial marine fishes of Coimbatore, India and their suitability for human consumption

Organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in 10 species of fishes caught at Cochin and Rameshwaram coast, and sold in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Species were selected on the basis of their regular availability throughout the year and commercial value. A total of 389 fishes were analyzed for organochlorine residues and their suitability for human consumption was evaluated. Results show varying levels of residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), DDT, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan and dieldrin. Among the 10 species, high concentration of pesticide residues were recorded in Sardinella longiceps, Carangoides malabaricus, Chlorophthalmus agassizi, Saurida tumbil and Rastrelliger kanagurta. The variation in total organochlorine residues among species and between places was not significant (P>0.05). Only five species of fishes showed monthly variation in residue levels and there was no significant correlation between the body size and residue levels in the tissue. About 22% of the fishes exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRL) of total HCH prescribed by FAO/WHO for fish products. The calculated dietary intake of total HCH through consumption of C. malabaricus, C. agassizi and S. longiceps exceeded the maximum acceptable dietary intake (ADI) limits prescribed for human consumption. The present study recommends continuous monitoring of environmental contaminants in marine fishes to assess the possible impact on human health.     

蔬菜、水果中有机磷农药多残留同时测定的气相色谱法研究

目的:建立同时测定蔬菜、水果中多种有机磷农药残留的气相色谱分析方法。方法:蔬菜、水果匀浆后经混合溶剂提取,固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱FPD检测。结果:该方法各种有机磷农药的相关系数r均在0.99以上,平均回收率为60.6%~108.9%,相对标准偏差RSD为4.57%~19.8%,最小检出量为1~50 ng。结论:该方法提取完全,净化彻底,定量准确,操作简便,满足多种有机磷农药残留的同时测定。