海湾潮流运动的三维数值模拟研究

针对平面二维数学模型在预测分层流等方面的不足,考虑到海湾岸线和海底地形的复杂性,采用非结构网格上的有限体积法建立了海湾潮流运动的三维数学模型。模型垂向采用σ坐标,动量方程求解考虑地球自转科氏力。数学模型求解采用显式差分技术,采用CFL数作为迭代计算的收敛控制条件。以深圳大鹏湾为例,采用三维数学模型计算了典型大潮、小潮条件下的水动力场。对不同潮型下的潮流流速、流向进行了验证,对湾内的潮流流场进行了分析。结果表明:三维数值计算结果和实测数据符合较好,证实了三维数学模型的可靠性。     

正交曲线网格在导流明渠模拟中的应用

由于在天然河道中修建导流明渠后,过流边界比较复杂,建立数学模型时划分网格难度较大,因此对于明渠水流的数值模拟研究尚不多见.采用非结构三角形网格能较好地划分复杂的计算区域,但对于导流明渠这类人工开挖的规则边界,地形插值后在渠道边坡上形成锯齿状地形,导致边界附近的水流模拟失真.采用局部连续的正交曲线网格划分计算区域,同时保证网格的贴体与良好的正交性,且能较精确地模拟人工开挖边坡,保证计算的稳定性与精度.建立了用于模拟导流明渠流场的平面二维水流数学模型,采用有限差分法求解水深积分方程.数值模拟结果与物理模型测量结果吻合较好,表明建立的数学模型能合理地模拟明渠内的水流.     

正交曲线网格在导流明渠模拟中的应用

由于在天然河道中修建导流明渠后,过流边界比较复杂,建立数学模型时划分网格难度较大,因此对于明渠水流的数值模拟研究尚不多见.采用非结构三角形网格能较好地划分复杂的计算区域,但对于导流明渠这类人工开挖的规则边界,地形插值后在渠道边坡上形成锯齿状地形,导致边界附近的水流模拟失真.采用局部连续的正交曲线网格划分计算区域,同时保证网格的贴体与良好的正交性,且能较精确地模拟人工开挖边坡,保证计算的稳定性与精度.建立了用于模拟导流明渠流场的平面二维水流数学模型,采用有限差分法求解水深积分方程.数值模拟结果与物理模型测量结果吻合较好,表明建立的数学模型能合理地模拟明渠内的水流.     

三维水沙数值模拟中紊流随机理论应用初探

在平面上采用一般曲线坐标,在垂向上采用σ-坐标变换,用模式分裂法求解自由面水位,采用窦国仁紊流随机理论[1]构建紊流随机模型下的水流泥沙三维数学模型,采用有限体积法离散方程,并针对水工构筑物附近水流运动特点,采用动水压力校正法求解耦合的压力和速度场,在泥沙起动流速里考虑了垂向流速的影响,把计算结果与试验结果及基于Boussinesq假设的紊流模型计算结果进行了对比,表明在同等计算条件下,基于紊流随机理论的紊流模型有更精确的模拟效果,能较好的反映三维水流泥沙的运动和输移情况。     

波浪和风对伶仃洋盐度输移影响的三维数值模拟研究

水流、波浪、风是河口区常见的动力因素,对影响河口盐度场分布的径流、潮汐、波浪、风力因素进行了综合考虑,将水平正交曲线变换和垂向σ坐标变换相结合,建立复杂边界条件下伶仃洋三维盐度数学模型,其中的波浪要素采用第三代波浪模式SWAN计算。在采用实测资料对模型进行验证后,通过对不同因素组合下伶仃洋三维盐度场的模拟,探讨了风和波浪对其盐度空间分布的影响。     

三维过坝水流数值模拟

三维过坝水流是一种具有自由表面的临界流动，即使在势流假设下，因其非线性强，数值求解时也会遇到较大困难，目前尚未见到有效势流解法。本文提出一种正交调和变换法，可方便地采用笔者曾提出的自由表面位移理论，同步解出待定的自由表面位置和未知能头（或流量）。算例表明，该三维过坝水流的计算方法是成功的，计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

河道拦沙坝对水流影响的数值模拟研究

河道拦沙坝附近的水流流态复杂,且行洪期受泥沙影响较大.河道拦沙坝对水流的影响可以通过三维水流数值计算进行分析.以某水道的拦沙坝的数学模型为计算实例,通过数值模拟出了该区域的三维流场分布,分析了拦沙坝对河道水流的流速和流场的影响特性.计算结果表明,拦沙坝对河道流场影响较大,最明显的区域为拦沙坝密集区附近,并且形成较大的涡流,对拦沙作用具有双重影响特性.     

