利用Red重组工程技术解决外源基因在大肠杆菌染色体lac操纵子中的表达

为了应用Red重组工程技术实现外源基因在大肠杆菌染色体上的表达, 寻找染色体上外源蛋白的稳定高效表达位点, 使用Red重组工程系统和kan/sacB无痕迹修饰技术, 将易于定量分析的荧光素酶报告基因替换DY330染色体lac操纵子中的lacZ基因。检测该位点的表达效率结果显示: 大肠杆菌染色体上lac操纵子能够高效稳定表达外源基因, 初步证明了染色体可以作为外源蛋白或抗原的表达载体, 不会影响细菌的生长繁殖。     

利用Red重组工程技术解决外源基因在大肠杆菌染色体lac操纵子中的表达

为了应用Red重组工程技术实现外源基因在大肠杆菌染色体上的表达, 寻找染色体上外源蛋白的稳定高效表达位点, 使用Red重组工程系统和kan/sacB无痕迹修饰技术, 将易于定量分析的荧光素酶报告基因替换DY330染色体lac操纵子中的lacZ基因。检测该位点的表达效率结果显示: 大肠杆菌染色体上lac操纵子能够高效稳定表达外源基因, 初步证明了染色体可以作为外源蛋白或抗原的表达载体, 不会影响细菌的生长繁殖。     

Cre/lox系统介导的位点特异性重组技术及其应用

Ｃｒｅ／ｌｏｘ系统是源于Ｐ１噬菌体的一个ＤＮＡ重组体系,它能导致在特定的ＤＮＡ序列（ｌｏｘＰ位点）处发生定点重组。该系统以将外源基因定点整合到染色体上或将特定ＤＮＡ片段删除;这种定位重组系统在遗传操作中发挥了重要的作用。     

Cre-LoxP重组系统的特点及其在抗体研究中的应用

Cre-LoxP系统是源于P1噬菌体的一个DNA重组体系,由Cre酶和相应的LoxP位点组成,它能导致重组发生在特定的DNA序列处(LoxP位点),该系统可以将外源基因定点整合到染色体上或将特定DNA片段删除,这种定位重组系统在大容量噬菌体抗体库,抗体重排,抗体的类型转换和抗体修饰等研究领域发挥了重要的作用.     

XerCD/dif位点特异性重组

大约10%~15%的大肠杆菌在染色体复制过程中会形成染色体二聚体。大肠杆菌染色体编码的重组酶XerC和XerD作用于染色体复制终点区的dif序列,以同源重组的方式将染色体二聚体解离为单体,使细菌得以正常复制分裂。编码霍乱毒素的噬菌体CTXΦ以位点特异的方式整合入霍乱弧菌染色体,但其基因组中不含有任何重组酶基因,其整合过程需要细菌染色体编码的XerC和XerD重组酶,且整合位点与大肠杆菌dif序列相似。XerCD重组酶基因和dif位点在细菌染色体广泛存在,表明其可能是染色体二聚体解离,噬菌体及其他外源基因成分整合入染色体过程中一种广泛存在的途径。文章对XerCD/dif位点特异性重组在细菌染色体二聚体解离、外源基因整合的研究进展进行综述。     

重组工程系统研究进展

大肠杆菌的同源重组依靠内源性的RecA蛋白。RecBCD降解双链线性DNA分子,因此必须构建环状质粒打靶载体才能完成体内重组,操作过程繁琐,所需同源臂长。最近建立起的依赖于Rac噬菌体的ET重组系统和基于入噬菌体的Red重组系统,可有效利用线性DNA片段作为打靶分子,对大肠杆菌染色体DNA和BAC、PAC载体中包含的真核细胞基因组DNA进行基因敲除、敲入、替换、单碱基突变及体内基因克隆等修饰。这2种系统重组效率高,用PCR方法便可合成双链线性DNA打靶分子,不需要限制酶和连接酶,操作过程简单、精确、快速、经济,大大缩短了构建打靶载体的时间,成为功能基因组研究的有力工具。     

一种新的基于Red重组及I-Sec I体内切割的大肠杆菌基因组无痕删减方法

目前常用的基因修饰方法是在Red同源重组介导下,电转线性PCR片段替换染色体上指定序列。因PCR过程错误掺入,该方法常常会在同源序列部位产生一些突变。为了避免此类突变,我们建立了一种新的无痕删除方法。首先将含有抗性标记(两侧带有I-Sec I识别位点)的线性DNA电转到Red重组感受态细胞内,用抗性基因替换基因组上指定序列;然后,将携带融合同源臂(两侧带有I-Sec I位点)的供体质粒导入上述细胞,诱导表达I-Sec I内切酶切割供体质粒释放同源片段,同时切除染色体上抗性基因产生双链断裂,通过分子间同源重组实现无痕删除。我们应用该方法连续删除了大肠杆菌DH1基因组上11个非必需区,使基因组减小10.59%。PCR测序证明所有删减区域同源臂未发生突变,基因组重测序证明指定区域被删除。删减菌的生长变化不大,但耐酸能力有所改变,并对番茄红素合成有不同影响。     

