纯电动汽车超低温热泵型空调系统性能试验研究

为解决超低温工况下,纯电动汽车普通热泵空调系统压缩机排气温度过高、制热性能衰减严重,导致系统无法正常供热的突出问题,本文结合现有的低温热泵循环技术和汽车空调系统特点,提出了一种混气型纯电动汽车热泵空调系统,并设计搭建了混气型纯电动汽车热泵空调系统试验台,通过实验对其系统性能进行深入研究。试验结果表明:车外环境温度为10℃时的工况下,该系统制热量较电动汽车普通热泵空调系统制热量提升20%左右;车外环境温度为-20℃时的超低温工况下,压缩机排气温度可控制在60℃以下,系统EER在1.5左右。     

热气旁通技术在纯电动客车热泵低温制热中的应用

通过将热气旁通装置加装在纯电动客车热泵上,并在低温工况(室外-15℃/室内-5℃)下进行了制热性能试验研究,得出:制热量、功率、排气温度及出风温度等系统参数均随热气旁通装置阀开度的增大而下降,该装置在一定范围内可避免低压过低引起的压机频繁启停或者低压保护停机,可使纯电动客车热泵在较低温环境中依然可以稳定运行制热,扩大热泵系统的工作范围。此外,还提出了热气旁通装置的初步控制方法。     

适用于-20℃环境的CO_2汽车热泵系统的开发及性能测试

开发CO_2跨临界汽车热泵,是解决R134a汽车热泵在低温环境下制热量不足、无法正常工作问题的有效措施。本文理论分析了影响CO_2汽车热泵性能的关键因素,在最低为-20℃的环境温度下实验研究了CO_2汽车热泵的性能。结果表明:开发的CO_2汽车热泵系统在低温环境下稳定运行,具有较好的制热性能;在相同压缩机转速条件下,室内进风温度对制热COP(COP_h)影响更大,室外环境温度对制热量影响更大;在-20℃环境冷启动工况下COP_h可达到3.15、制热量为3.6 k W;进风(Tg,a,in)和出风(Tg,a,out)温度分别为20℃和40℃时,COP_h最低为1.72。因此,与R134a相比,CO_2车用热泵系统的低温制热性能有显著的优势,该系统在电动汽车上具有较好的应用潜力。     

电动汽车热泵空调系统冬季采暖性能实验研究

本文通过实验研究了电动汽车三换热器热泵空调系统在冬季运行时的采暖性能,研究分析了压缩机在不同转速(2 000～5 000 r/min)下,室内外环境温度和相对湿度对系统内压缩机排气特性、汽车HVAC总成出风温度和COP等系统性能参数的影响。结果表明:较高的压缩机转速使出风温度和制热量明显上升,但系统COP有所降低;当保持压缩机转速不变时,环境温度每升高5℃时,制热量升高9%～22%,出风温度上升6～9℃,COP上升7%～11%;室外相对湿度由40%增至80%时,制热量增加了15%～20%,出风温度上升2～3℃,COP上升6%～9%。     

CO_2车用热泵空调系统技术研发及性能提升

本文研发了一套CO_2跨临界车用热泵空调系统,该系统采用CO_2车用电动压缩机、微通道换热器、电子膨胀阀等关键部件,克服了CO_2车用热泵空调系统高压和高排气温度的技术挑战。实验研究了系统充注量对CO_2车用热泵空调系统性能、循环特征及膨胀阀开度的影响。提出在热泵模式下将室内换热器串联来提高高压侧的换热能力,并实验验证了该方法对车用热泵空调系统性能的提升作用。结果表明:相比于单一气冷器,采用串联气冷器的车用热泵空调系统的制热量和COP_h分别提升了17%～31%和20%～33%;该系统在-20℃全新风环境下,出风温度可达40.4℃,COP_h为1.8。因此该系统能够满足电动汽车在低温环境下的乘客舒适性和整车负荷需求,且在制热能效方面优势显著。     

