A phenomenological spice model for magneto‐impedance sensors

In this paper a lumped circuit model of magneto‐impedance (MI) sensors that can be easily implemented in Spice‐like simulators is proposed. The model is based on the equivalent circuit of a Padé's approximation derived from the impedance relied on Bessel functions. Thus, the model can simulate the transient and frequency responses from DC to several megahertz for a fix external magnetic field. Besides, the model can predict the impedance changes of the sensors as a nonlinear function of an external magnetic field via behavioral sources. This allows simulating MI sensors using magnetic feedback for controlling their response to improve linearity and dynamic range. The model has been verified using Spice simulations together with measurement results from a discrete prototype for generating the pulse voltage source, a simple modulation‐type configuration, and a feedback structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Poles–zeros analysis and broadband equivalent circuit for on‐chip spiral inductors

Poles and zeros of the transfer function determine the performance and the key features of the circuit network, such as phase, gain, and bandwidth. In this paper, the contribution of the poles and zeros to the transfer function has been shown. The factors η_p and η_z are proposed to account for the poles contribution to the peak and the zeros contribution to the valley of transfer function, respectively. A novel broadband equivalent circuit combining the physics‐based circuit model and behavioral macro‐model (black‐box) network is proposed for accurately characterizing on‐chip spiral inductors. The physics‐based elements are extracted using the linear dependence of a set of characteristic functions on variables (such as ω²) or other functions in a certain frequency range. The macro‐model network described by rational functions is determined using vector fitting approaches. The proposed modeling method is validated by the on‐chip spiral inductor fabricated with 0.13‐µm SiGe BiCMOS aluminum process. Excellent agreements are obtained between the measured data and calculation for the proposed model up to 40 GHz. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Balanced Gm‐C filters with improved linearity and power efficiency

A novel G_m‐C filter design technique is presented. It is based on floating‐gate metal oxide semiconductor (FGMOS) transistors and consists in a topological rearrangement of conventional fully differential G_m‐C structures without modifying the employed transconductors at transistor level. The proposed method allows decreasing the number of active elements (transconductors) of the filter. Moreover, high linearity is obtained at low and medium frequencies of the pass band. Drawbacks inherent to the use of FGMOS transistors are analyzed, such as large occupied area, high sensitivity to mismatch, or parasitic zeros in transfer functions. The features of the proposed technique are fully exploited in all‐pole G_m‐C filter design, specially implementing unity gain Butterworth transfer functions. Thus, two low‐power second‐order Butterworth G_m‐C filters have been designed and fabricated to compare the proposed FGMOS technique with their equivalent topologies obtained by a conventional design method. Measurement results for a test chip prototype in a 0.5‐µm standard complementary MOS process are presented, confirming the advantages of the proposed FGMOS design technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电力变压器冲击试验故障定位的频域仿真方法

建立了电力变压器在冲击试验条件下的频率依赖参数的等效电路模型。利用这个模型可以计算变压器的入端阻抗及各个节点的电压转移函数。实例计算入端阻抗与实测的结果吻合得很好,表明该模型可以用于变压器冲击试验的故障仿真分析。在此基础上,针对变压器对地绝缘击穿和绕组间绝缘击穿这两种类型的故障,通过在变压器等效电路的不同节点处设置故障,计算中性点处的电压转移函数并分析其变化规律,找到了一种可行的故障定位的方法。     

电流型全桥软开关变换器的频率跃变现象分析

为分析电流型全桥软开关逆变器中出现的频率跃变现象,针对软开关电路的高维、自治特性,提出了一种基于半解析半数值方法的广义离散映射模型,并基于Floquet理论给出依据该离散映射模型的系统局部稳定性判定方法.经分析表明该频率跃变现象是系统闭轨失去稳定性后,状态流转向邻域内其他闭轨所产生的频率跳跃现象.此外,基于电路阻抗的分析结果表明系统的电路阻抗随着负载变化出现多零相位角频率,是引起该跃变现象的主要因素.最后,通过搭建实验平台进行的观测结果验证了该频率跃变现象.     