大江河口三维非线性斜压水流盐度数学模型

本文建立了河口三维非线性斜压水汉盐度数学模型，该模型通过σ坐标变换，使整个水域垂直方向可采用相同的分层，基于过程分裂法，将三维流动分成表面重力波（外模式）和内重力波（内模式）外模式采用改进型双步全隐有限有差分为ＤＳＩ法进行计算，内模式利用欧拉－拉格朗日公式，改进三维垂直方向隐式格式，减小了数值耗散，提高了计算精度及稳定性，该模型应用于长江口三维盐水入侵计算，结果表明水流盐度分布与实测一致。     

挖入式港池水流特性数值模拟

利用三维水流数学模型对挖入式港池内的水流特性进行了数值模拟,对自由水面位置、垂线平均流速的确定及各方程迭代求解时的不同步修正等方法进行了探讨,指出了改进方向及步骤。利用两种流量下港池内表面流场试验资料对建立的数学模型进行了检验,结果表明：计算值与实测值比较一致;计算得到的中层、底层流场分布与理论分析结果比较符合。     

海河隧道工程防洪影响分析

海河隧道线路全长2 3034 m,其中主河道沉管段长240 m,沉管断面宽度374 m,高98 m,共设置两节,每节120 m。河道沉管段采用水中沉管法施工。管段安装会对河道的防洪安全产生较大的影响,故须对河段的水沙条件有严格的要求。本文采用三维分层水流泥沙数学模型,通过错层处理,较好地解决了同层网格产生急剧变化,在突变点处隔层网格物理量的影响远大于层间网格的影响问题。对隧道管段悬浮状态、沉放过程中的过流能力、水流流态和河段水流泥沙运移规律进行了深入分析,提出管段对河段水沙的影响程度及解决措施。本研究拓展了三维分层水流泥沙数学模型的应用范围,为保证工程施工安全提供了理论基础。     

A possible mechanism of destruction of coastal trees by tsunamis: A hydrodynamic study on effects of coastal steep hills

In this paper, experimental and numerical studies are presented to understand why some trees close to the shoreline survived the 25 October 2010 Mentawai tsunami, while trees further inland before a steep coastal hill were all destroyed. A set of experiments were performed in a wave flume to measure the flow depths and forces acting on tree models, and the experimental results were used to verify our numerical model. Cross-shore distribution of the flow depth and the flow-induced bending moment acting on tree trunks were studied using our numerical model. Our results show that the presence of the steep hill increased both the flow depth and the bending moment acting on trees close to the steep hill, and might be an important mechanism responsible for the destruction of coastal trees.     

排沙漏斗三维涡流水流结构

本文首次从数值模拟及模型试验两方面研究了排沙漏斗三维涡流的清水流场水流结构．针对排沙漏斗流场边界的复杂性，作者首先利用三维贴体坐标变换建立了曲线坐标系下的ＮＳ方程及边界条件．选用协变速度分量为独立变量，成功地解决了压力速度耦合问题．其次，利用激光多普勒测速仪（ＬＤＡ）对排沙漏斗三维流场进行了测试研究，计算结果与实测流场较为符合．     

Field evaluation of a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model near boulders for habitat calculation

Two‐dimensional hydrodynamic models are now widely used in aquatic habitat studies. To test the sensitivity of calculated habitat outcomes to limitations of such a model and of typical field data, bathymetry, depth and velocity data were collected for three discharges in the vicinity of two large boulders in the South Platte River (Colorado) and used in the River2D model. Simulated depth and velocity were compared with observed values at 204 locations and the differences in habitat numbers produced by observed and simulated conditions were calculated. The bulk of the differences between simulated and observed depth and velocity values were found to lie within the likely error of measurement. However, the effect of flow simulation outliers on potential habitat outcomes must be considered when using 2D models for habitat simulation. Furthermore, the shape of the habitat suitability relation can influence the effects of simulation errors. Habitat relations with steep slopes in the velocity ranges found in similar study areas are expected to be sensitive to the magnitude of error found here. Comparison of habitat values derived from simulated and observed depth and velocity revealed a small tendency to under‐predict habitat values. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天然连续弯道中水流运动的三维数值模拟

为了研究天然河道中水流运动规律和河床演变及泥沙冲淤,建立了适体坐标下修正的紊流水流数学模 型. 采用有限体积法离散控制方程,并运用SIMPLEC 算法计算了黄河沙坡头河段连续弯道的三维水流流场,通 过实测资料对计算结果进行了对比分析. 结果表明,模型计算值与实测值吻合较好,反映了天然连续弯道水流 的基本特性,即水面的水质点向凹岸运动, 而近底的水质点向凸岸运动. 说明该模型可以用于模拟天然连续弯 道的水流运动.     

