不同干预措施预防艾滋病母婴传播的效果研究

目的分析河南省对艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染孕产妇,采用不同干预措施预防母婴传播的效果。方法采用随访研究的方法,利用国家预防母婴传播干预(PMTCT)管理信息网络直报系统,以2004年1月至2012年12月确诊报告的863例HIV-1感染孕产妇及其所分娩的婴儿为研究对象,收集和整理孕产妇接受抗反转录病毒药物、安全助产和婴儿喂养指导等预防艾滋病母婴传播干预措施的实施服务情况,收集HIV感染孕产妇定期随访和婴儿的检测信息,掌握婴儿的HIV感染状态,分析干预措施对HIV母婴传播效果的影响。结果 HIV感染孕产妇所生的863名婴幼儿中,有47名感染HIV,艾滋病母婴传播率为5.45%。对不同方案的药物干预措施进行比较,联合、单一和未应用抗病毒药物的孕产妇,其母婴传播率分别为2.02%、3.16%、14.93%。在市、县、乡及以下助产机构分娩的感染孕产妇的母婴传播率分别为2.56%、4.44%和20.31%。孕早期(12孕周)接受艾滋病咨询检测服务的产妇,其母婴传播率低于孕中晚期(≥12孕周)产妇(3.08%、6.47%)(χ2=4.63,P0.01),人工喂养婴儿发生母婴传播率低于非人工喂养婴儿(4.84%、14.04%)(χ2=7.05,P0.01)。多因素分析表明,产妇孕早期接受艾滋病咨询检测服务[比值比(OR)=0.24,95%可信区间(CI):0.02~1.98],产妇孕早期服用抗病毒药物(OR=0.25,95%CI:0.09~0.69)、使用联合用药方案(OR=0.07,95%CI:0.02~0.28)、婴幼儿采取人工喂养(OR=0.16,95%CI:0.07~1.03),是PMTCT的保护因素。结论艾滋病母婴传播的不同干预措施有效降低了艾滋病母婴传播水平。     

2009-2020年丽水市孕产妇HIV感染情况调查及母婴传播干预效果分析北大核心CSCD

目的了解丽水市孕产妇HIV感染情况调查,分析艾滋病母婴传播人工阻断干预效果,为母婴HIV感染的防治提供科学依据。方法采用回顾性调查的方法对2009-2020年丽水市孕产妇HIV感染情况及阳性产妇所产婴儿的妊娠结局开展调查,对所有艾滋病阳性孕产妇采取综合性母婴传播阻断措施,并对所生婴儿开展长期随访。结果 2009-2020年孕产妇HIV抗体检测率为99.36%(276791/278560),HIV孕产感染阳性率为0.030%(84/278560)。已分娩孕产妇孕期阻断用药率79.31%(46/58)。活产新生儿人工喂养率91.5%(54/59),预防性抗病毒用药率91.5%(54/59)。40例满18个月儿童HIV抗体检测全部为阴性,长期阻断效果成功率100%。结论丽水市采取的艾滋病母婴传播阻断长期干预措施,简单易操作,效果显著。需加强孕产妇孕早期HIV抗体检测和预防性阻断用药,及早干预和阻断艾滋病母婴传播。     

24例感染HIV孕产妇的母婴阻断措施应用研究

目的 了解孕产妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,探索一条减少HIV母婴传播的有效途径.方法 为孕产妇提供免费咨询及HIV检测,对有生育意愿的HIV阳性孕妇采取综合性HIV母婴阻断措施.结果 为14 833名孕产妇提供免费咨询,咨询率为84.80%;为愿意接受免费检测服务的12 407名孕产妇提供HIV抗体检测,检测率70.93%,发现HIV阳性孕产妇24例,阳性率为0.19%;16名孕妇完成妊娠并产下16名婴儿,经综合性母婴阻断措施,16名婴儿HIV-DNA期诊断结果:15名为阴性,1名为阳性.结论 艾滋病病毒(HIV)可以在妇女妊娠、分娩或产后母乳喂养的过程中由感染孕、产妇传播给胎、婴儿;在儿童的HIV感染中,90%以上的感染是经母婴传播获得;采取综合性母婴阻断措施,能有效预防新生儿HIV感染.     

