基于特征增强技术的面向对象分类方法

针对传统基于像元的分类方法不能满足对高分辨率影像（HRI）进行分类的矛盾,提出基于特征增强技术的面向对象分类方法（FETCOOCA）。并以北京市海淀区的SPOT5影像为例,考虑到影像中植被、水体和建筑物等地物之间的特征差异,对影像中地物的光谱、形状、纹理等信息进行特征增强处理,并结合面向对象的分类方法对其进行分类。最后,对FETCOOCA与传统基于像元的分类方法进行对比分析。结果表明:提出的FETCOOCA明显优于传统分类方法,它可以大幅度提高HRI的分类精度,有效抑制椒盐现象的发生,使分类后的图像含有更为丰富的语义信息。     

融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类

错综复杂的土地利用模式和破碎的地物斑块制约了土地利用/覆被分类的精度和效率。一方面,混合像元模糊了地物的光谱信息,影响了分类精度。另一方面,如何高效利用地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征是当前土地利用/覆被分类的研究热点。为了提高基于遥感技术的土地利用/覆被分类精度,该研究基于Sentinel-2A遥感影像,开展融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类研究。首先,基于地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征,在3个分割尺度通过NDWI（Normalized Difference Water Index)、NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）、SBL（Soil Background Level）等8个特征参数构建了不同地物信息的提取规则。其次,利用光谱混合分解模型提取研究区基质（SL;岩石和土壤）、植被（GV;光合作用叶片）和暗色物质（DA;阴影和水）3类通用端元。最后,尝试融合3端元光谱特征优化地物信息提取规则。研究结果表明：1）基于构建的光谱、形状和纹理的地物信息提取规则,使用模糊函数、阈值法进行土地利用/覆被分类,获得了较高的分类精度,总体精度为80.83%,Kappa系数为0.76。2）融合3端元的光谱特征的提取规则将分类精度提升至90.00%,Kappa系数提升至0.88。3）具有明确物理意义的3端元的融入增强了像元内各组分信息的差异性,弥补了传统光谱指数对植被与土壤间的亮度信息解析度不足的缺陷。该方法能充分利用影像的光谱信息,是一种由易到难、对不确定因素进行逐层剥离的土地利用/覆被信息提取技术。因此,对中高分辨率的多光谱遥感影像十分友好,在土地利用/覆被的精细化分类中有较大应用潜力。     

基于分层多端元混合像元分解的水稻面积信息提取

为了解决中低分辨率遥感影像混合像元问题以提高水稻种植信息的提取精度,该文提出了一种基于层次分类与多端元混合像元分解相结合提取水稻面积信息的方法(stratified multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis,SMESMA)。层次分类有效降低了地物复杂度,而多端元混合像元分解通过对每一类地物选取多个端元光谱参与解混,克服了"同物异谱"造成的光谱变异问题,两者结合可有效提高分类精度。以江苏如皋市为研究区,基于HJ-1B CCD影像,分3个层次,当某类地物信息被提取后便将其从影像中去除,进行下一层次分类,各层次均采用多端元混合像元分解方法,综合EARMSE、MASA、CoB等算法以选取最佳端元,实现了如皋市水稻种植面积信息有效提取。结果显示SMESMA法分类精度达85.78%,kappa系数为0.85,基于最大似然分类法(MLC)的分类精度为79.1%,kappa系数为0.78。表明SMESMA是一种适合基于中低分辨率影像进行作物分类和面积提取的有效方法。     

滨海光谱混淆区面向对象的土地利用遥感分类

滨海光谱混淆区土地利用/覆盖信息获取是遥感信息提取的难点之一,该研究选择黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区,采用2007年3月11日陆地卫星TM遥感影像数据,利用面向对象的土地利用遥感分类技术,通过影像分割和采用支持向量机分类方法对研究区土地利用/覆盖信息进行提取,并将分类结果与传统的基于像元的分类方法进行对比分析。结果表明:面向对象支持向量机的分类精度达到84.83%,比基于像元的最大似然法和波谱角法分别提高了5.94%和19.53%,且有效避免了椒盐现象。说明面向对象的图像分类方法明显提高了遥感影像的分类精度和分类效率,为滨海光谱混淆区土地利用信息的快速、准确提取提供了有效技术手段。     

面向对象的玛纳斯河流域TM影像分类技术研究

以面向对象的遥感影像分类的理论与方法,基于ENVI 5.0、eCongition 8.7和ArcGIS 10.0平台,从遥感尺度问题和决策树分类技术人手,对面向对象分类方法的多尺度分割和多特征分类等关键问题进行了探讨,并应用该方法对玛纳斯河流域的信息进行了提取研究.结果表明,多尺度分割最佳波段权重为0,1,2,2,1,0,1,形状参数和紧致度均为0.7,分割尺度为60,30和10,地物种类可分为林地、草地、水域、耕地、人工表面、冰雪地、盐碱地、其他八大类.分类结果总精度为0.92,Kappa系数为0.91,证明面向对象的分类方法可以有效地对干旱区中尺度分辨率影像进行快速高效的地物信息识别及提取.     

