变形介质油藏中的不稳定渗流

大量实验表明:当油藏生产原油时,随着地层中流体压力的降低,油层的孔隙度和渗透率下降,特别是在异常高压油藏中尤为显著。数据表明多孔介质的孔隙度和渗透率随压降的变化规律是指数关系,而实际的油藏介质变形是弹塑性的,即变形在流体压力恢复后,变形不可能完全恢复,因此在开发前期一定要注意保持一定的地层压力。从流体和多孔介质的本构方程出发,建立液体在变形介质油藏中渗流的微分方程。用解析的方法得到了变形介质中的定常流动的精确解;并用数值模拟的方法,研究了无限大油藏、封闭油藏和边水油藏中的不稳定压力,绘制了相应的井底压力曲线。最后分析了封闭变形介质油藏中,定压生产时,油井的产量变化。研究表明:在异常高压的油藏中,必须考虑由介质变形引起的孔隙度和渗透率的影响。     

缝洞型油藏三重介质油水两相流数值试井解释方法

基于多重介质渗流的概念模型和数学模型,建立了缝洞型油藏油水两相流三重介质数值试井模型;对模型进行数值求解,得到三重介质油藏两相流试井响应曲线并分析其特征。指出三重介质油水两相条件下的压恢曲线与单相时的不重合,并随着初始油水饱和度的变化而变化,不能直接用单相试井模型来解释两相流试井曲线;提出了先拟合油水产量曲线,再拟合压力恢复曲线的试井解释方法。     

分形油藏渗流问题的精确解及动态特征

本文将油井有效半径引入分形油藏渗流问题的内边界条件之中，从而建立了分形油藏渗流问题的新模型，并在考虑到井筒讲集和表皮效应的情况下求得了外边界无限大，有界封闭和有界定压三种典型情况下分形油藏压力分布的精确解析表达式。     

分形油藏非牛顿幂律流的精确解及动态特征

本文研究了分形油藏无限大地层和有界地层非牛顿幂律流渗流模型 ,利用拉氏变换和分解的方法求得了井底定流量生产无限大地层及有界地层 (包括封闭和定压地层 )五种情况非牛顿幂律流的实空间解析解 ,通过数值积分法和拉氏数值反演分析了分形油藏非牛顿幂律流的压力动态特征以及分形参数和边界对压力动态的影响。     

分形油藏非牛顿幂律流的精解及动态特征

本文研究了分形油藏无限大地层和有界非牛顿幂律流渗流模型，利用拉氏变换和分解的方法求得了井底流量生产无限大地层及有界地层（包括封闭和定压地层）五种情况非牛顿幂律流的实空间解析解，通过数值积分法和拉氏数值反演分析了分形油藏非牛顿幂律流的压力动态特征以及分形参数和边界对压力动态的影响。     

三重介质油藏非牛顿幂律流体试井模型与典型曲线分析

在前人研究的基础上,建立了3种外边界条件下的三重介质非牛顿流体的渗流模型,并且利用拉普拉斯变换对模型进行了求解;绘制了3种边界条件下的典型渗流曲线,并且利用渗流理论对曲线不同阶段进行了分析。结果不仅可以用于试井解释,而且有助于人们对此类油藏进行更好的认识和评价,为油藏的生产提供科学的依据。     

缝洞向井筒供液时三重压敏介质油藏压力响应特征研究

建立由基岩系统、裂缝系统和溶洞系统组成，并考虑溶洞渗透率和裂缝渗透率随压降的增加呈指数减小的三重压敏介质油藏试井解释模型，采用隐式差分格式对考虑井筒储存和污染效应的情况进行了求解。讨论了溶洞和裂缝无因次渗透率模数、介质问窜流、弹性储容比、外边界条件及表皮系数对压力响应的影响。结果表明：无因次渗透率模数导致压力及压力导数明显上升，窜流系数影响窜流阶段出现的早晚，弹性储容比影响压力导数曲线“凹陷”的宽度和深度，外边界条件的影响则和普通三重介质明显不同，表皮系数主要影响全部压力和压力导数早期的“凸起”，而无因次渗透率模数则主要影响压力和压力导数的后期。     

双孔介质油藏多层合采油井产能分析

此文在分析多层双孔介质油藏渗流规律的基础上,考虑各层具有不同的物性参数和原始地层压力,建立了考虑井储和表皮影响的无窜流多层双孔介质油藏渗流模型.通过Laplace变换,求解得到了拉氏空间内的井底压力和各层产量的解析解,并根据数值反演方法编程绘制了各层产量的理论变化曲线,分析了分层产量变化的规律及影响因素.此文的研究结果可以指导现场的油井合理配产.     