河南省孕产妇人群中HIV/AIDS流行情况及母婴传播预防与控制

目的 了解河南省开展预防艾滋病母婴传播干预工作以来,孕产妇人群中的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况及母婴传播情况. 方法 对河南省31个重点县产前保健的孕妇开展HIV自愿咨询与检测,对检测过程中发现的HIV抗体阳性孕产妇进行综合干预,对她们分娩的婴儿于12个月、18个月检测HIV抗体;对以往确认HIV抗体阳性且有生育能力的妇女提供随访服务,对发现的阳性孕产妇及其分娩的婴儿进行综合干预. 结果 自2001年到2006年12月底,共有763 514名孕产妇接受了HIV自愿咨询检测,发现742名阳性者,阳性率为0.10%;对既往HIV阳性的育龄妇女,随访中发现74名阳性孕产妇;共816名感染孕产妇中,经血液传播占80.01%,经性传播占12.13%,其他占7.86%;孕产妇的HIV抗体检测阳性率呈现逐年下降趋势,最高年份为0.54%,最低年份为0.06%.采取干预措施后,艾滋病母婴传播率为5.38%. 结论 在艾滋病疫情相对高发地区,通过开展HIV自愿咨询检测服务和对阳性孕产妇提供综合干预服务,可有效降低HIV母婴传播率,并可掌握当地孕产妇人群中HIV的感染状况.     

感染HIV的孕产妇预防艾滋病母婴传播服务需求与障碍分析

目的了解艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染孕产妇的预防艾滋病母婴传播服务需求与服务利用障碍。方法对某艾滋病高发地区,自2003年以来截至2004年10月发现并分娩的HIV感染孕产妇进行问卷调查。结果13.79%的孕产妇不愿意接受产前检查,5.17%的孕产妇不愿意住院分娩,怕歧视、担心检查和住院分娩费用高等是孕产妇不接受孕产期保健的主要原因;96.43%的孕产妇愿意本人和给孩子服用抗逆转录病毒药物预防艾滋病母婴传播,但只有87.50%的孕产妇服用了抗HIV药物,未服药的原因为临产急诊分娩,未得到检测结果,延误了孕产妇和婴儿的服药时机;89.29%的孕产妇希望其所生婴幼儿获得随访服务,但只有58.93%的婴幼儿得到过随访服务,其中51.52%的婴幼儿在出生后3个月内得到首次随访;怕别人知道自己的感染情况是不愿意接受随访的主要原因;近7%的孕产妇不愿意或不知道要给所生的婴幼儿进行HIV抗体检测。结论育龄妇女和孕产妇艾滋病检测不及时、非住院分娩、婴幼儿随访服务薄弱、经济负担、社会歧视等问题,是预防艾滋病母婴传播服务利用的主要障碍,预防艾滋病母婴传播综合能力亟待加强。     

HIV母婴传播阻断个性化综合干预措施效果分析

目的探索玉溪市红塔区2005年3月至2007年5月预防艾滋病母婴传播工作的运作模式,实施个性化综合干预措施,降低该地区艾滋病母婴传播发生率。方法在辖区内开展艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)工作,对确认艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的孕产妇及婚前检查人员实行专人管理,为HIV感染的孕产妇提供母婴阻断服务。结果孕产妇HIV检测率86.41%;孕产妇HIV阳性率为0.31%;对确认HIV感染的38例孕产妇(红塔区25例,外地转入13例)实施了个性化综合干预和阻断。婚前保健人群HIV阳性率0.31%。结论通过妇幼保健、医疗卫生机构、民政等多部门协作模式,早发现、早确诊HIV阳性病例,实施个性化综合干预措施,是降低HIV母婴传播的重要手段。     