R290电动汽车热泵空调性能实验研究

本文搭建了带水环路的R290电动汽车热泵空调实验台,研究了不同工况下系统的制冷性能和制热性能。实验结果表明:35℃常规制冷工况时,压缩机转速从1 800r/min增加6 600r/min,系统制冷量从1 789W提升至4 027W,而系统COP从3.65下降至1.82;45℃高温制冷工况时,压缩机转速从2 700 r/ min增加到4 500 r/min, 系统制冷量从1 973 W提升至3 031 W,而系统COP从2.10下降至1. 88;在-20 ℃/20 ℃低温制热工况.压缩机转速6 000 r/min时,系统制热量为2 911 W ,对应的系统COP为1.80;在-25 ℃/20 ℃低温制热工况、压缩机转3600r/min时,对应的系统制热量为1 658 W、系统COP为2.16。同时发现采用水环路的系统形式,提高了系统的安全可靠性,但与常规循环系统相比,系统性能存在-定程度的衰减,制冷量衰减300~500 W。制热量衰减200~400 W。     

电动汽车热泵系统低温工况的制热性能实验研究

为研究低温时电动汽车热泵空调系统的制热性能,本文通过搭建空气源热泵空调系统实验台,实验研究了电动汽车热泵空调系统在环境温度为-10~0℃的低温工况下的制热性能,分析了压缩机转速(2000~5000 r/min)、HVAC总成进风量(300~400 m^3/h)和环境温度对该热泵系统性能的影响,最后通过推导公式,估算电动汽车在使用空调系统后的续航里程。实验结果表明:随着压缩机转速的增加,压缩机排气温度、排气压力和系统制热量均增加,而COP下降;当保持压缩机转速和环境温度不变时,HVAC总成进风量从300 m^3/h增至400 m^3/h,制热量增加约13.3%~26.0%,COP增加约0.03~0.80;在其他条件不变时,当环境温度从-10℃升至0℃,热泵空调系统的制热量增加约60.9%~71.0%,COP增加约0.51~0.63;通过公式进行计算,当环境温度为-10~0℃时,在达到相同制热量条件下,热泵空调系统可在PTC加热器的基础上使续航里程提高13.5%~20.8%。     

节能除湿型热泵空调机的性能研究

研究了进水温度、进风工况对节能除湿型热泵空调机性能的影响,实验结果表明:(1)在除湿模式下,进风工况对机组的制冷量、除湿量、压缩机功耗及其COP的影响比进水温度的影响要明显。(2)在热泵模式下,进水温度对机组的制热量、出风干球温度、压缩机功耗及其COP的影响比进风工况的影响要明显。     

基于太阳能光伏光热组件的双热源热泵机组的实验研究

本文基于太阳能光伏光热一体化系统,设计出应用太阳能光伏光热及空气源的双热源热泵机组。使热泵与太阳能光伏光热组件结合组成太阳能热泵系统,利用太阳能光伏光热组件(PV/T)内循环水及空气源的能量制取生活热水,同时降低太阳能光伏光热组件内循环水的温度,从而降低太阳能光伏板的温度。通过实验测得机组在水冷蒸发侧进水温度20℃,热水出水温度50℃的额定工况下,制冷量为2.855 k W,制热量为3.594 k W,COP为3.6。机组在水-水工况及水-风工况下运行的节能性研究结果表明,相对于单一空气源热泵,双热源热泵机组在满足家庭用生活热水需求的前提下,利用热泵技术回收太阳能光伏光热的热量制取生活热水节能性显著。     

电动汽车热泵空调系统低温制热性能及优化

热泵空调系统在满足电动汽车冬季供暖需求方面发挥了重要作用。本文采用新型低GWP值的R1234yf为制冷剂?对电动汽车热泵空调系统在－20~7 ℃环境下的低温制热性能进行了测试?对电动汽车冬季热负荷进行标定,并且与制冷剂R134a进行了对比,研究了系统制冷剂充注量、制热量、COP和排气温度的变化,同时对系统各部件火用损失进行了分析计算并根据结果 确定系统优化方向。结果表明:该系统最佳制冷剂充注量为1406g,制热量与COP在大部分工况下达到2kW与18以上,能够满足低温制热需求;R1234yf 直接替代R134a时,系统制热量与COP比R134a系统低71％与66％,系统的排气温度比R134a平均低53 ℃,系统工作更稳定可靠;热泵空调系统内冷凝器与压缩机的火用损失占系统总火用损的80％以上,是重点优化方向;增大内部冷凝器换热面积、增大风量、提高压缩机转速可显著提升R1234yf系统制热性能,使之与R134a系统的制热性能相比大约相等或者更高。     