裂缝和洞与井筒连通的三重介质油藏试井解释方法研究

针对由基岩、裂缝和溶洞组成的三重介质油藏提出了裂缝和洞与井筒连通的试井解释模型,建立了相应的数学模型,并采用Laplace变换和数值Laplace反演方法进行了求解,分析了介质的弹性储容比、窜流因子以及裂缝渗透率比对压力响应的影响,同时还提出了三重介质油藏的试井解释方法——利用遗传算法进行自动拟合,并编制了实用软件,实例分析表明了该新方法的可靠性和实用性。     

三重介质复合油藏压力动态特征研究

建立了三重介质复合油藏试井解释模型,采用数值方法对模型进行了求解。讨论了地层的内外渗透率比、内径的大小以、窜流系数、弹性储容比、外边界条件以及表皮系数等参数对于这种类型油藏压力响应动态的影响。表明：当油藏内外区的渗透率不同时,类似于在井的周围存在封闭边界或者定压边界;内区的大小决定着反应外区渗透率影响的压力响应出现的早晚;窜流系数影响着窜流阶段出现的早晚;弹性储容比影响着导数曲线上“凹陷”的深度和宽度;而外边界的影响则由于油藏内外区渗透率的差异而和普通的三重介质油藏不同;表皮系数对压力动态的影响与内外区域渗透率比对压力动态的影响也有着很大的差别。     

井间干扰对油水两相流数值试井曲线的影响

井间干扰会对试井曲线的影响非常大。本文用数值试井方法研究了井间干扰对试井曲线的影响，采用PEBI网格技术，给出了在PEBI网格下油水两相流动控制方程的离散形式，并耦合了井筒存储和表皮系数公式，得到了压力降落数值试井问题的产量模型。对三种井部署情况经数值试井模型计算并对比发现，双对数曲线的早期段保持一致，由于干扰井的影响，中后期段变化非常明显，干扰井越多，测试井压降越快，试井曲线上抬幅度越大。     

Pressure transient behavior of a slanted well with an impermeable fault

Analytical solution is obtained for the pressure response of a slanted well in a slab reservoir with an impermeable fault. Based on the basic point source solution in an infinite space, the basic point source solution is obtained by using the mirror image principle. Wellbore pressure response of a slanted well is obtained by integration of the basic point source solution along the trajectory of a slanted well and the type curves are computed. The dimensionless bottom hole pressure and type curves are obtained and the sensitivities of related parameters are discussed. The model presented in this paper could be used for the well test analysis of a slanted well in a reservoir bounded by an impermeable fault.     

INVESTIGATION OF THE FLOW IN FRACTAL RESERVOIR INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF QUADRATIC GRADIENT TERM

According to the assumption of slightly compressible fluid, the quadratic gradient term in the nonlinear partial differential equations for the traditional well-test model is usually neglected. The linear partial differential equation is thus established. It is known that neglecting the quadratic gradient term results in errors for long-time well tests. A nonlinear flow model for fractal medium is constructed and the quadratic gradient term is considered. The exact solutions of the fractal reservoir models are obtained by Laplace transform and Weber transform in a constant-rate and constant-pressure production for an infinitely large system. This paper addresses the variation of pressure with fluid compressibility coefficient and fractal reservoir parameters. The plots of the typical pressure curves are constructed, and the results can be applied to well-test analysis.     