1998-2006年广州市HIV感染孕产妇母婴传播干预情况分析

目的 了解广州市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染孕产妇母婴传播干预情况,为广州市预防HIV母婴传播工作提供科学依据和新思路.方法 对广州市1998-2006年孕产妇HIV监测随访资料进行回顾分析.结果 1998-2006年,广州市共发现72例HIV感染孕产妇,检出病例数年平均增长率为887.5%.72例孕产妇,广州市户籍占33.33%,流动人口占66.67%,平均年龄27.5岁,以性传播感染为主(56.94%).在HIV母婴传播干预方面,产前检出的病例74.42%接受了母婴干预服务,其中27.91%选择终止妊娠,46.51%选择继续妊娠.产后检出的病例60.87%接受了婴幼儿喂养指导.HIV感染孕产妇所生婴幼儿37%在访.结论 广州市HIV感染孕产妇的产前检出率有待提高,对母婴传播干预服务的配合情况有待改善;多种原因造成HIV感染孕产妇及其所生婴幼儿随访困难,失访严重.加强宣传、扩大监测、加强随访应成为广州市今后预防HIV母婴传播工作的重点.     

2009-2020年丽水市孕产妇HIV感染情况调查及母婴传播干预效果分析

目的了解丽水市孕产妇HIV感染情况调查,分析艾滋病母婴传播人工阻断干预效果,为母婴HIV感染的防治提供科学依据。方法采用回顾性调查的方法对2009-2020年丽水市孕产妇HIV感染情况及阳性产妇所产婴儿的妊娠结局开展调查,对所有艾滋病阳性孕产妇采取综合性母婴传播阻断措施,并对所生婴儿开展长期随访。结果 2009-2020年孕产妇HIV抗体检测率为99.36%(276791/278560),HIV孕产感染阳性率为0.030%(84/278560)。已分娩孕产妇孕期阻断用药率79.31%(46/58)。活产新生儿人工喂养率91.5%(54/59),预防性抗病毒用药率91.5%(54/59)。40例满18个月儿童HIV抗体检测全部为阴性,长期阻断效果成功率100%。结论丽水市采取的艾滋病母婴传播阻断长期干预措施,简单易操作,效果显著。需加强孕产妇孕早期HIV抗体检测和预防性阻断用药,及早干预和阻断艾滋病母婴传播。     

实施预防HIV母婴传播措施效果分析

目的了解实施预防艾滋病母婴传播措施对艾滋病病毒(HIV)母婴传播的影响。方法对实施干预试点地区阳性孕产妇及所生幼儿干预状况进行调查,调查幼儿出生时服药情况、喂养方式,及其母亲的分娩方式、服用抗病毒药物等情况,采用单因素χ2分析,比较干预组与未干预组幼儿HIV感染率的差异。结果实施综合干预措施组HIV母婴传播率为2.75%,没有采取任何干预措施组的母婴传播率为50.00%,两组间存在显著性差异。结论对HIV阳性孕产妇及所生婴儿及时服用抗病毒药物,并对婴儿实施纯人工喂养等措施,可有效降低HIV的母婴传播率。     

艾滋病高发地区预防HIV母婴传播项目实施效果分析

目的了解艾滋病高流行的4省（自治区）的6个县（市、区）,预防艾滋病病毒（HIV）母婴传播项目的实施效果。方法通过全国预防艾滋病母婴传播信息管理系统,收集2007年1月至2010年9月研究地区艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染孕产妇个案卡及其所生儿童的随访登记卡,分析预防HIV母婴传播干预措施落实情况及效果。结果2007-2010年,研究地区HIV感染孕产妇抗病毒药物应用比例和孕期抗病毒药物应用比例,分别从78.4%和27.8%增加至93.7%和78.8%（趋势χ2=17.636,P〈0.01;趋势χ2=76.835,P〈0.01）;HIV感染孕产妇应用三联抗病毒药物方案的比例自19.8%增加至89.9%（趋势χ2=161.757,P〈0.01）。满18月龄艾滋病感染孕产妇所生儿童接受HIV抗体检测比例为84.8%（318/375）,13例儿童抗体检测阳性,艾滋病母婴传播水平为4.1%（95%可信区间：2.98%-5.20%）。结论研究地区预防HIV母婴传播干预措施落实指标逐年提高,HIV母婴传播水平显著下降,孕产妇及早抗病毒用药以及儿童随访检测仍为工作中的薄弱环节。     