基于序网等值电路的双馈风电机组接入系统短路电流计算方法

为了方便和准确地计算双馈风电机组(DFIG)接入系统的短路电流分布,提出了投撬棒后DFIG的工频和转频序网等值电路,并给出了利用该等值电路计算系统短路电流的方法。通过求解投撬棒后DFIG磁链的状态微分方程,得到其工频分量和转频分量的解析表达式。在此基础上,将DFIG的电压空间矢量方程按转频和工频分量进行分解,并根据空间矢量与相量间的关系,分别形成了转频和工频序网等值电路。其中,转频正序、负序等值电路分别为带内阻抗的电势和无源阻抗,而工频正序、负序等值电路均为无源阻抗。利用该等值电路只需已知DFIG的电机参数和故障初值条件而无需仿真即可求得DFIG接入系统各处的短路电流。以某DFIG接入系统为例,通过PSCAD仿真验证了该等值电路和短路计算方法在不同故障条件下的有效性。     

On hyperbolic laws of capacitor discharge through self‐timed digital loads

A new model to predict the dynamic behavior of a self‐timed autonomous digital system powered by a capacitor is derived. The model demonstrates the hyperbolic shape of the discharging process on the capacitor. It allows a symbolic analysis of the discharging process for complex digital loads comprised of series (stack) and parallel configurations of digital circuits. For example, for a stack configuration, important non‐trivial relationships between the hyperbolic discharging rates have been derived based on the knowledge of the velocity saturation index (alpha) of the semiconductor devices used in the digital part. For a realistic (modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices) value of alpha = 1.5, the discharging process for a stack of two identical circuits proceeds nearly three times slower than that of any of the stand‐alone circuits. This shows a potential way of extending the lifetime of the energy sources by means of stacking self‐timed circuits. Although the analysis is based on configurations consisting of ring oscillators in CMOS technology, the analysis method can be extended to other types of self‐timed systems and other semiconductor technologies in which the instantaneous switching activity of the digital load is determined by the instantaneous voltage levels provided by the capacitive power transfer mechanism. The analytical derivations have been validated by simulations and experiments carried out with real hardware. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small‐signal analysis of interleaved dual boost converter

This paper presents a systematic development of steady‐state, small‐signal models of interleaved dual boost converter operating in a continuous current mode. These models are derived by employing the well‐known signal flow graph method. This signal flow graph approach provides a means to directly translate the switching converter into its equivalent graphic model, from which a complete behaviour of the converter can easily be studied. Steady‐state performance, small‐signal characteristic transfer functions are derived using Mason's gain formula. The bode plots of audiosusceptibility, input impedance, output impedance, and control‐to‐output transfer functions are determined and illustrated using MATLAB for different values of load resistances, duty ratios. Small‐signal frequency responses obtained from the signal flow graph method are validated with PSPICE simulator results. To validate the signal flow graph modelling equations, sample steady‐state experimental results are provided. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lagrangian‐based equivalent circuit of basic electric‐field coupling wireless power transfer system

Electric‐field coupling wireless power transfer has been commonly analyzed using the circuit model. However, the circuit behavior of this model is not necessarily apparent because their resonant modes can be far complicated than the basic LC oscillation. This issue is addressed in this paper by proposing a novel equivalent circuit for a basic wireless power transfer system. This equivalent circuit has a simpler topology than the conventional circuit model. Furthermore, the equivalent circuit allows intuitive understanding of three types of the resonant modes. Along with theoretical derivation of the proposed equivalent circuit, this paper also presents simulation results, which verified the appropriateness of the equivalent circuit. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The jaumann structure in wave-digital filters

This paper deals with an extension of the wave-digital filter structures introduced by Fettweis. A new structure is introduced, viz, the digital translation of the Jaumann structure. The Jaumann structure is a well-known canonical realization of analogue, symmetric, grounded lossless two-port networks. With this structure, transfer functions with complex transmission zeros can be obtained in a wave-digital realization, which is not possible by means of a wave-digital ladder filter. Two examples are given, one of which has been implemented using TTL digital integrated circuits showing excellent properties.     

