淮河流域植被变化及影响因素分析

植被在区域气候调节和水文循环中起着重要作用。论文基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据、美国军事气象卫星DMSP灯光数据和气象数据，采用相关分析方法和趋势变化分析方法，分析了2000-2013年间淮河流域植被NDVI的时空变化特征，探讨了气候变化和人类活动对植被变化的影响。结果表明：(1) 2000-2013年淮河流域年均NDVI值在0.37-0.47之间，整个研究期内，流域平均年NDVI以0.57%/a(P<0.05)速率增加；(2) 2000-2013年间，淮河流域年降水量和年均气温在空间分布上均呈由南向北递减的特征，年际变化较大，淮河流域城市化程度逐年增加，流域内城市化发展进程与NDVI值年变化呈显著正相关关系；(3) 2000-2013年间，城市化进程对植被NDVI的影响要高于自然环境中温度和降水变化的影响，城市化进程是影响淮河流域植被生长状况的主导因子。     

基于地理探测器的珠江流域NDVI时空变化及驱动力分析

利用年度NDVI数据,结合气候、地形地貌、植被和土壤类型以及社会经济指标,辅以ArcGIS空间分析和地理探测器等方法,分析了2000—2015年珠江流域植被NDVI时空变化特征及驱动因素。结果表明：(1)2000—2015年珠江流域NDVI在年际变化上呈现阶段式增长,总体年均增速为0.005 3,中高和高植被覆盖区二者在时空变化上存在互补对应性,中高植被覆盖度极大地转变为高植被覆盖度,平均植被覆盖呈明显改善趋势;(2)人为因素对珠江流域植被覆盖变化的影响大于自然因素,夜间灯光强度所反映的地区人类活动强度是影响植被变化最主要的因素,地貌类型因子是影响流域植被覆盖的主要自然因子,年尺度上,流域植被覆盖的变化与气象因子相关性较小;(3)自然因子与经济社会因子的交互主要为双因子增强,地貌类型与夜间灯光强度的双因子增强作用对q值的贡献达到了58.9%,在非线性增强交互作用中,主要为自然因子之间的交互。通过分析研究区内适合植被生长的各自然因子的范围或类型,为进一步促进珠江流域水土保持及生态保护提供科学依据。     

锡盟草地NDVI时空变化与气象因子关系

根据锡林郭勒盟1998—2007年NDVI数据集和18个气象站点的月气温和降水资料,分析了研究区草地植被NDVI值的年际、年内变化特征和不同季节NDVI值的变化特征,以及NDVI值与气温、降水变化的相关性。结果表明:研究区草地植被NDVI值具有相对稳定性,但整体呈下降趋势;春季、夏季和秋季草地植被NDVI值均处于下降过程中,下降趋势由小到大依次为秋季、春季、夏季;气温对植被覆盖状况的影响作用不显著,降水对植被覆盖状况的影响作用显著;植被的生长不仅受当月气象因子的影响,而且受上月气象因子的影响。     

基于高程分段的黄河源区NDVI和水热条件空间分布格局

以黄河源区植被为研究对象,应用MODIS13Q1遥感数据、DEM数据、气象数据以及土地利用类型图,采用基于高程分段的研究方法对研究区NDVI(归一化植被指数)与水热条件空间分布特征进行深入探究。根据NDVI随高程分布特征,将研究区划分为高程段Ⅰ(3 400m),高程段Ⅱ(3 400～4 200m)和高程段Ⅲ(4 200m)。在各高程段内分析植被分布格局、NDVI与水热条件分布特征、NDVI与水热因子响应关系。结果表明:黄河源区内主要植被类型为草地,其面积占源区总面积75%,林地面积占比为7%,农田面积仅占1%。高程段Ⅰ内主要植被类型为农田和草地,高程段Ⅱ内主要植被类型为林地和草地,高程段Ⅲ内基本只有草地。3种不同类型植被NDVI平均值大小为林地草地农田。气温表现为梯度递减的空间分布格局,降水量呈现从东南向西北递减的趋势。高程段Ⅰ属干旱区域,高程段Ⅱ属湿热区域,高程段Ⅲ属干冷区域。3个高程段内水热组合条件最好的是高程段Ⅱ,高程段Ⅲ水热条件较差。植被NDVI在不同高程段内受水热因子的驱动作用不同。高程段Ⅰ和高程段Ⅲ内降水量较低,NDVI主要驱动因子是降水量,高程段Ⅱ的降水量丰沛,影响NDVI的主要因子是气温。     

气候和人类活动对辽宁省植被变化的影响

基于2000—2019年MODIS-NDVI和气温、降水等气象数据及大气环流指数等资料,运用趋势分析、相关分析、通径分析和残差分析等方法对气候和人类活动影响下辽宁省植被动态演变特征进行探讨,并结合趋势系数和Hurst指数的叠加分析植被未来变化趋势。结果表明:辽宁省年均NDVI以0.004/a的速率增长,总体植被状况良好;空间上辽宁省植被覆盖程度主要以改善为主,辽阳市与沈阳市一带有轻微退化现象;辽宁省植被对降水的响应高于气温,2000—2019年人类活动对辽宁省植被的影响由消极转变为积极;辽宁省NDVI在反持续变化中,退化面积占到总面积的5524%,表现为分散于整个区域的空间分布状况,未来更应继续加强植被保育和退耕还林力度。     