苏北农村地区艾滋病家庭内二代传播流行病学研究

目的为了解苏北农村地区艾滋病家庭内二代传播的流行病学规律,分析艾滋病家庭内二代传播的发生率、夫妻之间传播率和母婴垂直传播的发生率。方法对铜山县1998-2008年间报告的166例艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病例进行回顾性调查,选择其中的110例进行分析。结果110例因受血感染HIV的已婚者中,男性28例,女性82例;夫妻间二代病例21例,男性13例,女性8例,艾滋病家庭内夫妻二代传播发生率为19.09%。男性传给女性的发生率为28.57%,女性传给男性的发生率为15.85%,两者的差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.4,P0.05)。29名HIV抗体阳性的育龄妇女共生育活产婴幼儿33个,有6例确认HIV阳性,母婴传播发生率为18.18%。29名中11名妇女为感染HIV后生育,活产的15名婴儿中4名HIV阳性,母婴垂直传播发生率为26.67%;有18名是产后输血感染,活产18例婴幼儿均采取母乳喂养,有2例感染HIV,单纯母乳喂养造成的垂直传播发生率为11.11%。结论苏北农村地区艾滋病家庭内二代传播发生率较高,必须建立和完善艾滋病早期发现机制,遏制艾滋病向一般人群蔓延。     

福建省AIDS流行特征及趋势分析

目的分析福建省艾滋病病毒／艾滋病(HIV／AIDS)流行现状、特征、影响因素及趋势，为制定AIDS防治策略提供依据。方法对全省1987～2003年AIDS常规监测、高危人群哨点监测、流行病学调查及实验室资料进行分析。结果自1987年发现首例AIDS病人至2003年底，累计报告发现HIV抗体阳性者457例，其中AIDS病人155例，死亡110例。HIV感染者／AIDS病例主要分布在福州、泉州等沿海经济发达地区，从境外感染为主转向境内蔓延扩散，经异性性接触感染是福建省HIV传播的主要途径，并已出现母婴传播的病例。HIV-1E亚型是福建省主要流行株。结论福建省AIDS流行速度明显加快，在静脉吸毒人群中也存在流行的危险，应采取措施预防HIV从商危人群向一般人群传播，加大健康教育、行为干预和监测力度。     

HIV trends in African blood donors

OBJECTIVES: To assess trends over the last 12 years in HIV-1/HIV-2 seroprevalence among blood donors in African nations and to correlate trends with national AIDS policies, with the purpose of preventing future cases. METHODS: Using collated data of African seroepidemiologic studies published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, we established a best-fit linear trend, determined by regression analysis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 seroprevalence values for African blood donors against time, with adjustments for sample size of reported studies. RESULTS: Among 38 nations with sufficient data, 11 showed increases in HIV-1 seroprevalence, six showed decreases and 21 showed no significant changes. Decreases were seen primarily in nations with a high HIV-1 seroprevalence before 1989 (P<0.001, Chi-square). HIV-2 seroprevalence decreased in all nations where it was tested except Nigeria. There was a moderate correlation between decreases in HIV-1 and HIV-2 seroprevalence values (correlation coefficient = 0.39). No significant correlations between HIV policies and subsequent HIV-1 seroprevalence trends among blood donors and HIV patients were detected. CONCLUSIONS: A great disparity exists in trends in HIV-1 seroprevalence among African nations. HIV-2 seroprevalence is consistently decreasing throughout most of West Africa, the exception being Nigeria. The absence of any significant correlation between HIV seroprevalence trends and healthcare policies suggests that other factors are more influential than national policy in determining such trends and, by extrapolation, trends in AIDS prevalence.     

