2010年食源性疾病监测工作质量控制考核

目的提高微生物实验室检测能力和质量控制管理水平,保证日常检测和食源性疾病监测工作结果的正确性和可靠性。方法接受国家疾病预防控制中心考核,按照国标方法完成盲样检测工作。结果考核样中分离出大肠杆菌O157:H7和金黄色葡萄球菌,与国家考核结果完全一致。结论此次考核不仅反映了十堰市做为省级食源性疾病监测点承担监测任务的能力,而且也极大地提高检验人员的检测能力和水平。     

Food safety: emerging trends in foodborne illness surveillance and prevention

Between 250 and 350 million Americans are estimated to suffer acute gastroenteritis annually, with 25% to 30% thought to be caused by foodborne illnesses. Most vulnerable to foodborne diseases are elderly people, pregnant women, immune-compromised people, and children. While bacterial causes such as Salmonella are widely recognized and monitored as foodborne infections, other important bacterial causes such as Clostridium perfringens , Bacillus cereus , and Staphylococcus aureus are less well known. While the majority of cases of foodborne diseases are of unknown cause, bacteria and viruses are the most likely causative agents. Caliciviridae (Norwalk-like) virus cases are more difficult to identify, but represent the most common cause of known and probably unknown cases. Fresh produce has to be added to the traditional list of foods requiring careful selection and handling to prevent foodborne disease. To assess the disease burden in the United States, morbidity and mortality surveillance activities are done by several networks and systems with collaboration among federal agencies and health departments. Not all important causes are being equally monitored. Critical behaviors by food processors, food retailers, foodservice personnel, and consumers can reduce the risk of foodborne illness episodes. Dietetics professionals can more readily monitor new developments and update knowledge and practice through online resources.     

A brief review of foodborne zoonoses in China

Foodborne zoonoses have a major impact on public health in China. Its booming economy and rapid socioeconomic changes have affected food production, food supplies and food consumption habits, resulting in an increase in the number of outbreaks of foodborne zoonoses. Both emerging and re-emerging foodborne zoonoses have attracted increasing national and international attention in recent years. This paper briefly reviews the main foodborne zoonoses that have had a major impact on public health over the last 20 years in China. The major causative microorganisms, including foodborne bacteria, parasites and viruses, are discussed. The prevention and control of foodborne zoonoses are difficult challenges in China. The information provided here may aid the development of effective prevention and control strategies for foodborne zoonoses.     

Food systems and the changing patterns of foodborne zoonoses

This paper discusses food-borne zoonotic diseases by considering contemporary influences on food safety and examining pathogens at the human/animal interface. The authors also discuss the epidemiological surveillance of food-borne illnesses and the differences in disease statistics from one country to another. Before concluding with a number of recommendations, the paper highlights the importance of a collaborative approach to the prevention and control of food-borne diseases and discusses the need to co-ordinate the efforts of international agencies working in human health, animal health and food production. A regional case study is also included, in which the authors describe the food-borne disease situation in Latin America, as reported by surveillance systems in this region.     

国内外食源性疾病防控的研究进展

食源性疾病是全球最突出的公共卫生问题之一,随着食品供应链的快速发展,其在全球各地的蔓延不仅危害人类健康,更造成了沉重的疾病负担,严重阻碍了社会发展,已成为重要的社会问题。随着预防医学与饮食文化的快速发展,国内外食源性疾病的防控研究也有了与时俱进的进展。不仅包括食源性疾病发展现状的描述性研究,还包括影响其流行的危险因素的分析性研究,以及疾病的干预性研究。本文主要就国内外食源性疾病的防控研究进行了综述。     

Epidemiologic surveillance for the prevention and control urban violence]

Violence prevention policies should be based on information, follow-up, research, and analysis, all of which increase the chances of success and make it easier to evaluate interventions. This implies, in turn, that there is a need to create surveillance, research, and prevention models for violence within the sphere of public health and epidemiology, a task that constitutes an integral part of the Pan American Health Organization's Regional Plan of Action Health and Violence. This article describes the objectives of epidemiologic surveillance systems and explains their purpose and scope, along with the barriers that stand in the way of their implementation. It also examines a number of variables and their definitions, the types of analyses and reports that should be generated, and the decisions that can be made on the basis of these reports. Finally, it discusses ethical criteria and describes the experiences of the program known as Desarrollo, Seguridad y Paz (DESEPAZ) in Cali and Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia, where an epidemiologic surveillance system against violence has been implemented.     

新发病毒性人畜共患传染病的影响因素、预防与控制

近年来，人畜共患传染病广泛地引起了世界的关注。2003年发生的严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）所产生的社会影响，是以往任何一种疾病所没有的；目前，正在发生的H5N1禽流感不断加深了对人与动物疾病相关联的理解。世界卫生组织（WHO）对人畜共患传染病的定义为：“这些疾病能在人类和非人类脊椎动物之间传播；这种传播常常有两种情况：一种是动物在自然界维持了基本的传播链，人类只是偶尔地受传染；另一种是人类和动物均接触共同的病源，如士壤、水、植物、非脊椎动物，动物在自然界并没有维持该病原体的生态传播链，但在不同程度上传播了该疾病。     