比热测试技术进展

物质的热容测试对热分析数据有着重要影响,也是物质本身固有属性的重要表征特性,因此热容的测定得到越来越多人的关注。本文通过介缉连续测试热容法、阶梯测试热容法、液体热容测试法和滴落测试热容法等多种热容测试方法,展示了热容测试技术的发展及改进。     

Contributions to the heat capacity of alpha (HCP) titanium from 200–1000 K

The heat capacity at constant pressure C _p of alpha (HCP) titanium from 200 to 1000 K has been analyzed for contributions from lattice vibrations and electron excitations. Experimental data in the literature have been used to obtain the heat capacity at constant volume C _V by the dilation correction. From C _V has been subtracted an harmonic lattice contribution C _VH given by the Debye heat capacity using a single Debye temperature and an electronic contribution C _VE . The difference C _V –(C _VH +C _VE ) is positive, and from about 600 to 1000 K it is real in the sense that it is larger than the experimental uncertainty in C _V . This difference is attributed to an anharmonic lattice vibration contribution C _VA . Two models for C _VE have been used. One, which includes electron-phonon enhancement, leads to a C _VA of about 15% of C _V at 1000 K. The other takes into account the shift in the density of states with temperature and leads to a C _VA of about 5% of C _V      

Probabilistic capacity models and seismic fragility estimates for RC columns subject to corrosion

In this paper, probabilistic drift and shear force capacity models are developed for corroding reinforced concrete (RC) columns. The developments represent a merger between a probabilistic model for chloride-induced corrosion, a time-dependent corrosion rate, and previously developed probabilistic models for drift and shear force capacity of pristine (undamaged) RC columns. Fragility estimates are obtained for an example corroding column by applying the developed models at given shear and drift demands. Model uncertainties in both the capacity and corrosion models are considered in the fragility estimation, in addition to uncertainties in environmental conditions, material properties, and structural geometry. Sensitivity analyses of the corroding RC column are carried out to identify the parameters to which the reliability of the example column is most sensitive. The developed models consider different combinations of chloride exposure condition, environmental oxygen availability, water-to-cement ratios, and curing conditions. They are applicable to both existing and new RC columns and may be employed for the prediction of service-life and life-cycle cost analysis of RC structures.     

Model to determine the backup capacity of a wafer foundry

Foundry companies are very concerned about fully utilizing equipment and increasing productivity because of the rapid depreciation and large investments made in equipment. Factory output is limited by its bottleneck machine. If a discrepancy exists between the planned and actual product mix, a new machine will become the bottleneck and will have a strong impact on the capacity. All famous foundry companies, such as TSMC, UMC, and others, implement backup solutions to such problems. However, the level of protective capacity at the non-bottleneck workstations strongly affects production performance. Therefore, the backup quantity should be well managed. Accordingly, a backup capacity determination model is presented in two parts: the Backup Capacity Determination Model (BCDM) and the Performance Evaluation Model (PEM). The concept of protective capacity is applied to determine the backup capacity in the BCDM. The determination of protective capacity is based on the statistical fluctuation of factors that include machine downtime and unreasonable queuing time in front of the non-bottleneck workstations. The PEM applies queuing theory and Little's Law to evaluate the effects of the backup capacity exceeding the backup capacity on throughput, work in process and the cycle time of the backup factory. A backup capacity determination model provides important information, so that managers have access to a sufficient and reliable reference when confronted with a problem that involves backup capacity.     

Optimising resource portfolio planning for capital-intensive industries under process-technology progress

This paper addresses the problem of resource portfolio planning of firms in high-tech, capital-intensive manufacturing industries. In light of the strategic importance of resource portfolio planning in these industries, we offer an alternative approach to modelling capacity planning and allocation problems that improves the deficiencies of prior models in dealing with three salient features of these industries, i.e. fast technological obsolescence, volatile market demand, and high capital expenditure. This paper first discusses the characteristics of resource portfolio planning problems including capacity adjustment and allocation. Next, we propose a new mathematical programming formulation that simultaneously optimises capacity planning and task assignment. For solution efficiency, a constraint-satisfied genetic algorithm (CSGA) is developed to solve the proposed mathematical programming problem on a real-time basis. The proposed modelling scheme is employed in the context of a semiconductor testing facility. Experimental results show that our approach can solve the resource portfolio planning problem more efficiently than a conventional optimisation solver. The overall contribution is an analytical tool that can be employed by decision makers responding to the dynamic technological progress and new product introduction at the strategic resource planning level.     