福建省MSM哨点监测HIV新近感染影响因素及分子流行特征研究

目的 了解福建省MSM人群HIV新近感染状况,探讨其分子流行特征和相关影响因素,为制定艾滋病防治策略提供科学依据。方法 对福建省2019年MSM哨点监测人群HIV抗体阳性样本采用HIV-1限制性抗原亲和力酶联免疫法(简称LAg-Avidity EIA)进行新近感染检测,用多因素Logistic回归分析其影响因素,通过RT-PCR扩增pol和gag区,利用系统进化树和HIV db Program 软件对序列进行基因亚型和耐药突变分析。结果 福建省2019年哨点监测MSM人群863人,其中总的HIV抗体阳性率为12.17%(105/863), HIV新近感染率为11.97%;Logistic回归分析显示,样本来源和最近6个月内同性肛交安全套使用频率是新近感染的影响因素;基因亚型以CRF07_BC(47.61%)和CRF01_AE(38.10%)为主,其次为CRF55-01B(9.52%)、B亚型(4.76%);HIV-1耐药率为6.67%(1/15),其中15例对蛋白酶类抑制剂、核苷类逆转录抑制剂均敏感; 1例对非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂efavirenz (EFV)和nevirapine (NVP)产生高度耐药, 1例为潜在耐药。结论 福建省2019年哨点监测MSM人群HIV新近感染率处于较高水平,多种亚型并存,发现原发耐药株传播,应加强对HIV新近感染者的分子流行特征变化趋势以及原发耐药传播的动态监测,及时调整防控策略,有效控制福建省艾滋病感染与传播。     

Correlates of women's knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and its prevention in Tanzania: a population-based study

Studies that explored women's knowledge on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and its prevention (PMTCT) in the general population are currently lacking. This paper examined factors associated with having adequate knowledge of MTCT of HIV and PMTCT among a nationally representative sample of women in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis including 10,299 women from the 2011–2012 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey. The outcome of interest was the presence of adequate knowledge on MTCT and PMTCT of HIV. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with having adequate knowledge on MTCT and PMTCT of HIV. Results revealed that the overall prevalence of having adequate knowledge on MTCT and PMTCT of HIV was low (46%). We found a statistically significant difference in the proportions of having adequate knowledge between HIV-negative and HIV-positive women (45% vs. 56%; p?相似文献   

吉林省高危人群艾滋病性病感染情况调查研究

目的了解全省高危人群艾滋病性病感染情况及其艾滋病知识知晓情况,以便对全省高危人群采取针对性的干预措施以预防和控制艾滋病的流行.方法在1999年8～12月对全省五种高危人群的HIV及性病感染情况进行了调查,同时采用匿名问卷对其进行了艾滋病知识情况的调查.结果在完成的4 153份匿名调查问卷当中,能够正确回答预防艾滋病方法的有1 950人,占全部调查对象的46.95%;在完成问卷调查的4 153名调查对象中,对4 113名研究对象进行了检测,共检出HIV感染者1人,HIV感染率为0.02%,该感染者为职业献血员;此五种高危人群除外性病门诊病人,共感染性病454例,感染率为14.57%.结论我省高危人群STD感染率较高,而艾滋病知识知晓率较低,今后应利用大众传媒加强对高危人群艾滋病相关知识的宣传,加强对有偿供血员的管理仍是今后预防艾滋病的工作重点.     

Risk factors for HIV/AIDS in a low HIV prevalence site of sub-Saharan Africa

We conducted a hospital-based survey on prevalence and risk factors of HIV-1/2 and other viral infections in Zanzibar archipelago. Blood samples, socio-demographic and behavioural data were collected from 2697 patients. The overall HIV prevalence was 2.9%. About 1.4%, 2.1%, 4.2% of antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees and 2.1%, 3.7%, 5.3% of blood donors were, respectively, HIV-Abs-, HTLV-Abs- and HBs-Ag-positive; 5.5% of blood donors were HCV-affected. Co-infections were rare. Exactly 3.4% of the children aged 6-10 years were HIV-positive. People aged 26-35 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.4, 95% CI (confidence interval) 1.72-11.22; P = 0.002], illiterate subjects (AOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.65-7.98; P = 0.001) mobile workers (AOR 7.0, 95% CI 1.41-34.62; P = 0.02) and previously operated patients (AOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.02-3.66; P = 0.04) were at higher risk for HIV/AIDS. Any of the examined factors were associated with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human T lymphotropic virus type 1/2 transmission. HIV/AIDS prevention strategies must primarily be addressed to traditional high-risk groups and secondarily to unsafe health care procedures in relatively preserved sub-Saharan areas.     