一种通用的谐振电路建模方法——正交电路综合法

提出了一种新的建模方法——正交电路综合法,它可用于谐振电路的建模。对于任一个给定的谐振电路,构造一个正交的电路。这两个电路可用于构造一个复数域的复合电路,它的响应的实部和虚部分别与两个正交电路的响应相同。将基尔霍夫电压定理(KVL)应用到复合谐振电路,并分离实部和虚部,可得到两个状态方程。对于谐振DC/DC变换器,其他的状态方程有输出整流部分得到。在状态方程的稳态工作点作小信号扰动,并作LAPLACE变换,可以得到控制到输出的传递函数。用提出的方法分析了串联谐振DC/DC变换器来作为例子,所得到的大信号暂态和小信号传递函数被PSPICE和SIMPLIS仿真所验证。     

一起风电场高频振荡事故的原因和解决方法分析

基于广西木格风电场高频振荡时的电气参数以及风机网侧变频器的控制原理,建立了风机网侧变频器的传递函数模型。通过网侧变频器传递函数模型和其诺顿等效电路的对比分析,求出了网侧变频器等效阻抗的频域表达式。通过伯德图对网侧变频器等效阻抗和电网阻抗的幅频特性、相频特性进行分析,得出了高频振荡事故的原因是在特定频率下网侧变频器等效阻抗和电网阻抗形成了谐振。然后提出了通过修改前馈电压系数来改变网侧变频器等效阻抗的幅频、相频特性,从而解决高频振荡问题的方案。对修改前馈电压系数后的风机并网系统传递函数模型进行分析,求出了其开环传递函数。用伯德图进行分析证明了修改后系统的稳定裕度明显增加。木格风电场采取此措施后在各种工况下验证,均能够正常运行,证明了所提解决方案的有效性。     

Analysis and design of voltage‐controlled current sources for a grounded load

The paper presents the structure and the principle of operation of the ‘improved’ Howland current pumps (or voltage‐controlled current sources (VCCSs) for a grounded load). In particular, under review is the VCCS employing power operational amplifier (op amp) and the VCCS using low power op amp and an additional power transistor, extending working dynamic range. On the basis of analysis of the operational principle, the equations for transfer functions of both circuits and formulas for the related dynamic electrical parameters are obtained. Moreover, using these formulas, a design procedure is developed, and recommendations for simulation modelling are given. The efficiency of the proposed procedure is verified by simulation modelling and experimental testing of sample electronic circuits of VCCSs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High input impedance voltage‐mode first‐order all‐pass sections

This paper proposes six new first‐order voltage‐mode all‐pass sections (VM‐APSs) based on three general topologies. Each circuit uses two differential voltage current conveyors and three grounded passive components. All the circuits possess high input impedance and easy control of pole frequency either by a simple matching of resistors (two equal‐valued resistors) for the three canonical circuits or by a single resistor for three non‐canonical circuits. PSPICE simulation results using real device 0.5µ CMOS parameters are given to validate the proposed circuits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural generation of two integrator loop filters using CDTAs and grounded capacitors

A versatile family of two integrator loop filter structures using current differencing transconductance amplifiers (CDTAs) and grounded capacitors is generated. The basic filter building blocks consist of current proportional blocks, current lossless integrators and a current lossy integrator based on the use of CDTAs as the major active components. It is demonstrated that the derived filter structures can realize a general class of second‐order current transfer functions. Since the resulting structures contain only CDTAs and grounded capacitors, they are general and very appropriate for integration, cascading and electronic tuning. The influences of the CDTA non‐idealities are also discussed. The functionality of the resulting filters has been verified by simulation results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Explicit design formulas for current‐mode leap‐frog OTA‐C filters and 300 MHz CMOS seventh‐order linear phase filter

