高密度脉冲电流对A356铝合金凝固组织的影响

研究了高密度脉冲电流对A356铝合金凝固组织的影响，实验中对液相线以下溶体的凝固过程在不同阶段进行电脉冲处理。对比实验结果表明：经过电脉冲处理后，A356的合金凝固组织得到明显细化；在同样的电脉冲条件下，凝固组织细化效果与电脉冲放电开始时间有关，凝固过程中放电开始时间越早，凝固组织细化效果越明显；反之，凝固组织细化效果较差；同时，脉冲充电电压越高，凝固组织细化程度越大。定量计算了脉冲电流产生的电磁力并分析了脉冲电流影响凝固组织的作用机制。     

电脉冲孕育处理温度对AlSi7Mg合金凝固组织的影响

通过对不同温度下电脉冲孕育处理前后AlSi7Mg合金的凝固组织进行金相分析，结果表明，电脉冲孕育处理使凝固组织得到明显改善，晶粒细小且成均匀等轴状，而未经孕育处理的合金在铸态下呈现粗大的柱状晶。另外发现在近液相线温度下进行低温浇注也可以起到细化晶粒的作用，且在630℃下对熔体进行电脉冲处理后浇注得到的凝固态组织最好。     

电脉冲孕育处理对不同Si含量Fe-Si合金凝固组织的影响

研究了电脉冲孕育处理对Si含量为2.5%、1.5%、1.0%、0.5%的铁硅二元合金凝固组织的影响。在一定过热度(1550℃)的情况下,对不同成分的Fe-Si合金进行电脉冲处理,比较其凝固组织,结果发现:经电脉冲孕育处理后,Si含量为2.5%和1.5%的铁硅合金凝固组织发生了明显的细化,中心等轴晶区扩大,柱状晶变短。Si含量为1.0%和0.5%的铁硅合金凝固组织变化不明显。分析认为,电脉冲处理使Si原子的外层电子发生了杂化,成键能力增强,在合金熔体中形成了较多数量的原子集团,促进凝固时的形核,使凝固组织发生了细化。当Si含量较高时,金属熔体对电脉冲处理的响应更为明显。     

ZL102合金的电脉冲变质及其与硼砂细化处理的复合作用

研究了脉冲电流对ZL10 2合金凝固组织的影响 ,以及与硼砂细化处理的复合作用。实验表明 :在电脉冲作用下 ,凝固组织中粗大α Al枝晶得到明显细化 ,共晶硅片的尺寸减小 ;硼砂变质细化和电脉冲细化的复合作用使α Al枝晶成为球状晶。振荡的电磁收缩力和电流的热效应是电脉冲细化和均匀化凝固组织的主要原因。     

电脉冲处理对铜锡合金凝固组织的影响

对处于熔点以上的铜锡合金施加300 V电脉冲30 s,研究了电脉冲处理对铜锡合金凝固组织的影响,并对电脉冲改善金属液凝固组织的作用机理进行了讨论。结果表明,电脉冲处理后铜锡合金的铸态组织得到明显的改善,晶粒细化、偏析减小、组织更均匀,从而可使材料的力学性能提高。     

低压交流电脉冲下Al-7%Si合金晶粒细化机理研究

采用不同凝固阶段施加低压交流电脉冲以及在模具中嵌入不同直径金属网限制熔体对流的方法,研究了低压交流电脉冲细化Al-7%Si合金宏观凝固组织的机理。结果表明,低压交流电脉冲处理620℃以上的过热熔体以及在a-Al初生相生长后半阶段施加电脉冲均不会细化合金晶粒,晶粒细化主要发生在a-Al初生相形核阶段和生长前半阶段。金属网内外晶粒均得到了细化,但网外晶粒更细小,且网内微观组织为发达的树枝晶,网外为蔷薇状组织。低压交流电脉冲孕育效应及Joule热效应不会对Al-7%Si合金晶粒细化产生明显影响,合金晶粒细化主要是电磁力诱导的熔体流动引起晶核增殖和脉冲电流作用下形核动力学改变而引起形核率增加协同作用的结果。     

快速凝固Al-Sr中间合金及其变质效果

快速凝固使Ａｌ－Ｓｒ合金产生了微观组织细化、缺陷密度增加、成分均匀化以及固溶体过饱和化等变化。在Ａｌ－Ｓｒ合金快速凝固条带（以下称激冷带）横截面上出现“双区”组织。冷却速度达到１０６Ｋ／ｓ激冷带的激冷侧晶粒达到纳米级。变质实验结果表明：不同冷却速度下形成的Ａｌ－Ｓｒ中间合金具有不同的变质效果，快速凝固的Ａｌ－Ｓｒ中间合金达到与常规Ａｌ－Ｓｒ中间合金相同的变质度，其用量减少５０％～６０％，潜伏期缩短５０％左右。     

Fe-Co多元合金晶粒细化机制

采用合金熔体深过冷与铜模激冷相结合的凝固技术,研究了Fe47Co47Nb2.5Cu2.5B1合金的晶粒细化机制.研究结果表明,合金凝固组织由外层扩大的细晶区和芯部的等轴晶两部分组成.细晶区晶粒细化主要在于铜模激冷提高了该区域熔体的过冷度,导致熔体形核率增大,抑制了晶粒长大,并在大的枝晶应力作用下发生枝晶碎断.合金芯部组织细化则主要是由于细晶区为内部过冷熔体提供了更多形核质点,并且结晶潜热的释放促使枝晶发生熔断.     