食源性疾病与食物中毒

  目的  分析2007 — 2016年海南省食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为有效防控食源性疾病暴发事件的发生提供科学依据。  方法  对2007 — 2016年海南省报告食源性疾病暴发事件,按照季度、地区、致病因素、发生场所等进行描述性分析。  结果  2007 — 2016年海南全省共报告食源性疾病暴发事件292起,发病3 435例,死亡9例,年均发病率8.03 %,年均病死率0.26 %;第三季节是高发季节,家庭是高发场所,主要由微生物引起,其中又以副溶血性弧菌最多;有毒海产品是导致死亡的主要原因;2011年发病率最低,2013年发病率最高,各年份间发病率差异有统计学意义（χ² = 570.50,P < 0.01）。  结论  海南省食品安全形势严峻,加强食品安全的宣传教育,制定针对性措施,有效预防和降低食源性疾病暴发。     

玉林市霍乱监测和防控措施

1961年至现在，玉林市共发生7起霍乱疫情，其中外源性霍乱6起。为全面了解和掌握玉林城区外环境水体霍乱弧菌的生存变化以及环境水体和水产品污染状况，为制定防控措施和策略提供科学依据，预防霍乱疫情的发生和流行，从1995年起在全市范围内建立了肠道门诊，2003年开展了霍乱全面监测。     

Surveillance and control of emerging zoonoses.

"Emerging zoonoses" are defined as zoonotic diseases caused either by apparently new agents, or by previously known microorganisms, appearing in places or in species in which the disease was previously unknown. New animal diseases with an unknown host spectrum are also included in this definition. Natural animal reservoirs represent a more frequent source of new agents of human disease than the sudden appearance of a completely new agent. Factors explaining the emergence of a zoonotic or potentially zoonotic disease are usually complex, involving mechanisms at the molecular level, such as genetic drift and shift, and modification of the immunological status of individuals and populations. Social and ecological conditions influencing population growth and movement, food habits, the environment and many other factors may play a more important role than changes at the molecular level. Diseases associated with changing farming practices, trade and consumer habits. Bacterial enteric diseases due to Salmonella enteritidis and Echerichia coli 0:157 are examples of diseases associated with changing farming practices and consumer habits. The increasing trade in live animals for animal production and research led to the introduction of the New World screwworm to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1989 and an Ebola-like virus in monkeys in quarantine facilities in the United States of America. The development of the epidemics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom is due to multiple factors including the increasing use of ruminant proteins as feed for animals. Diseases associated with changing environmental conditions which influence reservoirs, vectors and/or victim species population parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control of West Nile virus infection--United States

The introduction of West Nile (WN) virus in the northeastern United States during the summer and fall of 1999 raised the issue of preparedness of public health agencies to handle sporadic and outbreak-associated vector-borne diseases. In many local and state health departments, vector-borne disease capacity has diminished. Because it is unknown whether the virus can persist over the winter, whether it has already or will spread to new geographic locations, and the public health and animal health implications of this introduction, it is important to establish proactive laboratory-based surveillance and prevention and control programs to limit the impact of the virus in the United States. On November 8 and 9, 1999, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) cosponsored a meeting of experts representing a wide range of disciplines to review the outbreak and to provide input and guidance on the programs that should be developed to monitor WN virus activity and to prevent future outbreaks of disease. This report summarizes the guidelines established during this meeting.     

Laboratory reporting and disease surveillance.

Disease surveillance is an important tool which is used to identify diseases that are hazardous to public health. Historically, surveillance systems were created to capture physician reports of notifiable diseases. However, state evaluations of surveillance systems found inadequacies with systems based solely on physician reporting. To improve these systems, most state health departments have required reports of laboratory tests used to diagnose notifiable diseases. This article has a brief summary of the benefits and limitations of laboratory reporting.     

Emerging diseases, zoonoses and vaccines to control them

Vaccination, when available, is undoubtedly the most cost-effective means of preventing and controlling, and even eradicating, infectious diseases. In recent years vaccination has also been used for other purposes in animal health, production and welfare, e.g. immunocastration.Vaccination of animals serves many different purposes, such as controlling animal infections and infestations, thus improving animal health and welfare; controlling anthropozoonoses and food poisoning in humans, thereby protecting public health; solving problems associated with antibiotic and anthelmintic resistance; helping to leave food-producing animals free of chemical residues; protecting the environment and biodiversity and ensuring animal farming sustainability. The problem is nevertheless more complex when facing emerging or re-emerging infections particularly zoonotic ones.     

江苏省基层疾控机构食品检验检测能力现状分析

目的 调查、分析、评估江苏省苏南、苏北区域基层疾控系统食品检验能力现状,为江苏省基层疾控系统食品检验机构建设提供科学资料和建议。方法 抽样调查江苏省苏南、苏北2个行政区域共18家县（区）级疾病预防控制中心的食品检测能力以及人力资源状况,并与国家相关建设标准进行比较。结果 苏北、苏南区域18家县（区）级疾控中心开展食品检测项目总数分别为32~172和25~141项,2个区域开展食品类检测项目分别占项目总数的43.7%（38/87）~90.6%（29/32）和44.3%（47/106）~82.3%（52/64）,2个区域具有中级专业技术职称的食品检验人员比例分别为48%（93/195）和45%（81/178）,2个区域具有本科生学历的食品检验人员比例分别为50%（91/183）和48%（85/178）,2个区域A类项目达标率平均为32.5%（807/2 484）。结论 2个区域疾控系统食品检验能力建设较均衡,检验项目多集中在食品类,食品检验人员以中级和初级专业技术职称为主,学历水平则以本科生和大专生为主。