上海某商业办公大楼空调系统增容改造

根据某商业办公大楼集中空调的运行状况及存在问题，分析相关问题症结，提出相应的改造措施，并对系统改造后的运行效果进行了总结。     

Contributions to the heat capacity of solid molybdenum in the range 300–2890 K

An analysis has been made of contributions to the heat capacity of Mo, with a special examination of the effect of the formation of vacancies near the melting point. Literature values of the heat capacity at constant pressure C _P were fitted to a polynomial. Using recent measurements of the velocity of sound at high temperature and literature data of the coefficient of expansion, the dilation correction was made to C _P to obtain the heat capacity at constant volume C _V . This heat capacity was taken to consist only of independent contributions from electron excitations (C _VE), harmonic lattice vibrations (C _VH), anharmonic lattice vibrations (C _VA), and the formation of vacancies (C _VV). Three models of C _VE (free electron, band theory, and electron-photon) have been used to calculate the electronic contribution, and an examination of the results indicates that the electron-phonon model is the best. C _VH is assumed to be given by the Debye model, with a single Debye temperature. Thus, the excess heat capacity C _VEX= C _V -C _VE -C _VH is taken as equal to (C _VA +C _VV ), where C _VA is linear with temperature (C _VA=A T), and we have fitted the values of C _VEX to determine the values of A and the energy and entropy of formation of vacancies which give the best fit. The anharmonic contribution is positive. The energy of vacancy formation is 100,000 J · mol^–1, in agreement with estimates by Kraftmakher from C _P data. The entropy of formation is 11.6 J · mol^–1 · K^–1. The concentration of vacancies at the melting point (2890 K) is calculated to be 6.3%.     

Periodical capacity setting methods for make-to-order multi-machine production systems

The paper presents different periodical capacity setting methods for make-to-order, multi-machine production systems with stochastic customer required lead times and stochastic processing times to improve service level and tardiness. These methods are developed as decision support when capacity flexibility exists, such as, a certain range of possible working hours a week for example. The methods differ in the amount of information used whereby all are based on the cumulated capacity demand at each machine. In a simulation study the methods’ impact on service level and tardiness is compared to a constant provided capacity for a single and a multi-machine setting. It is shown that the tested capacity setting methods can lead to an increase in service level and a decrease in average tardiness in comparison to a constant provided capacity. The methods using information on processing time and customer required lead time distribution perform best. The results found in this paper can help practitioners to make efficient use of their flexible capacity.     

CaCl2和LiBr混合盐溶液除湿性能实验研究

为降低溶液除湿系统的生产成本及运行能耗,本文针对基于新型混合盐溶液的溶液除湿设备进行实验研究,构建溶液除湿系统及测试平台,以溴化锂（LiBr）和氯化钙（CaCl2）为混合盐溶液工作介质,对溶液除湿系统除湿模块进出口空气参数、再生模块进出口空气参数、系统功耗等进行测试,分析其除湿能力、制冷能力和除湿性能系数。根据混合盐溶液的初投资及工作性能,以溶液除湿系统全寿命周期的总费用作为衡量溶液综合性价比的指标,进行对比计算,结果表明：采用3:1的LiBr和CaCl2混合盐溶液除湿系统的综合性价比最高,总费用最高可降低14.5%。     

现场发泡夹心墙平面外抗震性能模型试验与数值试验研究

为研究现场发泡夹心墙平面外抗震性能,寻求改善墙体抗震性能的有效手段,制作了7 片现场发泡夹心墙和1 片实心墙,进行了平面外的抗震性能模型试验和数值试验研究。对比分析表明,现场发泡夹心墙的破坏形态、承载力、变形能力和协调变形能力等二者均较好吻合,相互验证了二者的有效性。研究结果表明梁挑耳对内外页墙体具有较大的协调变形能力,塑料钢筋拉接件可以起到对开裂墙体支撑或拉结的作用,有效防止墙面倒塌掉落。变形性能分析结果表明现场发泡夹心墙的耗能能力较大、延性系数较高,并且具有良好的协调变形能力。