脉冲电场对Al-5wt%Cu合金熔体的孕育形核作用

对Al-5wt%Cu合金熔体进行了电脉冲处理,采用热分析方法研究了脉冲电场对该合金凝固冷却曲线的影响.结果表明,电脉冲可显著细化Al-5wt%Cu合金的凝固组织,进而改善其热裂倾向.凝固冷却曲线和温变速率曲线揭示了脉冲电场对合金熔体的孕育形核作用.     

电脉冲细化HRB335螺纹钢凝固组织的研究

对HRB335螺纹钢在凝固过程中进行电脉冲处理.实验发现:经过电脉冲处理后HRB335螺纹钢的凝固组织得到了明显的改善.晶粒细化,柱状晶减少,等轴晶比例增加.对电脉冲细化金属凝固组织的机理进行了探讨.     

Grain structure and texture evolutions during single crystal casting of the Ni-base superalloy CMSX-4

The solidification grain structure and texture evolutions during single crystal (SX) casting of the advanced Ni-base superalloy CMSX-4 have been investigated. In order to understand the development of the solidification grain structure, SX casting experiments were carried out with a specially designed grain selector in a Bridgman directional solidification (DS) furnace. In addition to casting trials, the SX casting process was simulated by a 3-D cellular automaton-finite element (CAFE) model. The predicted solidification grain structure and the texture evolutions were validated by comparison with the microstructural observation and the electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) results. It was shown that the overall grain structure, crystallographic texture evolution, and the location where the final selection of the single crystal occurs can be predicted well by the present CAFE model. The axial texture evolution of the single crystal was found to be significantly influenced by the grain density at the chill surface. The CAFE predictions also revealed that the geometry of the grain selector plays a significant role in the final selection of the single crystal.     

Effect of pulse magnetic field on solidification structure and properties of pure copper

The application of pulse magnetic field to metal solidification is an advanced technique which can remarkably refine solidification structure. In this paper, the effect of pulse magnetic field on solidification structure, mechanical properties and conductivity of pure copper was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the solidification structure transformed from coarse columnar crystal to fine globular crystal with increasing pulse voltage. Increasing pulse voltage also improved the tensile strength. However, with the increase of pulse voltage, the elongation and electrical resistivity firstly decreased, then increased when the pulse voltage beyond a critical value. Moreover, in some conditions, pulse magnetic field can simultaneously improve the conductivity and mechanical property of pure copper.     

Effect of chill cooling conditions on cooling rate,microstructure and casting/chill interfacial heat transfer coefficient for sand cast A319 alloy

A combination of experiments and numerical analyses were used to examine the cooling conditions, solidification microstructure and interfacial heat transfer in A319 cast in a chilled wedge format. Both solid copper chills and water cooled chills, with and without a delay in water cooling, were examined in the study. Various chill preheats were also included. The goal of the investigation is to explore methods of limiting heat transfer during solidification directly beside the chill and increasing cooling rates during solidification away from the chill. Within the range of conditions examined in the study, chill preheat was found to have only a small effect on cooling rates between 5 and 50 mm from the chill/casting interface, pour superheat a moderate effect and water cooling a significant effect. In comparison to the results for the solid chill, the solidification time at 5 mm with water cooling applied at the beginning of mould filling is reduced from 56 to 15 s and at 50 mm from 588 to 93·5 s. Furthermore, the average cooling rate during solidification is increased from 1·9 to 7·06°C s^?1 at 5 mm and from 0·18 to 1·13°C s^?1 at 50 mm. At 50 mm, for example, the increased cooling rate achieved with water translates into a reduction in secondary dendrite arm spacing from 40 to 25 μm or ～40%. Delaying the water cooling by 10 s facilitated slow cooling rates at 5 mm (similar to those achieved with a solid chill) and high cooling rates 50 mm from the chill. A temperature based correlation was found to be suitable for characterising the behaviour of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the solid shill castings, whereas a time based correlation was needed for the water cooled castings.     

The Prediction of Shrinkage Cavities in Cast-Steel Rolls

Abstract

A 2D finite difference program has been written which enables the progress of solidification to be predicted in cylindrical castings with geometries typical of cast-steel rolls. A simple method for predicting the formation of gross shrinkage cavities has been introduced into the program, which assumes that liquid metal flow is instantaneous in regions where the solid fraction is below some critical value and feeding through regions above the critical value is not possible. Using metal/mould heat transfer coefficients determined previously for a variety of mould surface conditions (bare chill, coated chill, sand-lined chill), the computer model has been validated experimentally in terms of solidification times, position and shape of cavities and regions of porosity for a number of geometrical arrangements with different mould surfaces.     

