纳米技术在药物制剂研究中的应用

药物的水难溶性以及由此导致的低生物利用度是阻碍药学发展的主要原因之一,随着纳米技术的发展以及在药物制剂研究的应用,有些水难溶药物生物利用度低的问题已经得到了较好的解决.本论文在对纳米技术进行简介的基础上,重点介绍了该技术在微乳液、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米凝胶、聚合物纳米粒及纳米结晶等新型给药系统中的应用.在介绍纳米药物相对于传统药物的主要优势时,也对纳米技术在药物制剂研究中潜在的问题也进行了提示,以使纳米技术在新型药物制剂的研究中发挥更好作用.     

生物炭对几类常见新兴污染物去除的研究进展

近年来药物和个人洗护用品（PPCPs）以及内分泌干扰物（EDCs）等新兴污染物频频检出,引起人们高度关注。众多研究表明,这些新兴污染物已经广泛分布在河流、湖泊、海洋、土壤、沉积物和地下水等环境介质中,而这些物质具有不易降解特性,加之不断排入水体环境,在水体环境中呈现“假持续存在”状态,对生态环境和人体健康造成诸多的不良影响。本文首先简述了以PPCPs和EDCs为代表的新兴污染物在环境中的来源、传播、分布和去除技术,并以表格形式综述了PPCPs和EDCs在各地区的污染现状。最后介绍了生物炭在去除PPCPs和EDCs上的研究现状和进展,分别通过生物炭制备原料、热解温度、改性或活化方式、溶液pH、离子强度和干扰物等因素综述了其对生物炭吸附PPCPs和EDCs的影响,并在最后做出总结和展望,以期能给今后生物炭在去除PPCPs和EDCs等新兴污染物上的相关研究和实际应用提供更多思路。     

Occurrence,Treatment, and Toxicological Relevance of EDCs and Pharmaceuticals in Water

Over the past decade a great amount of interest has arisen regarding the occurrence and fate of trace organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. Of particular concern are human hormones and pharmaceuticals, many of which are ubiquitous contaminants in conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents when measured with ng/L detection limits. As analytical procedures and bioassay techniques become more readily available and increasingly sensitive, new contaminants will be discovered. The presence or absence of any chemical in a wastewater effluent is essentially a function of analytical detection capability. This poses a unique challenge for drinking water treatment plants intent on the removal of organic contaminants, as complete removal is merely a reflection of reporting limits. The investigation described here sought to determine the occurrence, treatment, and human health relevance of a chemically diverse group of emerging contaminants.     

Comparison of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBR and activated sludge systems

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) nowadays attract serious attention for the treatment of municipal wastewater, due to recent technical innovations and drastic cost reductions of the employed membranes. Especially the high biomass concentrations and long sludge retention times are favorable for the biodegradation of organic pollutants, resulting in high rate treatment systems. These characteristic features of MBR technology are not merely advantageous for organic matter removal, but also likely promote a higher biodegradation efficiency of refractory organic pollutants. The increasing concern about the potential accumulation of micro-pollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, in the aquatic environment triggered many investigations into their biological degradation or fate in wastewater treatment systems. In this work a short overview is presented on the current knowledge of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBRs compared to their removal in conventional activated sludge treatment system. In general, for slowly degradable pharmaceuticals the removal in MBRs is better due to the relatively long sludge ages, which leads to the development of distinct microbial communities in MBRs compared to activated sludge plants. Nevertheless, from the literature results it could not be concluded that pharmaceutical removal in MBR reactors is better as many other factors have been indicated that may affect biodegradation rates, which are not directly related to the reactor configuration.     

Light-emitting diodes enhanced by localized surface plasmon resonance

Light-emitting diodes [LEDs] are of particular interest recently as their performance is approaching fluorescent/incandescent tubes. Moreover, their energy-saving property is attracting many researchers because of the huge energy crisis we are facing. Among all methods intending to enhance the efficiency and intensity of a conventional LED, localized surface plasmon resonance is a promising way. The mechanism is based on the energy coupling effect between the emitted photons from the semiconductor and metallic nanoparticles fabricated by nanotechnology. In this review, we describe the mechanism of this coupling effect and summarize the common fabrication techniques. The prospect, including the potential to replace fluorescent/incandescent lighting devices as well as applications to flat panel displays and optoelectronics, and future challenges with regard to the design of metallic nanostructures and fabrication techniques are discussed.     

