弯曲河道水流结构研究现状探析

弯曲型河流是冲积河流当中最为常见的一种河型,是组成河流的最基本单元,在世界分布很广,对防洪、航运等有重要的影响。弯道水流是指行进在弯曲河道中的水流。由于边界条件的不同,弯道中行进的水流运动特性也与顺直河段中不同。弯道水流运动规律的研究,在河流治理、港口兴建、引水排沙、桥墩防冲以及改善河道航运等方面都得到了广泛的应用。文章对单弯水流特性研究成果进行了归纳分析,并对研究成果相对较少的连续弯道水流特性方面进行了归纳与展望。     

植被对河道水流及岸滩形态演变影响研究进展

植被作为河流系统重要的阻力因素,在河道形态演变方面发挥着至关重要的作用。植被地表结构改变了河道水流阻力、河床切应力、流速分布及水流紊动特性,植被根系增强了岸滩土体强度和稳定性。从植被地表茎干结构对水流特性影响和植被地下根系加筋作用对岸滩稳固影响两个方面的研究进行了回顾和综述,并指出今后在植被水流研究方面,可进一步考虑植被枝、叶对水流特性的影响,加强对柔性植被变形、摆动引起的动边界问题的研究,以及全面考虑河道形态边界条件的影响,特别是含植被的分汊河道水流特性还需深入研究;在植被根系固土护岸方面,可同时考虑岸滩土体非均质性、河道水流对岸滩的侵蚀冲刷作用及水体渗流对岸滩土体力学特性的影响;在植被河道形态演变预测方面,可以综合考虑含植被河道的水动力学及土力学问题,以及两者间的互馈响应机制。     

U型弯道流速变化的物理模型研究

每年，邻近河道的农田、公路和建筑物会由于水流冲刷、河道变迁以及河流的弯曲发展而受到破坏，这种现象发生在河流弯道处，这是因为水流流态和流速在弯道处发生变化而影响到泥沙输送、冲坑形状以及泥沙淤积。因此，研究弯道处的水流特性对设计标准的选择和桥梁、防冲坝以及侧入水口等涉河建筑物位置的选定意义重大。同样，对于改善河道亦有效用。     

大盈江、瑞丽江中下游河道水流挟沙能力初探

水流挟沙能力是河流动力学的基本问题,是河床演变分析和河道整治工程设计的重要基础。随着临河、跨河建筑的增多,防洪影响评价工作的开展,面临越来越多河道演变等问题的分析计算,根据大盈江、瑞丽江中下游河段的水流泥沙实测资料对该河段水流挟沙能力进行了初步探讨。     

冲积河流河床稳定性综合指标

冲积河流河床稳定性指标在实践中是判断河流泥沙运动强度、沙丘运动引起的河床变形强度和划分河型的依据。河流动力学研究成果表明,河床纵向稳定性取决于河道纵向水流输沙能力,而纵向水流输沙能力与纵向水流参数成比例。类比于纵向稳定性与纵向水流参数的关系,认为横向稳定性与横向水流参数成比例,以及河床稳定性综合指标取决于纵向稳定性与横向稳定性的对比。经推导,得到了反映水流动力因素、河床几何尺寸和边界特征的河床稳定性综合指标一般表达式。根据天然河道和模型小河的河型资料,确定河床稳定性综合指标。该指标反映了河床综合稳定性且可以用来进行河型判别。     

长江河道崩岸机理

崩岸是河道平面变表的具体表现形式。崩岸的发生由冲积河流河床演变规律所支配，它与水流动力条件、泥沙输移条件、河床边界条件以及河道形态具有密切的联系。侧重从水流动力条件及泥沙动力学角度出发，分析了长江二元结构组成河岸崩坍的机理。崩岸的发生、发展是以泥沙运动为纽带，通过水流与河床的相互作用来实现的，近岸泥沙运动对河道崩岸的发生有着重要的影响。     

北江下游河道阻力分析研究

河道糙率作为表征水流能量沿程损失的重要参数,不仅仅是河流水沙输移模拟中必须考虑的问题,而且该参数的取值对河道治理规划设计也起到至关重要的作用,利用河道阻力学进行水流的分析计算对水利工程的施工等有着及其重要的作用。     

高含沙水流的整体停滞淤积及其影响

河流泥沙的整体贴边停滞淤积是高含沙水流物理力学性质决定的一种泥沙运动停滞现象。它的形成与消亡对高含沙河流的洪水演进、河道演变及河道水文要素的变化有着重要影响。本文从高含沙水流的物理力学特性分析入手,探讨整体贴边淤积的形成机理,认识它的作用。研究表明：层流条件下的高含沙水流具有静态剪切应力,其大小与浑液的含沙量和相对静止时间成正比,与粒径成反比,是导致高含沙水流层流区的运动阻力随着时间增大、出现整体停滞淤积的主要原因。高含沙水流出现的许多独特现象可以从整体停滞淤积得到解释。对静态剪切应力和整体停滞淤积的认识将有助于高含沙洪水演进、河床演变和黄河水沙调控体系中的水沙调度等相关领域的研究。     