Effects of chill casting processes on secondary dendrite arm spacing and densification of Al-Si-Mg alloy

Based on the resin bonded sand casting process, the-effects of chill processes on the secondary dendrite arm spacing（SDAS） and densification of Al-Si-Mg alloy were studied. The influences of the chill thickness and effective distance of chill operating on the SDAS were researched; and the effect of chill＇heat capacity on SDAS was investigated. The result reveals that, SDAS decreases with increasing the thickness of chill but the effect of chill is finite. The effective distance of chill operating for the chill with different thickness were obtained, and the functional relations among modulus, length of castings and thickness of chill were discussed, and the synthetical network chart of the relation among them was plotted. The relationship between local solidification rate and SDAS was defined by means of quadratic polynomial regression.     

Heat transfer at the metal/substrate interface during solidification of Pb-Sn solder alloys

Heat transfer analysis during the solidification of lead, tin, and two lead-base solder alloys against two different chill materials (steel and copper) was carried out with and without flux coating on the chill surface. Temperatures at two known locations inside the chill and casting were recorded as the casting started solidifying, and the acquired chill temperature data were used for solving a one-dimensional heat conduction equation inversely to yield the metal/chill interfacial heat flux and chill surface temperature as a function of time. The initial heat flux was high due to good contact at the metal/chill interface. As the casting started solidifying, there was a reduction in the heat flux due to the nonconforming contact at the interface. Chills with flux coating resulted in finer microstructures near the solder/substrate interface compared to those obtained with uncoated chills. The fineness of the microstructure also increased when copper was used as the chill material. The estimated total heat flow was found to be higher with flux-coated and copper chills. This was in good agreement with the finer microstructures obtained near the solder/chill interfacial region for solidification against copper chills and chills with flux coating on their surface.     

冷铁对铝合金铸件二次枝晶间距的影响

研究了冷铁厚度、冷铁的有效作用距离、铸件二次枝晶间距以及铸件的模数之间的关系。结果表明,随着冷铁厚度的增加,试样的二次枝晶间距减小;试样的直径和冷铁的厚度显著影响冷铁的有效作用距离,随着试样直径的增加,必须相应增加冷铁的厚度。根据研究结果,绘制了铸件模数、铸件热节厚度及应加冷铁厚度之间的关系诺模图。还研究了冷铁厚度与局部凝固速度及铸件二次枝晶间距之间的关系,并给出了局部凝固速度及铸件二次枝晶间距之间关系的数学表达式,对于任何模数的A357合金铸件,只要合理控制其局部凝固速度,即可得到需要的二次枝晶间距。     

电脉冲对取向硅钢凝固组织的影响研究

对取向硅钢熔融态钢液进行处理,对比研究了不同脉冲参数的作用效果。结果表明,电脉冲对钢锭晶粒组织具有明显的细化作用,凝固组织等轴晶比例大幅上升。在脉冲电容、频率、处理时间和电压中,影响等轴晶比例的最显著性因素为脉冲频率;最优正交实验参数为:电容1 200μF,脉冲频率1 Hz,处理时间5 s,脉冲电压800 V;随着输入能量的增大,等轴晶率先增大后减小,脉冲输入能量为某值时,等轴晶率最大,通过经典形核理论和热力学对这一现象进行了解释。     

门框底衬铸钢件的铸造工艺设计及数值模拟

运用传统方法设计了门框底衬铸钢件的铸造工艺:包括分型面、浇注位置的选择、铸造工艺参数的确定以及浇注系统、冒口、冷铁的设计.根据铸件形状较复杂的特点,设计了两个内浇道;将铸件划分为4个补缩区域进行补缩,并配合冷铁来实现铸件的顺序凝固.用Pro/E软件建立了铸件的三维模型,采用ViewCast铸造模拟软件对铸件的凝固过程进行了模拟计算.模拟结果显示,在门框底衬凸台处会产生缩孔、缩松缺陷.根据数值模拟结果并结合理论分析,对铸造工艺方案进行了优化.通过改进工艺,最大程度地消除了铸造缺陷,从而获得了合理的铸造工艺方案.     

Surface Structure Formation in Direct Chill (DC) Casting of Al Alloys

The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of the surface zone formation during direct chill (DC) casting of aluminum billets produced by the air slip technology. The depth of the shell zone, with compositions deviating from the bulk, is of large importance for the subsequent extrusion productivity and quality of final products. The surface microstructures of 6060 and 6005 aluminum alloys in three different surface appearances—defect free, wavy surface, and spot defects—were studied. The surface microstructures and outer appearance, segregation depth, and phase formation were investigated for the mentioned cases. The results were discussed and explained based on the exudation of liquid metal through the mushy zone and the fact that the exudated liquid is contained within a surface oxide skin. Outward solidification in the surface layer was quantitatively analyzed, and the oxide skin movements explained meniscus line formation. Phases forming at different positions in the segregation zone were analyzed and coupled to a cellular solidification in the exudated layer.