匹配点云结合HSI色彩分量的无人机RGB影像信息提取方法

无人机通常搭载可见光波段传感器获取红-绿-蓝（Red-Green-Blue,RGB）影像,由于无人机RGB影像波段较少,影像的地物信息提取存在一定难度。该研究提出了一种匹配点云结合色调-饱和度-亮度（Hue-Saturation-Intensity,HSI）空间色彩分量的无人机RGB影像信息提取方法。首先以饱和度分量和红光波段构造了饱和度与红光比值指数,再结合可见光波段差异植被指数以及由匹配点云获得的地形特征对研究区正射影像进行分类。试验结果表明,本文方法的总体分类精度达到了91.11%,Kappa系数为0.895,证明匹配点云结合HSI空间色彩分量的方法提取无人机RGB影像信息是可行的,提取结果具有较高精度。相较于基于光谱特征的传统方法,本文方法引入匹配点云可以简单高效地提取影像中高程差异明显的地物,同时,结合HSI色彩分量能够有效弥补无人机RGB影像光谱特征较少的不足。     

基于"残差-挤压激励"深度混合卷积网络的土地利用分类

土地利用变化的监测需要高精度的土地利用分类图，遥感技术的发展为这一工作提供了便利。然而，传统分类方法往往无法针对性的利用影像中的信息，其分类结果中地物边缘信息模糊，分类精度不高且噪声较大，难以满足土地变化监测的需要。该研究针对传统方法分类结果不理想的问题，提出一种基于"残差-挤压激励"单元的混合卷积神经网络模型，采用膨胀卷积层对影像进行"光谱-空间"特征提取，并引入"残差-挤压激励"单元，实现特征重用的同时，选择性的强调信息性特征，对噪声性特征进行抑制，最后对得到的特征进行整合实现对遥感影像的分类。该研究提出的模型与k-最邻近算法（K-Nearest Neighbor, KNN）、支持向量机（Support Vector Machine, SVM）、二维卷积网络（2D- Convolutional Neural Network, 2D-CNN）以及混合卷积网络（HybridSN）相比，在试验数据集上总体精度分别提高了11.15个百分点、11.18个百分点、0.06个百分点和2.46个百分点。且有效减少了地物边缘信息的损失，验证了该方法的有效性。此外，基于该方法分类结果统计出的耕地面积与试验区真实耕地面积仅相差0.77%，误差绝对值远低于其他分类方法。     

基于面向对象的SPOT卫星影像梯田信息提取研究

梯田信息准确和快速提取是区域水土保持动态监测和评价的核心技术之一,运用遥感技术进行地物信息提取是一种有效手段。该研究以燕沟流域为研究区,采用高分辨率的SPOT5遥感影像数据,基于面向对象分类技术,通过影像分割构建影像对象,在分析影像对象的光谱特征、纹理特征和空间特征的基础上,建立了梯田信息的遥感提取规则,实现了梯田的自动提取。最后用手工勾绘结果对梯田的遥感提取结果进行精度评价,从田块边界的吻合度评价位置精度,并通过比较该结果与人工目视解译结果进行面积精度评价。结果表明,基于面向对象分类的遥感方法可以较好地从原始影像中提取复杂地貌区梯田的位置信息,面积提取正确率达到78.38%,该方法可为黄土高原地区梯田信息遥感提取提供借鉴。     

面向对象分类技术在开发建设项目水土保持监测中的应用

[目的]研究基于无人机低空遥感影像的面向对象分类技术在开发建设项目水土保持监测中的应用,为水土保持监测工作的信息化能力提升提供技术支撑。[方法]利用旋翼无人机获取水土保持监测目标区域的低空遥感影像,通过倾斜摄影技术构建数字表面模型,结合ESP分割尺度评价工具获取最优分割尺度参数,采用多元特征空间指标参与最邻近分类法的监督分类,并依据位置信息的评价方法和误差矩阵对分类解译精度进行验证。[结果]本研究的水土保持监测目标区域的地物分类总体精度达到了86.10%,Kappa系数为0.841,有较好的一致性,能够满足精度需求。[结论]利用无人机低空遥感影像的面向对象分类技术实现了开发建设项目水土保持监测区域地物的快速、精确识别和分类。     

基于面向对象技术的黄土丘陵沟壑区切沟遥感提取方法研究

基于高分辨率遥感影像,提出了结合高分辨率影像的光谱、地形、几何形态和GLCM纹理信息等特征的切沟半自动面向对象提取方法,建立了一组沿径流方向计算纹理特征空间对比度和相关性的公式。以黄土丘陵沟壑第三副区甘肃天水桥子沟小流域World View-2影像数据为例,分别建立了耕地（山坡地、梯田）、果园、林地、农路、切沟的分类规则和算法,以影像的目视解译结果结合实地调查进行精度评价,分类结果显示,总体分类精度为75.17%,总Kappa系数为0.64,切沟的生产者精度为80%,用户精度为70.59%,取得了令人满意的结果。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.