Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys by In Situ Laser Directed Energy DepositionEI北大核心CSCD

以Ni粉与Ti粉为原料,采用激光定向能量沉积(LDED)技术制备NiTi形状记忆合金。利用XRD、物相拟合、SEM、EDS和DSC等测试方法,对NiTi合金的显微组织、物相含量和物相转变进行分析,随后采用压缩圆柱样品进行形状记忆效应测试,并评估其形状记忆效应。激光能量密度较低时,NiTi合金中产生大量Ni_(4)Ti_(3)相沉淀,随着激光能量密度增加,Ni_(4)Ti_(3)相消失。激光能量密度为20.0 J/mm^(2)时,NiTi合金具有2878 MPa的压缩断裂强度与34.9%的压缩失效应变,且样品在循环20 cyc后具有88.2%形状记忆恢复率。     

93W-7Ni激光粉末床熔融增材制造研究

以W颗粒和Ni颗粒预先混合的93W-7Ni粉体为原料，采用激光粉末床熔融（Laser powder bed fusion, LPBF）制备了钨镍合金试样。研究了不同线能量密度的钨镍合金试样的相对密度、显微组织及显微硬度。结果表明：钨镍合金试样的缺陷主要为不规则孔隙，不存在明显可见的裂纹缺陷，且提高线能量密度能够明显减少缺陷。当线能量密度为1.5J/mm时，钨镍合金试样相对密度达98.04%。LPBF制备的钨镍合金试样的显微组织主要由W单质相和Ni-W基体相组成，并伴有大量细小的枝/颗粒状钨晶粒。试样的显微硬度高达529.83HV0.5，且基本不受线能量密度的影响。     

不锈钢表面激光熔覆镍基合金涂层的数值模拟与试验

为改善不锈钢表面熔覆质量,探究能量密度对不锈钢表面激光熔覆镍基合金涂层质量的影响,利用Visual-Environment数值模拟软件,基于高斯体热源模型,通过改变激光功率获得不同的能量密度输入,对304不锈钢表面激光熔覆Ni35合金涂层的过程进行了数值模拟分析,并采用相应能量密度对应的激光功率进行试验验证。模拟结果表明,激光功率为900 W,扫描速度为6 mm/s,光斑半径为1 mm时,对应的激光能量密度为75 J/mm²,所得温度分布云图峰值温度2459.55℃,在较合理的温度范围内(2400～2600℃)。试验验证结果显示,该工艺参数下熔覆层宏观形貌较好且微观组织致密,基体与涂层间形成了良好的冶金结合。     

激光功率与扫描速度对选区激光熔化钴铬合金组织性能的影响

目的 明确选区激光熔化钴铬合金中激光线能量密度、激光功率和激光扫描速度对成形件组织、性能的影响,探究优化工艺参数的方法。方法 基于ANSYS有限元软件模拟选区激光熔化过程中熔池尺寸的基础上,通过金相显微镜分析了熔池尺寸和显微组织,电子背散射衍射分析了晶粒尺寸,使用力学试验机和洛氏硬度计研究了试样的力学性能。结果 随着线能量密度降低,成形件的熔池尺寸、晶粒大小、冷却速度和力学性能降低。但在激光线线能量密度为0.242 J/mm的条件下,扫描速度为1 200 mm/s时成形试样的致密度为98.7%,抗拉强度为867 MPa,延伸率为6.5%,其力学性能均高于扫描速度为950 mm/s时成形的试样,与线能量密度更高的0.263 J/mm成形条件下250 W+950 mm/s的成形试样力学性能相近。结论 激光线能量密度是影响选区激光熔化钴铬合金熔池尺寸和组织性能的关键因素,但熔池尺寸与激光线能量密度没有线性关系。相同的线能量密度下,增加激光扫描速度,有利于获得大的熔池尺寸和冷却速度,提高成形件的致密度和降低晶粒尺寸,最终使成形件力学性能提高。     

激光表面重熔NiTi形状记忆合金组织及腐蚀性能

采用2kWNd：YAG激光器对NiTi合金进行表面重熔处理，利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X光电子能谱分析重熔层成分和组织结构，利用电化学测试研究重熔层耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：NiTi合金经过激光重熔处理后，可得到致密的重熔层；根据激光处理参数的不同，在重熔层中会出现TiNi、TiNi3等新相，重熔层表面Ti／Ni及Ti^4 /Ti比显著提高；电化学极化曲线表明激光重熔后NiTi合金的耐蚀性得到了显著改善。     

Achieving Superior Strength and Ductility of AlSi10Mg Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting with Large Laser Power and High Scanning Speed