2012—2021年粤港澳大湾区植被NDVI时空变化及其对气候响应

探讨粤港澳大湾区植被NDVI变化及其对气候变化的响应规律，对于区域的生态环境修复和植被改善具有重要意义。基于MODIS NDVI数据和气象数据，利用Sen趋势分析、CV变异系数和相关性分析方法，对近10年粤港澳大湾区区域植被时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应进行分析。结果表明：(1)粤港澳大湾区植被NDVI总体呈现缓慢上升趋势，上升斜率为0.003 3/a,植被持续改善效果良好；(2)大湾区植被NDVI稳定性较强，平均变异系数为0.054 8,植被低波动变化和较低波动变化的面积占比为89.94%,高波动变化和较高波动变化主要分布于佛山市、中山市、东莞市、深圳市、珠海市及广州市南部等经济发展快的区域；(3)大湾区植被NDVI与平均气温的相关性高于降水量，气温是影响植被生长的主导因子，降水量与植被NDVI以负相关性为主。研究结果可为粤港澳大湾区生态环境治理及绿色可持续发展提供一定的理论依据。     

汉江上游流域潜在蒸散量敏感性分析

为研究全球变暖背景下汉江上游流域潜在蒸散量的变化特征,根据汉江上游流域1960—2015年汉中、石泉和安康3个气象站的逐日实测气象数据,采用彭曼-蒙蒂斯方程计算逐日潜在蒸散量ET_0。应用敏感性公式计算ET_0对5个主要气象因子的敏感系数,并结合气象因子的多年相对变化分析ET_0变化成因。结果表明:受太阳周年运动及地形等地理要素的共同影响,汉江上游不同气象因子及ET_0的年内分布不一;汉江上游ET_0对相对湿度最为敏感,各气象因子年敏感系数多呈显著下降趋势,敏感程度均达到"中"以上等级;ET_0同气象因子表现出复杂非线性关系,日照是汉中站ET_0变化的主导气象因子,石泉和安康站ET_0变化的主导气象因子是相对湿度。     

雅鲁藏布江流域近18年来植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于MODIS(moderate resolution image spectroradiometer) NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)数据、DEM数据、1∶100万中国植被类型图,运用Mann-Kendall趋势及突变点检验法对2001—2018年雅鲁藏布江流域不同海拔梯度和植被类型的NDVI进行提取,分别在时间和空间尺度上分析其年际变化并探究流域NDVI变化与植被类型和气候因子的相关性。结果表明:全流域尺度、不同海拔梯度和不同植被类型近18年的NDVI年际变化均呈增长趋势且在2013年之后呈现明显的增长趋势。在空间尺度上,80%的流域近18年来NDVI呈增长趋势,植被状况得到较好的改善;流域NDVI在海拔小于等于3 500 m时主要受针叶林和阔叶林的影响,大于3 500 m且小于等于5 000 m主要受灌丛、草原及草甸的影响,大于5 000 m受高山植被和草甸影响较大;流域植被的NDVI受降水和气温的影响较大,其中温度的影响略强于降水;气候变化对流域植被的影响具有滞后效应,在该条件下流域植被的NDVI与气候因子的相关系数由大到小为草原、草甸、灌丛、高山植被、针叶林、其他植被、阔叶林。若一种植被类型受气温的影响大于降水,其对气温变化的响应也会更为敏感;反之,若该植被类型受降水的影响大于气温,则会对降水变化的响应更为敏感。     

陕西省NDVI时空变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

利用2001—2020年MODIS NDVI数据，结合降水、气温等资料，采用Sen趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数、Pearson相关分析以及多元回归残差分析等方法，研究陕西省近20 a归一化植被指数NDVI的时空变化特征及未来变化趋势，探讨省内气候因素及人类活动对NDVI变化的影响以及NDVI对降水和气温响应的时滞效应。研究结果表明：(1)2001—2020年陕西省NDVI整体呈上升趋势，增长速率为0.004 7/a,NDVI在不同生态区有所差异，空间异质性明显；(2)陕西省NDVI变化的反持续性强于持续性，未来NDVI变化趋势以反持续改善(退化)为主；(3)陕西省降水和气温对NDVI变化均产生了正向影响，且NDVI与气温的相关性强于降水；(4)陕西省NDVI对降水的响应不存在明显的时滞效应，对气温响应的滞后期以0～1个月为主；(5)陕西省大部分地区NDVI残差呈增大趋势，人类活动对植被覆盖变化起到了显著促进作用。     

基于SWAT模型的岷江上游水文模拟及径流响应研究

选取岷江上游为研究区域,利用紫坪铺水文站1966—2009年的实测气象、水文数据,基于SWAT分布式水文模型分别对研究区年、月径流量进行模拟,并定量分析气候变化和人类活动对径流量的影响。结果表明：SWAT模型适用于研究区的年、月尺度的径流量模拟,且率定序列长更有利于率定的准确性;通过M-K检验,确定研究区径流突变年为1990年,气候变化和土地利用变化对径流量变化的贡献分别占84.69%、15.31%,气候变化影响占主导地位;各类土地利用类型调节径流的效果为：林地>高覆盖度草地>低覆盖度草地>耕地;研究区内气温每变化10%,径流量变化0.01%～3.49%,而降雨量每变化10%,径流量变化16.19%～20.42%。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).