Advancement in treatment of wastewater: Fate of emerging contaminants

The scarcity of industrial and domestic use water has become an important issue as industrial operations and localized pollution have burgeoned over the last decade. Wastewater (WW) treatment for recycling and reuse is gaining importance as an alternate source of water supply to circumvent water shortages. Wastewater treatment requires thorough planning, design, construction, and management of treatment facilities in order to discharge the treated water to the aquatic environment or for recycling and reuse. One detrimental effect of growing populations and urbanization has been the release of many persistent emerging contaminants (ECs) to the environment, mainly detected in WW. The entry of these ECs to the aquatic environment through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may cause different ecological risks such as reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, and microbial resistance. The quantification of ECs (in ng or pg level) in complex matrices, such as WW samples recognized through non‐target screening approaches, has played a key role in the planning and design of water treatment facilities. The purpose of this review is to provide information about advancements in wastewater treatment technologies such as constructed wetland (CW) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the fate of emerging contaminants during these treatments. Further, this review also reports the ecological effects of these contaminants and their by‐products formed during various advanced WW treatment processes. The review also discusses advancements in different analytical techniques for the analysis of ECs in WW.     

Recent advances in nanostructured Sn−Ln mixed-metal oxides as sunlight-activated nanophotocatalyst for high-efficient removal of environmental pollutants

Environmental contaminants are toxic and undesirable compounds that can endanger the health and survivorship of human society. Thus, their removal from the environment has become a hot subject of research. Photocatalysis is accepted as a beneficial and environmentally friendly solution for the removal of undesirable contaminants. Its most substantial advantage is the capability to mineralize a wide variety of contaminants. Among various nanoscale compounds, mixed-metal oxides of tin (Sn) and lanthanide (Ln) with unique features and high reactivity have been demonstrated to be promising photocatalysts for removing undesirable contaminants. This review is aimed to give a comprehensive overview of current research progress concerning solar photocatalytic applications utilizing mixed-metal oxides of tin (Sn) and lanthanide (Ln). Diverse techniques for fabrication of mixed-metal oxides of tin (Sn) and lanthanide (Ln) and comprehensive experimental outcomes revealing their application in solar photocatalysis for removing undesirable pollutants are summarized. Besides, factors influencing the solar photocatalytic process have been briefly discussed. Ultimately, inspiring outlooks on this area of research are offered with the purpose of prevailing challenges.     

Preparation of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes (Mag-CNTs) for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely studied for their potential applications in many fields from nanotechnology to biomedicine. The preparation of magnetic CNTs (Mag-CNTs) opens new avenues in nanobiotechnology and biomedical applications as a consequence of their multiple properties embedded within the same moiety. Several preparation techniques have been developed during the last few years to obtain magnetic CNTs: grafting or filling nanotubes with magnetic ferrofluids or attachment of magnetic nanoparticles to CNTs or their polymeric coating. These strategies allow the generation of novel versatile systems that can be employed in many biotechnological or biomedical fields. Here, we review and discuss the most recent papers dealing with the preparation of magnetic CNTs and their application in biomedical and biotechnological fields.     

A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment

Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.     

Advanced development in upstream of petroleum industry using nanotechnology

Nowadays, energy supply is one of the most important issues due to limitation of oil, gas and coal sources. Because of rapid population, civilization and energy consumption growth, the improved technologies to make optimal use of the sources, solving related problems and finding new energy sources are important. More than 10 years ago, nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies has also been applied to progress in the oil and gas industry (upstream, midstream and downstream). The experience of these years has shown that application of nanotechnology in the oil industry improves the exploration of crude oil and natural gas (underground or deep water), drilling and bringing the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface, as well as transportation, storage, processing and purifying methods. Nanoparticles with high specific surface area, pore volume and small size show unique physical and chemical properties, which could be applied in several applications. In this regard, many researchers have been focused on various nanoparticles for upstream industries and studied their potential in oil exploration, drilling, production and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Also, in downstream and midstream which involve refining of crude oil, processing and purifying of raw natural gas, transportation and storage of crude or refined petroleum products, the nanomaterials have been used to improve the quality of oil and make it appropriate for the environment. Lowering sulfur gasoline, enhancing the octane number and coating the transportation system are among the goals that have been achieved successfully using nanotechnology. In this work, various types of nanoparticles such as metallic, metal oxide, hybrid nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, nano-composites and their applications in oil upstream industry are reviewed. Also, their usage in different types of oil upstream processes is discussed.     

