CO_2冷风机性能测试实验研究

本文搭建了测试CO_2冷风机性能的实验台,在直接膨胀供液系统和泵供液系统下,通过改变传热温差、库温、循环倍率、迎面风速等参数来研究CO_2冷风机的性能。结果表明:在直接膨胀供液系统中,随着蒸发温度的降低,传热系数和制冷量均呈减小的趋势,蒸发温度从-22℃降低到-47℃时,传热系数从20.2 W/(m2·K)降低到16.6 W/(m2·K),制冷量从7.5 k W降低到6 k W;在泵供液系统中,随着循环倍率的增加,传热系数呈现先增大,达到最大值后缓慢减小的趋势,当循环倍率为3时,传热系数达到最大值,以库温为-20℃时为例,当循环倍率从1增大到3,传热系数增大约13.2%,循环倍率继续增大时,传热系数开始下降,增大到5时,换热系数下降至2%左右。当迎面风速从2.2 m/s变化至2.5 m/s时,传热系数仅增加了2.12%;但迎面风速从2.5m/s变化至3.2 m/s时,增幅为11.4%;当迎面风速从3.2 m/s变化至3.5 m/s时,传热系数增长幅度又变缓,仅增加了0.88%。     

CO_2冷风机换热性能仿真及实验研究

本文利用稳态分布参数法对冷风机建立仿真模型,并利用冷风机性能实验台对冷风机样机进行实验研究,利用实验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,对冷风机换热性能进行分析研究。在校准箱内温度为-25~0℃范围内,循环倍率在2~5范围内变化时,冷风机总换热系数随着校准箱温度的升高而增大;制冷工质为CO_2时冷风机的制冷量明显高于制冷工质为NH_3时,在校准箱内温度为0℃时高42%,-20℃时高26%;管内侧压降随着循环倍率的增大而增大;换热系数随着循环倍率的增大先增大后逐渐减小,在循环倍率为3左右时,换热系数达到最大。仿真结果与测试结果趋势相同,但存在一定误差。模拟计算得出NH_3换热系数值与测试结果的误差约为16%,CO_2换热系数值与测试结果的误差约为8%。     

冷库冷风机传热性能的实验研究

本文对冷风机稳定运行时的性能进行了实验研究,按照ASHRAE标准搭建了冷风机实验室,研究了冷风机的性能随库温、传热温差、循环倍率等因素的变化。结果表明：传热温差为10 ℃,循环倍率为3时,冷风机传热性能随库温的升高而提高,当库温从-34 ℃升至10 ℃时,传热系数由16 W/(m2?℃)增至18.8 W/(m2?℃),增幅达17.5%;循环倍率为3时,随着传热温差由6 ℃增至10 ℃,传热系数变化幅度较小,测试工况范围中的最大变化幅度为4.9%,库温为-25 ℃时,传热系数变化区间为16.8~17.63 W/(m2?℃),库温为-10 ℃时,传热系数变化区间为18.1~18.43 W/(m2?℃);随着循环倍率的升高,冷风机的传热系数随之升高。     

泵供液式冷风机性能模拟与实验研究

本文建立了不同流程分布的冷风机模型,对各流程分布冷风机性能进行了模拟研究;采用泵供液式制冷量测试法,对以R717为工质的最优流程分布冷风机进行了性能测试。研究表明,单排管双流程布管方式能够使冷风机的性能最优;存在使冷风机制冷量最大的泵送比,在蒸发温度-25℃工况下,当泵送比为3.5时,冷风机的制冷量最大,为44.3 k W;随着蒸发温度的升高,冷风机的传热系数逐渐增大,当蒸发温度为-25℃时,传热系数为27.4 W/(m~2·K),当蒸发温度为0℃时,传热系数为34.4W/(m~2·K),提高了25.5%;随着蒸发温度的升高,冷风机的制冷量逐渐增大,当蒸发温度为-25℃时,制冷量为44.3 k W,当蒸发温度为0℃时,制冷量为64.3 k W,增大了45.15%。采用泵供液式制冷量测试法,测得在不同实验工况下,冷风机制冷量实验值比模拟值低5%左右,验证了冷风机模型的正确性。     