AlSi10Mg alloy was prepared by selected laser melting (SLM) in a high laser power range 300-400 W. The effects of energy density on the relative density, microstructure and mechanical properties of the SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy were studied. The results showed that the SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated at a laser power of 400 W and a scanning speed of 1800 mm/s had a relative density of 99.4%, a hardness of 147.8 HV, a tensile strength of 471.3 MPa, a yield strength of 307.1 MPa, and an elongation of 9.6%, exhibiting excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. The unique combination of the melt pool structure and microstructure caused by the large laser power and fast scanning was responsible for the excellent performance. The wide and shallow melt pool structure with few defects and proper overlapping between the continuous melt pools were obtained. The growth of columnar crystals was inhibited by a large proportion of equiaxed grains formed at the border of melt pools, and numerous sub-structures were observed within the α-Al grains. This study provided a more efficient process parameters for the preparation of the SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy. The enhanced mechanical property will help to broaden the application of the AlSi10Mg alloy in industry.     

激光熔化沉积制备2A50锻造铝合金组织性能*

工艺参数的协同调控决定了沉积工件的组织与性能,在锻造铝合金零件激光增材修复工程应用方面具有重要研究价值。 采用 OM、SEM、XRD 等试验方法,研究能量密度对激光沉积成形 2A50 铝合金构件组织与性能的影响规律。结果表明：当能量密度低于 200 J / mm²时,成形效果较差且产生粉末球化、未熔合等凝固缺陷;随着能量密度的提高,沉积试样底部和顶部一次枝晶间距均明显缩短、平均硬度由 85.7 HV 提高至 92.1 HV;过高的能量密度输入会导致熔池内部分低熔点合金元素蒸发形成气孔缺陷、同时削弱了合金元素的固溶强化效果。在优化的能量密度(333 J / mm² )条件下,激光沉积成形 2A50 锻造铝合金构件获得了较优的综合力学性能,其屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率分别为 85 MPa、207 MPa 和 14%。为航空重大装备关键零部件的激光增材修复探索出一条行之有效的技术途径。     

激光重熔镍镀层复合工艺制备铜合金表面涂层

在铜合金表面先预置镍镀层再激光重熔以获得界面冶金结合可靠的新涂层. 通过优化工艺参数,并利用多种分析手段研究了涂层的组织、界面结构和显微硬度. 结果表明,室温下采用4 200 W半导体激光重熔0.4 mm厚镍镀层可获得无缺陷且界面冶金结合可靠的激光熔覆涂层;所获新涂层组织均匀致密,物相由重熔前的γ-Ni镀层转变为重熔后的(Ni,Cu)固溶体;涂层硬度约为135 HV0.05,稍高于CuCrZr基体硬度. 镍镀层的预置和半导体激光的应用提高了铜基表面激光能量的吸收率;新涂层与铜基体间组织成分及硬度匹配保证了良好的界面相容性和可靠的界面结合.     

选区激光熔化制备AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金的成形性能

采用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备了AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金,研究了激光工艺参数对成形性、致密度、微观组织以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随体能量密度的增加,致密度逐渐增加,最佳的SLM参数为激光功率50 W,扫描速度300 mm/s,扫描间距70 μm,层厚30 μm。铸态和SLM态合金是由无序BCC相(A2)和有序BCC相(B2)组成的双相体心立方结构,由于细晶强化作用,选区激光熔化试样具有比铸态试样更高的显微硬度,但是压缩屈服强度降低,原因是选区激光熔化合金中存在裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。     

选区激光熔化成形12CrNi2合金钢的显微组织和力学性能

利用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备了12CrNi2合金钢. 借助金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、显微硬度仪、室温拉伸试验等方法研究了激光能量密度对合金钢显微组织和力学性能的影响. 结果表明,成形合金钢的宏观组织可分为熔池区与热影响区两部分,微观组织为回火马氏体和少量残余奥氏体. 随激光能量密度(E_V)增加,成形合金钢的孔洞缺陷逐渐减少,致密度逐渐增加,最高可达到99.87%;同时,熔池体积增大,寿命增加,冷却速度降低,导致回火马氏体板条宽化,热影响区变宽,合金钢的显微硬度和强度降低,塑性增加. 在E_V为81.34 J/mm3条件下,SLM成形12CrNi2合金钢具有最优强塑性,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1098和882 MPa,断后伸长率为20.07%. 采用SLM技术成形12CrNi2合金钢可获得比激光熔化沉积(LMD)和铸造成形更佳的综合力学性能.     