Removing pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds from wastewater by photocatalysis

Widespread concerns continue to be raised about the increasing presence of emerging contaminants in the environment. Such compounds include a wide range of persistent organic chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds whose effects are poorly known, often because they have only begun to enter the environment and are showing up in wastewater treatment plants. The occurrence and behavior of these compounds in wastewater are key issues with regard to water reclamation and reuse. Treatment plants are now faced with the challenge of removing the compounds from their effluent before they enter natural waterways. In this regard, photocatalysis is a promising technology for wastewater treatment that offers many advantages over conventional and some advanced treatment options. The application of photocatalysis for the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds for wastewater is comprehensively surveyed in this paper. This treatment technology is not intended to replace conventional systems but to supplement for higher‐quality effluent. The assessment places emphasis on the process fundamentals, advantages, and disadvantages of the technology. It also focuses on the current limitations and future research needs. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Role of Freeze Drying in Nanotechnology

Governments worldwide have spent more money on nanotechnology between 1997 and 2005 than on the Apollo project. The spending trend is still going upwards. Drying is an indispensable operation in the fabrication of nanosized materials. Hence, it is no surprise to find a large number of papers published in the past decade on drying and nano-related materials. This article reviews the literature and highlights the opportunities and challenges of freeze drying in nanotechnology. Freeze drying has found application in the production of nanoparticles for electrochemical, environmental, engineered materials, and pharmaceutical industries. The retention of the homogenous properties typically found in a solution, the small size of particles produced, and the long shelf life obtained for pharmaceutical applications are the primary reasons for choosing freeze drying. The relatively cheap operation cost compared to supercritical fluid extraction is another reason. Freezing was found to be a very important step in obtaining desired particle size and properties. Primary drying of solvent sublimation should be carried out at a temperature below the collapse temperature. Cryoprotectants are frequently necessary in preserving the original properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Spray freezing into liquid was found to be an optimal operation in order to minimize the air-liquid interfacial loss of bioactivity. A continuous freeze-drying process for production of granules of nanoparticles would be in demand, a dream that freeze-drying researchers have had for over a decade. This freeze drying may be carried out under vacuum or at atmospheric pressure using proper gases.     

水环境中药物类PPCPs的赋存及处理技术进展

药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)类新兴污染物在水环境中被广泛检测出,因其生物累积性和潜在的生态危害性,近年来受到高度关注。文中总结了水环境中PPCPs的赋存状况,解析了水环境中PPCPs的来源和迁移、转化路径,发现传统污水处理厂尚不能彻底、有效地去除PPCPs,污水厂的尾水排放是水环境中PPCPs的重要来源。同时,比较了污水厂常规处理和三级处理工艺对PPCPs的去除效果,指出污水处理厂基于宏量常规污染物和微量新兴污染物的同步去除技术或复合去除技术是削减水环境新兴污染物浓度的核心途径,开发能够经济、高效地去除各类PPCPs的深度处理技术仍然十分必要。     

Role of Freeze Drying in Nanotechnology

Governments worldwide have spent more money on nanotechnology between 1997 and 2005 than on the Apollo project. The spending trend is still going upwards. Drying is an indispensable operation in the fabrication of nanosized materials. Hence, it is no surprise to find a large number of papers published in the past decade on drying and nano-related materials. This article reviews the literature and highlights the opportunities and challenges of freeze drying in nanotechnology. Freeze drying has found application in the production of nanoparticles for electrochemical, environmental, engineered materials, and pharmaceutical industries. The retention of the homogenous properties typically found in a solution, the small size of particles produced, and the long shelf life obtained for pharmaceutical applications are the primary reasons for choosing freeze drying. The relatively cheap operation cost compared to supercritical fluid extraction is another reason. Freezing was found to be a very important step in obtaining desired particle size and properties. Primary drying of solvent sublimation should be carried out at a temperature below the collapse temperature. Cryoprotectants are frequently necessary in preserving the original properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Spray freezing into liquid was found to be an optimal operation in order to minimize the air–liquid interfacial loss of bioactivity. A continuous freeze-drying process for production of granules of nanoparticles would be in demand, a dream that freeze-drying researchers have had for over a decade. This freeze drying may be carried out under vacuum or at atmospheric pressure using proper gases.     