对二维翼空化流动的数值模拟

应用二维不可压缩N-S方程结合改进VOF空化模型模拟了NACA66二维翼的空化流动.数值计算中采用SST k-ω湍流模型计算了不同空泡数下定常稳态空化发生时水翼吸力面的压力分布,并与实验结果进行对比,发现空化末端压力梯度计算值明显大于实验值,而且压力有明显突增,通过修正空化模型中的经验参数较好地解决了这个问题.应用SST-SAS湍流模型及修正的经验参数较好地模拟了低空泡数时非定常云空泡的脱落现象,该数值方法对非稳态空化的发展,脱落过程及其频率的预报结果与实验结果吻合良好.     

船舶螺旋桨周围粘流场数值预报与流场分析

本文叙述了通过直接求解雷诺平均应力方程（ＲＡＮＳ）来获得船舶螺旋桨粘流场数值解的方法与数值求解步骤，该方法采用非交错网格系统，利用幂函数格式离散动量方程，预报－校正方法求解速度－压力耦合问题，应用Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数湍流模式求解雷诺应力项使方程组封闭，以此来获得螺旋桨粘流场，为了验证数值方法的稳定性和可靠性，文中以ＤＴＲＣ４１１９桨为算例，对螺旋桨粘流场进行了数值求解，通过对计算结果的分     

Comparison of measured and simulated distribution of microbial biomass in subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands.

The multi-component reactive transport module CW2D has been developed to model transport and reactions of the main constituents of municipal wastewater in subsurface flow constructed wetlands and is able to describe the biochemical elimination and transformation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. It has been shown that simulation results match the measured data when the flow model can be calibrated well. However, there is a need to develop experimental techniques for the measurement of CW2D model parameters to increase the quality of the simulation results. Over the last years methods to characterise the microbial biocoenosis in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands have been developed. The paper shows measured data for microbial biomass and their comparison with simulation results using different heterotrophic lysis rate constants.     

SIGMA-COORDINATE NUMERICAL MODEL FOR SIDE-DISCHARGE INTO NATURAL RIVERS

Due to large topography slopes in natural rivers, pollutant concentration embodies a property of three-dimensional distribution when wastewater is discharged from effluents along the bank. With the sigma coordinate along the vertical dimension fitted to both the moving free surface and the bed topography, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed in the present work to address pollutant transport processes in the above-mentioned cases. To avoid the reduction in accuracy caused by spurious diffusion in the case of steep bottom slopes, a formula for horizontal diffusion in the sigma coordinate system was derived. A case study for the side discharge into a straight open-channel flow shows that numerical results are verified well by experimental data. Furthermore, the present model is also verified by the simulation of discharging wastewater from Fuling Phosphorus Factory effluent into the Three Gorges Reservoir and the agreement between the numerical simulation results and field observation data is satisfactory. The change of the mixing zone scope in the water surface versus the layers along the vertical dimension was also discussed in detail. The study shows that a more realistic calculation for pollutant discharge has been provided by the present model than by the depth-average model which predicts an unrealistically smaller mixing zone.     

地面三维激光点云数据拼接与坐标转换方法研究

地面三维激光在数据采集方面具有独特的优势,但数据处理阻碍了它的广泛应用。为解决地面三维激光扫描仪在少特征物区域站点拼接与坐标转换的难题,提出先利用电子罗盘及RTK控制点实现站点数据概略拼接与坐标转换,然后采用ICP算法进行精拼,再利用序列精拼后形成的闭合条件进行精拼误差配赋,最后根据最小二乘法原理,对点云拼接后站点及RTK控制点形成刚性模型计算最佳密合平移、旋转矩阵,实现坐标转换误差调整,从而实现站点拼接与坐标转换。对利用三维点云提取的特征点进行精度评定,精度达厘米级。     

三维激光扫描和红外检测融合技术的工程应用

为了解决传统红外热成像仪探测建筑物墙面的热工缺陷时得到的二维图像信息存在缺少目标位置信息、数据杂乱无序的问题,提出一种将图像信息和点云模型融合的方法。该方法通过红外图像处理、直方图面积计算、提取边缘轮廓和模型融合,得到具有目标探测信息的三维建筑模型,并利用标识点分析了模型的拼接误差。研究和实践结果表明:此方法具有可行性,拼接模型精度高;采用融合的三维建筑模型可以直观地获取热工缺陷的位置坐标和面积大小,便于指导修复工作。研究成果对于信息集成化管理、智慧建筑检测等具有一定的指导意义和应用价值。