A NOVEL 3-D MODEL FOR THE WATER CRESTING IN HORIZONTAL WELLS

In the presence of bottom water, a drop in the reservoir pressure due to fluid production causes the aquifer water to expand and to flow into the reservoir. Therefore, hydrocarbon production from a well is limited by the critical flow rate. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the breakthrough time and the critical rate by using a novel 3-D horizontal well model. Based on the hypothesis that the horizontal well is located in any position of a circular reservoir with no-flow boundary on the top of the reservoir and constant pressure boundary at the bottom, the horizontal well has been regarded as an infinite conductivity line sink and then a 3-D steady-state flow model of the horizontal well is set up. A point sink pressure solution can be obtained with the Fourier transform. The result of the pressure distribution of the uniform flux horizontal well can be presented by means of the principle of superposition. According to the stable water cresting theory, this study confirms the stable height of water cresting and the critical rate. Meanwhile, it can re-confirm the breakthrough time at a specific rate. The output of a comparison between this 3-D model and the reservoir numerical simulator （Eclipse） shows the method presented here can be applied to investigate the behavior of a water cresting and to predict the breakthrough time at the bottom water driver reservoir.     

WELL TESTING ANALYSIS FOR HORIZONTAL WELL WITH CONSIDERATION OF THRESHOLD PRESSURE GRADIENT IN TIGHT GAS RESERVOIRS

A fundamental solution for homogeneous reservoir in infinite space is derived by using the point source function with the consideration of the threshold pressure gradient. The fundamental solution of the continuous point source function is then derived based on the Green function. Various boundary conditions of the reservoirs are considered for this case and the corresponding solutions are obtained through the mirror image reflection and the principle of superimposition. The line source solution is obtained by integration. Subsequently, the horizontal-well bottom hole pressure response function for a non-linear gas flow in the homogeneous gas reservoir is obtained, and the response curve of the dimensionless bottom hole pressure and the derivative for a horizontal well in the homogeneous gas reservoir are obtained. In the end, the sensitivities of the relevant parameters are analyzed. The well test model presented in this paper can be used as the basis of the horizontal well test analysis for tight gas reservoirs.     

三重介质分支水平井试井分析

基于裂缝向井底供液,存在溶洞和裂缝、基岩和裂缝之间的窜流的三重介质模型,建立了这类介质的水平分支井数学模型,并利用源函数和Laplace变换,结合泊松叠加公式和贝塞尔函数积分等方法,解得了分支水平井在拉普拉斯空间下的井底压力解,绘制了三重介质分支水平井试井曲线.指出三重介质分支水平井完整的试井曲线存在八个流动阶段.溶洞和裂缝间的窜流系数主要影响第一下凹段出现时间的早晚,而基岩和裂缝间的窜流系数影响第二个下凹段;溶洞的弹性储容比影响两个下凹的深浅,裂缝的弹性储容比只影响第一个下凹深浅.双重介质只出现一个下凹段,而三重介质出现两个下凹段.     

用边界元法计算任意形状混合边界的油藏压力

建立了考虑源（汇）影响、任意形状、混合边界条件、含有不渗透区油藏稳定渗流的数学模型，采用边界元方法对其进行了求解，获得了油藏内的压力分布，绘制了相应的压力剖面图。通过对比压力剖面图和平均压力发现，由于油藏的封闭边界部分不能向生产井提供能量，致使地层能量被消耗较多，油藏平均压力降低；由于油藏内不渗透区的存在，能量在绕过其向生产井传播时要有部分能量损失，所以油藏的平均压力会降低。     

A NEW METHOD FOR PREDICTION OF PRODUCTIVITY OF FRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELLS BASED ON NON-STEADY FLOW

Hydraulic fracturing technologies of horizontal well are important ways to develop oil-gas field with low permeability. Productivity forecast of fractured horizontal wells is a difficult problem of hydraulic fracturing technologies. Basing on non-steady flow of fractures fluid during production, applying potential function principles, superposition principle and mathematical method for solving, coupling of seepage flow in the formation and pipe flow in the well bore, a new model on multi-fracture interference productivity forecast of fractured horizontal well is established in this article. The results indicate the coincidence rate between this model and practice is high. The pressure loss in the horizontal well bore has definite influence on the production status of fractured horizontal wells. The productions of different fractures in horizontal well bore are unequal, the productions of outer fractures are higher than middle fractures; the pressure in the well bore shows an uneven distribution, the pressure declines gradually from finger tip to heel end. Asymmetry of fractures may make productivity of fractured horizontal wells decline. The conclusions are instructive in designing fractured horizontal well for low permeability reservoir.