The leap‐frog (LF) configuration is an important structure in analogue filter design. Voltage‐mode LF OTA‐C filters have recently been studied in the literature; however, general explicit formulas do not exist for current‐mode LF OTA‐C filters and there is also need for current‐mode LF‐based OTA‐C structures for realization of arbitrary transmission zeros. Three current‐mode OTA‐C structures are presented, including the basic LF structure and LF filters with an input distributor or an output summer. They can realize all‐pole characteristics and functions with arbitrary transmission zeros. Explicit design formulas are derived directly from these structures for the synthesis of, respectively, all‐pole and arbitrary zero filter characteristics of up to the sixth order. The filter structures are regular and the design formulas are straightforward to use. As an illustrative example, a 300 MHz seventh‐order linear phase low‐pass filter with zeros is presented. The filter is implemented using a fully differential linear operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) based on a source degeneration topology. Simulations in a standard TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process with 2.5 V power supply have shown that the cutoff frequency of the filter ranges from 260 to 320 MHz, group delay ripple is about 4.5% over the whole tuning range, noise of the filter is 420nA/√Hz, dynamic range is 66 dB and power consumption is 200 mW. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new decoupling method for asymmetry‐parameter quadruple‐circuit lines on same tower

Quadruple‐circuit lines with different self‐impedances have been applied in power system with the development of power industry. However, the different self‐impedances in quadruple‐circuit lines will cause problems in fault analysis and related relay protection in the lines. The impedance matrix of these lines is different from that of symmetrical lines, and existing methods cannot completely eliminate all mutual impedance. A new method is proposed to decouple these asymmetrical quadruple‐circuits lines in this paper. The phase‐to‐phase mutual impedance is eliminated first, and then the line‐to‐line mutual impedance is eliminated according to the circulating current method. The mathematical deduction is formulated to ensure the complete decoupling of the impedance matrix. The fault conditions can be used to obtain the relationship between the independent sequence networks, which can be used to calculate the fault current. Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) simulations indicate that the decoupling method is suitable for fault analysis of the quadruple‐circuit lines with different self‐impedances. The related fault analysis method is quite accurate and easy to be applied. The fault analysis accuracy is not affected by the fault resistance, fault type, fault location, or length of lines. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Feedback network analysis: an eclectic approach

Based on new results in circuit theory, a novel approach to feedback in linear electrical networks is proposed that generalizes the elementary one and circumvents some drawbacks and limitations that may be encountered with other general methods. It applies to all linear circuits and, differently from other approaches, does not demand two‐port models or the feedback to be referred to some controlled source. Also, it evades the necessity to construct an equivalent network or to use null double injection conditions. Instead, it allows the feedback to be detected virtually in any point of the network and seems to be more effective at ‘opening the loop’ and agevolating an analysis by inspection on less complex subcircuits. Though simple and readily applicable, the present approach is rigorous, general and provides exact formulas for overall transfer functions and immittances as well as a general model of feedback. Moreover, it allows some of the most relevant achievements of other general approaches to be generalized and rederived as particular cases. Further results, such as a generalization of the virtual short‐circuit method as well as a geometric interpretation of its limits of validity and of closed‐loop ?3 dB band limits, are achieved. Practical examples of application and comparison with other methods are also given. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An algorithm for multiple fault diagnosis in analogue circuits

The paper deals with multiple fault diagnosis of analogue AC or DC circuits with limited accessible terminals for excitation and measurement and brings an algorithm for identificating faulty elements and evaluating their parameters. The main achievement is a method enabling us to efficiently identify faulty elements. For this purpose some testing equations are derived playing a key role in identification of possibly faulty elements which are next verified using a test of acceptance. The proposed approach is described in detail for double fault diagnosis. Also extension to triple fault diagnosis is given. Although the method pertains to linear circuits, some aspects of multiple fault diagnosis of non‐linear circuits can be also performed using the small signal approach. Two numerical examples illustrate the proposed method and show its efficiency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Generation of current mode filters using NAM expansion

Systematic synthesis method to generate a family of current mode band‐pass–low‐pass circuits based on nodal admittance matrix (NAM) expansion is given. Eight equivalent circuits are obtained, five of them are new. Each of the generated circuits uses two grounded capacitors and three grounded resistors and two balanced output current conveyor (BOCCII) or two balanced output inverting current conveyor (BOICCII) or a combination of the two types. Generation of a low input impedance current mode band‐pass–low‐pass circuits based on NAM expansion results in 16 equivalent circuits. The NAM expansion is also used to generate 32 equivalent current mode universal filters using four BOCCII or BOICCII or a combination of the two types. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.