风速对不同流程数CO2蒸发器性能的影响

为研究迎面风速对不同流路数CO₂翅片管蒸发器性能的影响,本文建立分布参数模型对蒸发温度为-25℃,风速为0.5～4 m/s条件下5种流路数CO₂翅片管蒸发器的制冷剂压降、换热量、温度分布及传热系数的变化进行分析,并通过实验验证了蒸发器模型的可靠性。蒸发器模型的换热量、制冷剂压降和风侧压降等参数模拟值与相同工况下实验值的误差均在±4%以内。结果表明:同一流路数蒸发器的换热量、制冷剂压降及传热系数均随风速的增大而增大,而其涨幅随风速增大而减小,综合考虑换热效果和能耗可得最佳风速范围为2.5～3.5 m/s;在一定风速条件下,蒸发器设计时在合理范围内选择较多流路数可有效提升蒸发器换热性能并增强换热均匀性,本次实验中24流路蒸发器为最佳设计方案。     

两组冷风机并联的重力再循环蒸发器运行特性实验

针对传统重力再循环制冷系统冷量损失的问题,采用两组冷风机并联的方式,减小供液高度,将气液分离器放置在冷库内部并采用卧式的形式。实验研究了不同库温和不同冷凝温度下蒸发器的各种运行特性。结果表明:随冷凝温度的降低,传热温差上升速率加快,在冷凝温度为45℃,40℃,35℃,30℃时,上升速率分别为2. 47%,4. 4%,4. 5%,4. 9%。传热系数随库温及冷凝温度的降低有增长趋势且增长幅度减慢。当循环倍率从3增加到3. 5,库温-30℃工况下传热系数增加率最为明显为7. 01%,采用两组冷风机并联的重力再循环制冷系统蒸发器的运行性能得到了提高,且在低库温下性能更好。     

环境参数对蒸发式冷却换热器性能影响的实验研究

本文利用由焓差室控制环境参数的水-水蒸发式冷却换热器实验台,研究喷淋密度、迎面风速和环境参数对其传热传质性能的影响。当改变喷淋密度和迎面风速时,测得最佳喷淋密度为0.031 4 kg/(m·s),最佳迎面风速为3.22 m/s;在最佳喷淋密度和最佳迎面风速的条件下,改变环境参数,测得湿球温度从22℃上升至28℃时,总传热系数降低约4.2%,传质系数降低约9.3%;相对湿度从85%降低至55%时,总传热系数上升约10%,传质系数上升约13.7%。     

蒸发式冷凝器传热传质性能研究

建立单级压缩制冷循环蒸发式冷凝器实验台,研究逆流状态下,迎面风速和喷淋密度对传热传质的性能影响。通过调节水泵和风机的频率改变风水量的配比关系,得出蒸发式冷凝器的传热传质性能变化情况。分析数据得出,当迎面风速为2.96 m/s,喷淋密度为0.057 kg/(m·s)时,总传热系数达最优值628 W/(m2·K),传质系数随风速的增大而增大,随喷淋密度的变化不明显。此外,通过实验数据回归得到传质系数计算关联式。     

CO_2/R290应用于复叠制冷低温环路浓度配比实验研究

在复叠制冷实验台上对由CO_2/R290组成的不同配比的二元混合制冷剂进行了低温循环性能实验.实验结果表明,随着CO_2含量增大,二元混合物的压比减小,制冷量增大,耗功减少,COP增加,制冷速率增大.但随着CO_2含量增大,二元混合物的排气温度也升高,当CO_2在混合物中的组分达到71%时,蒸发温度为-61℃时,压缩机的排气温度接近115℃.因此,混合物中CO_2含量不宜超过71%.混合物中R290降低了CO_2凝固点温度,同时也降低了CO_2较高的冷凝压力,对扩展CO_2在低温区域的应用很有益处.     

磁力泵驱动两相冷却复合制冷系统特性分析和实验研究

为降低数据中心制冷系统的能耗,搭建了一种磁力泵驱动的两相冷却复合制冷装置,并对其进行了实验研究。结果表明,室外温度15℃时,泵循环模式的EER随冷凝器迎面风速先增大后减小,当风速为1 m/s时EER获得最大值。在热负荷为7.3 k W条件下,实验获得了两种运行模式的最佳转换温度;最后以哈尔滨和石家庄地区为例,模拟计算出泵驱动模式的全年最佳运行时间比。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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