激光参数对Ti6Al4V钛合金激光冲击成形的影响

研究在Ti6Al4V合金激光冲击成形过程中,不同激光参数对板料弯曲角及表层硬度的影响。结果表明:当激光功率密度小于3GW/cm2时,弯曲角随着激光功率密度线性增加,激光功率密度超过3GW/cm2时,由于表面熔化现象的出现,弯曲角出现减小的趋势;板料弯曲角随冲击次数的增加也呈线性增长,但弯曲阻力的增加使得弯曲角的增长速度逐渐减慢;随着激光功率密度的增加,材料表面冲击区的硬度增高,表面硬化层的显微硬度最高达HV490,硬化层厚度约为1.0mm。     

激光表面强化对镁合金在模拟体液中腐蚀行为的影响

目的通过对镁合金表面进行激光强化处理,改善医用AZ91D镁合金在模拟体液中的耐腐蚀性能。方法采用不同脉宽的Nd:YAG脉冲激光对医用AZ91D镁合金表面进行处理,激光能量密度分别为28、23、18 J/mm~2,对激光处理后镁合金强化层的组成、显微结构、厚度、元素分布以及耐腐蚀性能等进行测试和分析。结果 AZ91D经过激光强化处理后形成致密的强化层,强化层中相的组成与基材相的组成相同,均由α-Mg和β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)组成,强化层的厚度达到300μm。Mg和Mg_(17)Al_(12)的X射线衍射峰均向低角度偏移(约0.2°),且镁合金表面晶粒均得到细化,β相的大小从平均55.705μm减小到平均6.447μm。EDS分析表明,经过激光处理后,Mg的质量分数由82.88%减少为70.13%,Al的质量分数由16.28%增加为28.08%,且Al的分布更均匀。激光处理后,镁合金在模拟体液中的电化学测试结果表明,镁合金的腐蚀电位从原来的-1274mV增加到-1215 mV,腐蚀电流密度从8.920×10~(-5) A/cm~2减小为8.826×10~(-6) A/cm~2,同时,阻抗也从原来的1000Ω增加到60 000Ω,可知激光强化镁合金的耐腐蚀性能较原始镁合金的耐腐蚀性能均有一定程度的改善。结论医用AZ91D镁合金在不同脉宽的Nd:YAG脉冲激光处理后,表面晶粒得到了细化,强化层中富集Al,在模拟体液中的耐腐蚀性能得到改善。     

Influence of processing parameters on the microstructure and tensile property of 85 W-15Ni produced by laser direct deposition

The plate-like shape 85 W-15Ni parts were produced by laser direct deposition technology with different processing parameters (laser power and scanning speed). The influence of processing parameters and their corresponding laser energy density on the microstructural characterization, phase composition and tensile property of 85 W-15Ni samples was investigated. The results show that the relative density of samples increased with the laser energy density and the densification trend started to slow as the laser energy density reached 380–400 J/mm³, though the highest density value was obtained with laser energy of 425 J/mm³. With the increase of laser energy density, more disorder and fine W dendrites existed at the bonding region between deposition layers and more WW grain boundaries formed at the central region of the layer. The 85 W-15Ni samples produced with different processing parameters consisted of W and γ-Ni phase. To improve the tensile property, it is necessary to increase the laser energy density to obtain denser structure and reduce the residual pores or gaps. However, the excessive laser energy density resulted in the formation of more WW grain boundaries that were detrimental to the tensile property. The best tensile properties were obtained at the laser energy density of 395 J/mm³.     

In Situ Elimination of Pores During Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-l.5Zr-0.3Si Titanium Alloy

The printing quality of components manufactured using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) generally depends on the presence of various defects such as massive porosity. Thus, the efficient elimination of pores is an important factor in the production of a sound LPBF product. In this study, the efficacy of two in situ laser remelting approaches to eliminating pores during the LPBF of a titanium alloy Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-l.5Zr-0.3Si (TC11) was assessed both experimentally and computationally. These two remelting methods are surface remelting and layer-by-layer printing and remelting. A multi-track multi-layer phenomenological model was established to analyze the variation of pores with the temperature and velocity fields. The results showed that surface remelting with a high laser power, such as 180 W, can effectively eliminate pores within three deposited layers. However, such remelting could not reach defects in deeper regions. Layer-by-layer remelting with a 180 W laser could effectively eliminate the pores formed in the previous layer in real time. The results obtained in this study can provide useful guidance for the in situ control of printing defects supported by real-time monitoring, feedback, and operating systems of an intelligent LPBF equipment.     