生态型河道水流特性研究现状

针对生态型河道中植被用于水质改善和美化景观时破坏了原来河道中水体结构的问题，回顾了国内外有植被河道水流特性的研究进程，从试验模拟和数值模拟两方面总结分析已取得的研究成果，认为水中植被的存在改变了原来水流的运动特性，并对影响水流特性的各种相关因素进行分析探讨，指出目前研究方法存在的局限性。鉴于生态型河道水流问题的复杂性，指出实际工程中应综合考虑多方面影响，合理种植植被，并对今后的研究进行展望。     

水流挟沙能力公式的转化与统一

水流挟沙能力作为河道水力与泥沙因子和河床补给条件相互作用的重要综合性参数，一直是河流动力学中的核心问题之一，倍受学术界关注。本文首先基于悬移质运动效率系数等泥沙悬浮能量的角度建立水流挟沙能力统一结构公式；然后对前人众多的水流挟沙能力公式进行分类、归纳为含沙量型与输沙率型两种主要形式，并通过进一步的推导转化，将现行的主要挟沙能力公式统一于通用的结构公式，表明统一结构公式具有良好的通用性与实用性；文中最后应用黄河、长江等大量的天然实测资料对张红武等四家同时能适合于高、低含沙水流挟沙力公式的可靠性进行验证与分析，结果表明张红武和作者公式的计算精度令人满意，该项研究成果对于河流动力学学科发展及指导河道整治工程规划设计具有重要意义。     

基于HIP法的漓江环境流量

河流环境流量是一种流量范围,是维持河流生态完整性和生物多样性的基础,也是保持健康的河流系统不可缺少的条件.河流环境流量评价已成为当今河流规划管理的一个重要方面.水生态完整性评价方法(HIP)是以实测日流量系列为基础来确定河流环境流量的一种水文学方法.根据桂林漓江实测日流量系列,通过HIP方法的计算,可以得到漓江的环境流量.HIP方法及其计算的环境流量结果可以为河流管理者提供技术支持.     

植被刚度及其阻力特性研究可视化软件开发

水生植被是河流生态系统的一个很重要的组成部分,也是河流动力系统的基本要素之一。文中介绍了基于《单株植被刚度及其阻力特性研究》实验而开发的一套可视化软件。该软件能够分析出给定相关参数的单株植被在一定水流环境下对于水流阻力的影响。结果通过具体的水头损失数值表现出来。该软件具有操作简单,可读性强的特点。     

观音岩水电站生态流量研究

该文以观音岩水电站为例,根据河道断面曲线和水位~流量关系计算出各水力参数计算,然后用湿周法,Tennant法和R2-CROSS法对观音岩水电最小生态流量进行了分析计算。研究表明对于大型河流用Tennant法和R2-CROSS法计算的最小生态流量较接近且相对合理。     

黑河流域生态输水对下游植被变化影响研究

为挽救黑河下游额济纳地区严重退化的生态环境，本世纪初开始向下游实施生态输水工程。本文通过对2000-2009年的MODIS/NDVI序列分析，揭示了生态输水以来额济纳地区植被时空变化格局；基于不同时空分辨率的遥感影像和实地考察资料，分析了植被变化空间差异的主要原因。研究表明：（1）研究区内80.4 %的绿洲区植被和91.5 %的荒漠区植被呈恢复趋势。绿洲区内年累积植被指数序列趋势度大于0.14 a-1 的区域都存在农田开垦或弃耕地复播现象；荒漠植被的显著恢复主要发生在西河中、下游和东河下游地区。（2）研究区内19.6 %的绿洲区植被和5.1 %的荒漠区植被进一步退化，退化区主要分布在衬砌渠系两侧和一些干涸或径流减少的自然河流两岸，植被退化主要是乔木林的退化。（3）大范围的植被恢复主要原因在于地下水环境的整体好转，以及生态保护措施的实施；地下水环境的整体好转取决于黑河中游来水量的增加和下游输水方案的实施。（4）研究区植被退化的直接原因在于目前输水方案实施引起的局部地表水环境恶化。基于植被动态监测和局部植被对全局生态的重要性评价，确定合理的输水方案，对于区域生态环境演变进入良性循环意义重大。     

植物条件下明渠紊流KH涡相关问题研究进展

植物是生态功能完备的河流的重要特征,淹没植物条件下产生的特殊紊流拟序结构——KH涡,对水-沙-污染物运动具有直接影响。从KH涡的发现、形成条件、特征参数(形态特征参数和运动周期)三方面,回顾了国内外植物条件下明渠紊流KH涡相关问题的研究进展,总结了植物密度和淹没度对KH涡的影响规律,提出结合紊流不稳定性理论、紊流拟序结构分析方法、流动显示、图像技术来研究KH涡的形成条件(临界密度或临界淹没度)、沿程发展过程、影响因素(如植物密度、刚度、几何形态、淹没度、水流强度)的具体影响,是下一步需要探索的关键。     