药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)处理方法研究进展

药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)是一类新兴的污染物,虽然其在环境中的浓度很低,却对环境有着深远且不可恢复的影响。目前对环境中PPCPs的检测及处理方法的研究已成为热点。该论文对环境中PPCPs的存在情况、PPCPs的检测方法、处理方法及影响因素等进行了总结概括和对比,并预测了PPCPs处理方法的研究与发展趋势,为环境中PPCPs的处理提供了有益的参考。     

A multiscale systems approach to microelectronic processes

This paper describes applications of molecular simulation to microelectronics processes and the subsequent development of techniques for multiscale simulation and multiscale systems engineering. The progression of the applications of simulation in the semiconductor industry from macroscopic to molecular to multiscale is reviewed. Multiscale systems are presented as an approach that incorporates molecular and multiscale simulation to design processes that control events at the molecular scale while simultaneously optimizing all length scales from the molecular to the macroscopic. It is discussed how design and control problems in microelectronics and nanotechnology, including the targeted design of processes and products at the molecular scale, can be addressed using the multiscale systems tools. This provides a framework for addressing the “grand challenge” of nanotechnology: how to move nanoscale science and technology from art to an engineering discipline.     

挥发性有机物处理技术的特点与发展

挥发性有机物(VOCs)产生于有机化工生产过程及有机产品被使用的自身挥发过程,对环境和人类健康有害。本文综述了VOCs的定义、来源、危害、相关法律法规和排放情况。介绍了现有VOCs处理技术,包括化学氧化法、物理分离法、生物分解法、光解法、电化学法以及新兴复合型处理技术等的特点。阐述了这些技术的原理、工艺流程、优势、使用限制和市场的占有率,其中吸附法应用最为广泛,催化燃烧法和低温等离子法发展最快,复合型处理技术处理效果最好且无二次污染是VOCs处理技术发展的一个重要方向。选择合适VOCs处理工艺应依据其主要成分的浓度、气体流量、物化性质等因素并考虑到整个处理工艺的经济效益。并对新兴复合型处理技术的发展趋势作了展望,指出降低成本、简化操作是该技术进一步推广的关键。     

Prospects for the application of dielectric heating processes in the pre‐treatment of oilseeds

In some branches of industry dielectric heating processes are used in a wide range of different applications like drying of agricultural products and textiles or disinfection processes in the food processing and pharmaceutical industry. This report shows potential uses of this technology for thermal pre‐treatment of oilseeds. Therefore, the basic principles of the dielectric heating mechanism and some resulting characteristics are presented in comparison to conventional heating systems. Special aspects of the application of microwaves and high‐frequency energy for thermal pre‐treatment of oilseeds are also presented. Finally, some scenarios for imaginable applications of this technology in the European oil milling industry are discussed.     

The Potential Use of Ozone in Municipal Wastewater

This paper summarizes the potential options applying ozone for the improvement of effluents from wastewater treatment plants. A specific focus will be on the technical aspects of how to integrate ozone technique in existing or new conventional treatment plants. Additionally some large scale projects will be illustrated, where this technique is now in operation. The following aspects are of interest and are discussed: necessary ozone dose range (depends on application, water matrix and contaminants); required components of ozone systems (ozone generator, gas supply, reaction system, off-gas handling); process control, online measurement; potential parameters to be used for process control; design guidelines for the integration of ozone systems; and cost calculations.     

Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater

A vast number of persistent organic pollutants have been found in wastewater effluent, surface water, and drinking water around the world. This indicates their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment technologies. In addition to classical persistent organics such as organochlorine insecticides, solvents, and polychlorinated biphenyls, a growing number of emerging pollutants of both synthetic and natural origins have been identified as major environmental pollutants in recent years. A variety of advanced and conventional treatment options have been suggested for the removal and/or destruction of these persistent organics in water and wastewater, such as chemical oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, and membrane filtration. Of these options, chemical oxidation using ozone, alone or in combination with additional physical/chemical agents (i.e., advanced oxidation), has been proved a highly effective treatment process for a wide spectrum of emerging aqueous organic pollutants, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, surfactants, microbial toxins, and natural fatty acids. In this paper, we discuss the emerging organic pollutants of concern in the aquatic environment and focus on the issues associated with their removal using ozonation and advanced oxidation processes.