Immunological reactivities of Ghanaian sera with HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm

To learn more about the relative prevalence of viruses from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) groups in Ghana, serum samples were collected in 1986 from 47 men and women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC), 57 apparently healthy individuals, and 11 AIDS-free hospital inpatients. Western blot analysis revealed a total of 46 reactive sera. 43 of the 47 serum samples from those with AIDS or ARC were positive; 6 were seropositive for HIV-1, 18 for HIV-2, 17 for both HIV-1 and HIV-2, and the remaining 2 were not reactive with glycoproteins. Of the 2/10 individuals with mild symptoms of HIV infection who proved to be seropositive, 1 was positive for HIV-2 and 1 for HIV-1 and HIV-2. There were no seropositive reactions among the AIDS-free hospital patients, and only 1 such reaction (seropositive for HIV-2) among the healthy individuals. These findings indicate that both HIV-1 (6 cases in this series) and HIV-2 (20 cases) are responsible for the development of AIDS in Ghana, and that there is a high prevalence (18 cases) of cross-reactivity between the 2 viruses. There was no evidence of SIV infection. Further research is needed to determine whether these findings are a result of cross-reactivity between envelope proteins of HIV-1 and HIV-2, double infection of AIDS patients, or infection with a new variant strain. Since prostitutes comprised 25 of the 47 AIDS/ARC patients and 6 of the 10 with mild symptoms of HIV infection, they are an important target for preventive efforts.     

HIV and syphilis infection among elderly people in northwest Ethiopia

The prevalence of HIV has been continually increasing both in urban and rural Ethiopia. As yet, there has been no report on the magnitude of the problem in the elderly and rural population. This study assessed the seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis infection among 706 elderly and predominantly rural subjects in Northwest Ethiopia. Socio-demographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Venous blood was collected and the serostatus of HIV and that of syphilis were checked by ELISA and RPR, respectively. The total HIV-1 seroprevalence was 5% (35/706). Sex-specific prevalences of HIV for males and females were 5.6 and 4.7% respectively. A 4.2% difference in prevalence was observed by area of residence, which was statistically significant, P = 0.018. Only 6% of subjects positive for syphilis were also positive for HIV, while 4.9% of subjects negative for syphilis were positive for HIV. The data indicates that the prevalence of HIV among elderly people in Northwest Ethiopia was high. This indicates the importance of involving the elderly in HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs.     

HIV-1 seroprevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among first-time psychiatric admissions in Uganda

This study investigated HIV seroprevalence and it's correlates among patients with first-time psychiatric admissions to two national referral hospitals in urban Kampala, Uganda. A structured standardised evaluation was used to assess patients for: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV psychiatric diagnosis, socio-demographics, sexual behaviour and HIV status (for those HIV-positive, CDC classification and CD4 cell counts). The HIV-1 seroprevalence was 18.4% (95% CI, 13.8-23.0%). Factors that were independently associated with HIV-1 seropositivity were female gender and older age (41+years) and after adjusting for sex and age group, the nature of the current episode (highest among those with first episode of mental illness) and psychiatric diagnoses (highest in the organic affective disorders and delirium, lowest in those with bipolar affective disorder and psychotic syndromes). These results demonstrate that the prevalence of HIV is high among patients with severe mental illness in Africa and that HIV/AIDS adds to the burden of mental illness in high HIV prevalence countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Both HIV care programmes and psychiatric care clinics should be made aware of the frequent association of HIV infection and mental illness, and adopt important diagnostic and care elements of these complementary disciplines in the training and the day-to-day work of clinicians, nurses and counsellors.