激光直接制造工艺对Ni合金成形的影响

选用Ni60合金粉末材料进行了简单零件的激光直接成形试验,借助金相分析、扫描电子显微分析,研究了不同加工工艺对其成形的影响。结果表明:零件成形的宏观质量与单道熔覆层厚度关系密切,在激光功率1100W、激光扫描速度2～3mm/s、送粉量70～100mg/s条件下可获得外观光滑的零件;在送粉量一定的情况下,成形过程熔覆层的高度波动与零件形状有关,可以通过调节扫描速度来改善其高低不平的程度;克服制造缺陷的方法是注意基体的预热和成形零件的缓冷处理,激光功率和扫描速度需要在加工过程中适当调节。     

基于SLM工艺制备的C250马氏体时效钢的工艺优化及其组织

采用SLM工艺制备C250马氏体时效钢,并通过金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)、密度测量仪等,探究SLM工艺参数对C250马氏体时效钢致密度与组织的影响,并对优化SLM工艺制备所得C250马氏体时效钢的形貌与显微组织进行分析。结果表明,当能量密度处于85～120 J/mm³时,试验钢致密度高于99.5%,组织致密无明显缺陷。当激光功率270 W、扫描速率700 mm/s、扫描间距0.11 mm、铺粉层厚0.03 mm时,致密度可达100%。最优SLM工艺下C250钢的主要相成分为马氏体,可达到97.13%,其内部晶粒极其细小,约为2.7μm,基体内部存在强化相和位错,对C250钢起强化作用。     

体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

为了探究不同体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响,采用正交试验法制备不同激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度下的SLM 316L不锈钢成形件,利用扫描电镜和电化学试验对其微观组织和自腐蚀电位进行观察和测量。结果表明,体能量密度过大或过小时,成形件表面的气孔和孔洞等缺陷较多,自腐蚀电位减小,耐腐蚀性变差。体能量密度为44.64 J/mm^-3时,SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的自腐蚀电位最高,组织表面的气孔等缺陷相对较少,耐腐蚀性最好。激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度对SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的耐腐蚀性影响的次序为:激光功率＞扫描间距和扫描速度,最佳的工艺参数组合为激光功率250 W,扫描间距0.14 mm,扫描速度800 mm/s。     

An investigation on the microstructure and oxidation behavior of laser remelted air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings

NiCrAlY bond-coat was coated on Inconel 718 substrate by air plasma spraying (APS) followed by APS ZrO₂-8 wt.%Y₂O₃ as top-coat. Using CO₂ laser of different energy densities, ceramic top-coat surface was remelted. Laser remelting with high energy density (4 J/mm²) produced a dense microstructure over the whole thickness of top-coat, while low energy density (0.67 J/mm²) laser remelting produced a ~ 50 μm thick dense layer on the top-coat surface. It was found that the volume fraction of monoclinic phase decreased from 9% in as-sprayed coating to 4% and 3% after laser remelting with high and low energy density respectively. After isothermal oxidation at 1200 °C for 200 h, the thickness of oxide layer (TGO) in the sample produced by low energy density laser remelting was ~ 5.6 μm, which was thinner than that of oxide layer in as-sprayed (~ 7.6 μm) and high energy density laser remelted (~ 7.5 μm) samples. A uniform and continuous oxide layer was found to develop on the bond-coat surface after low energy density laser remelting. Thicker oxide layer containing Cr₂O₃, NiO and spinel oxides was observed in both as-sprayed and high energy density laser remelted coatings. After cyclic oxidation at 1200 °C for 240 h, the weight gain per unit area of as-sprayed coating was similar to that of high energy density laser remelted coating while a significantly smaller weight gain was found in low energy density laser remelted coating.     

Effects of selective laser melting parameters on surface quality and densification behaviours of pure nickel

The effects of laser power and scanning speed on the forming characteristic of scanning tracks, densification behaviours and surface roughness of pure nickel fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM) were studied. The results indicate that the scanning tracks showed continuous, regular and flat surface with increasing laser power and decreasing scanning speed in a specific range, which could avoid the defects (like holes and balling structures) forming in SLM processing. The optimal process window was identified as the scanning speed of 900 mm/s and the laser power of 255?275 W by comparing the surface qualities and densification behaviours. With the suitable processing parameters, the relative density could achieve 99.16%, the tensile strength was (359.49±2.74) MPa, and the roughnesses of the top and side surfaces were (12.88±2.23) and (14.98±0.69) μm, respectively.     

选区激光熔化IN738LC合金成形温度场的数值模拟及实验研究

通过数值模拟根据熔池热行为变化规律对选区激光熔化工艺参数进行优化,是提高成形件质量的有效手段。为此,本论文采用ANSYS的APDL语言建立了全参数化的IN738LC合金选区激光熔化过程温度场有限元分析模型,并通过单熔道成形实验对热源模型进行校核。结果表明：随着激光功率的增加或者扫描速度的减小,粉末吸收的线性能量密度不断增加,熔池中心最高温度升高,熔融金属量增加,熔道形态由不规则断续状向规则连续长条状演化;随着扫描速度的增加或者激光功率的减小,粉末吸收的线性能量密度不断下降,熔体流动能力减弱,熔池宽度与熔化穿透深度也随之减小;有限元模拟与实验结果吻合较好,当激光功率为270 W,扫描速度为1150 mm/s时,单熔道具有连续少缺陷、规则良好的成形形貌。