Relation between resistance characteristics due to aquatic weed growth and the hydraulic capacity of the river Aa

Vegetation growth drastically influences water levels and flow patterns in lowland rivers. As soon as plants start to grow in spring, the flow resistance increases to reach a maximum in early summer. The universities of Ghent and Antwerp are conducting scientific research in the river Aa in Belgium in order to better understand the relation between aquatic weed growth and the hydraulic capacity of the river and to come to a more accurate determination of the different influencing parameters. Velocity measurements are performed in multiple cross‐sections on a regular basis and studied. Discharge calculations are based on velocity measurements, which deliver important information about structural characteristics of the river, presence of vegetation, etc. Removing the vegetation allows for determining species and vegetation density as well as for studying the influence of plants on flow distribution and patterns. It is shown that the resistance coefficient, influenced by the amount of biomass, is an important parameter for the hydraulic characteristics of the river. The presence of macrophytes and their blockage characteristics are studied and a relation between discharge, biomass and resistance coefficient is set up. This leads to more reliable results in the application of hydraulic models for river management and river restoration purposes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trends in ecological river engineering in Korea

Ecological river engineering can be defined as the design and implementation of river works and river restoration works for the benefit of human society. It also guarantees the sustainable ecological functions of a river, such as its habitats and self-purification of its water. It is currently in the beginning stages in Korea, utilizing scientific knowledge on the processes of aquatic ecosystem degeneration and a methodology for solving the ecological problems in artificially altered rivers currently under development. The changes in river management and work practices in Korea may be best explained with a chronologically progressing sequence of ‘Natural’, ‘Disaster-prevention’, ‘Occupied’, ‘Park’, and ‘Close-to-nature’ rivers. Since the 1960s, the focus on river management and work has shifted from flood control only, to both flood control and riverine habitat conservation and restoration. Five research topics have been selected for this article, and the progress of each research area is briefly described with a representative picture in each topic. They are as follows: (1) flow resistance due to vegetation, (2) environmental flow, (3) floodplain vegetation modeling, (4) small dam removal, and (5) river restoration. For the future prospects of research on ecological river engineering in Korea, a necessity of further research on floodplain vegetation recruitment and succession, which can explain the so-called ‘white river’ and ‘green river’, is underlined, among others. Finally, two ongoing large research programs on river ecosystem restoration, of which are sponsored by the Government of Korea, are briefly introduced, followed by the introduction of a near-prototype experiment facility recently completed mainly for research on ecological river engineering.     

河道植物措施与生物多样性研究进展与展望

分析了河流作为重要地理要素和生态廊道在区域生态系统中的主要生态功能,以及传统河道建设中存在的影响河道生态功能的问题。通过对近自然河道治理技术、植物措施应用研究成果的总结与分析,认为河道植物措施是一种积极的人为干扰,可以通过边缘效应、廊道效应对生物多样性产生正面影响。提出河道建设应充分考虑河道生态功能,在河道平面形态、横断面型式等方面适当考虑生物多样性对生境异质性的要求,恢复并维护健康稳定的河道生态系统。     

Instream flow methods: a comparison of approaches

Minimum flows in rivers and streams aim to provide a certain level of protection for the aquatic environment. The level of protection is described by a measure such as a prescribed proportion of historic flows, wetted perimeter or suitable habitat. Conflicting minimum flow assessments from different instream flow methods are arguably the result of different environmental goals and levels of protection. The goals, the way in which levels of protection are specified, and the relationship between levels of protection and the aquatic environment are examined for three major categories of flow assessment methods: historic flow, hydraulic geometry and habitat. Basic conceptual differences are identified. Flow assessments by historic flow and hydraulic methods are related to river size and tend to retain the ‘character’ of a river. Habitat-based methods make no a priori assumptions about the natural state of the river and flow assessments are based primarily on water depth and velocity requirements. Flow and hydraulic methods assume that lower than natural flows will degrade the stream ecosystem, whereas habitat methods accept the possibility that aspects of the natural ecosystem can be enhanced by other than naturally occurring flows. Application of hydraulic and habitat methods suggests that the environmental response to flow is not linear; the relative change in width and habitat with flow is greater for small rivers than for large. Small rivers are more ‘at risk’ than large rivers and require a higher proportion of the average flow to maintain similar levels of environmental protection. Habitat methods are focused on target species or specific instream uses, and are useful where there are clear management objectives and an understanding of ecosystem requirements. Flow and hydraulic methods are useful in cases where there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem or where a high level of protection for an existing ecosystem is required. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.