应用Red重组工程技术建立asd基因缺失的大肠杆菌DH108菌株

目的：建立一株新遗传表型的大肠杆菌DH10BAasd菌株。方法：应用pKD46介导的重组系统、kan／kil选择反选择系统、双链线性DNA重组技术和重叠引物介导的DNA重组技术,在菌株DH10B体内,对其染色体上的asd基因进行了基因敲除。结果：建立了一株二氨基庚二酸（DAP）营养缺陷型重组大肠杆菌DH10BAasd。结论：为进一步建立以大肠杆菌DH10B为载体的DNA疫苗或基因治疗载体奠定了基础。     

Cre重组酶结构与功能的研究进展

Cre/loxP定位重组系统来源于噬菌体P₁,由Cre重组酶和loxP位点两部分组成。在Cre重组酶的介导下,设定的DNA片段可以被切除,可以发生倒位,亦可造成定点的整合。由于其作用方式高效简单,Cre/loxP定位重组系统已在特定基因的删除、基因功能的鉴定、外源基因的整合、基因捕获及染色体工程等方面得到了有效的利用,在转基因的酵母、植物、昆虫、哺乳动物的体内外DNA重组方面成为一个有力的工具。这里就Cre重组酶的结构、功能及该定位重组系统的应用等方面的研究进行了综述。     

利用λ-Red重组系统和平衡致死系统改造抗药性致腹泻工程疫苗

质粒pMM085是含有猪毒素源性大肠杆菌(ETEC)的黏附素K88与无毒肠毒素LTA-B 基因的重组质粒,含氯霉素抗性基因,由此构建的菌苗株带有抗药性。利用平衡致死系统改建此疫苗株,即将质粒上的氯霉素抗性基因cat替换成asd基因,并把新构建的质粒转移到缺失asd基因的大肠杆菌X6097中。但由于质粒pMM085是一个23kD的大质粒,传统的基因工程操作不易进行,利用λ-Red重组系统,将表达Red重组蛋白的质粒pKD46转化含pMM085的大肠杆菌X6097,并用两端各带有39ntcat基因同源区、含全长asd基因的PCR产物电击转化此感受态细胞,在λ-Red重组系统的帮助下,成功实现了asd基因对cat基因的置换。     

Red重组技术研究进展

主要从Red系统组成元件、作用机理、重组策略以及先进性和发展前景四个方面综述了利用Red 重组系统敲除或替换细菌染色体目的基因的方法。首先简要介绍了传统的细菌染色体重组技术,指出了其中的缺陷。然后提出了Red重组技术的定义：利用噬菌体Red系统介导来实现外源线性DNA片断与细菌染色体的靶基因进行同源重组的方法,外源线性DNA通常是PCR产物、寡核苷酸片断等,在它们的两翼各含有与染色体靶基因两翼同源的序列40~60bp。这种Red重组技术省去了体外DNA酶切和连接等步骤,使细菌染色体靶基因的敲除与替换操作相对简单,逐渐成为基因功能探索以及新菌株构建的有力手段。     

Recombination properties of P1 dlac.

The P1 dlac prophage plasmid of Escherichia coli K-12 has been utilized as the recipient DNA substrate in experiments with lambda plac5 transduction and with Hfr and F' conjugation. The P1 dlac plasmid does not recombine with lambda plac5 at the elevated levels seen for the F42lac plasmid. Recombination between lambda plac5 and P1 dlac is essentially indistinguishable from recombination between lambda plac5 and a chromosomal lac gene in tems of both level of recombination and recombination pathway (RecBC, RecE, and RecF) dependence. The initiation of recombination between P1 dlac and lac genes from an Hfr or F' donor is severalfold more efficient than it is for a recipient chromosomal lac gene.     

Gene engineering by selectable intraplasmid recombination: construction of novel dihydrofolate reductase minigenes

An intraplasmid recombination system in Escherichia coli has been designed to make possible the engineering of various genes using methods that greatly reduce dependence on appropriately placed restriction enzyme sites. This system has been used to manipulate intervening sequences in dihydrofolate reductase minigenes and to vary the number of 48-bp repeats in the promoter region. In this method, the two fragments to be recombined are cloned into a plasmid separated by a fragment of DNA containing an expressible galactokinase-encoding gene (galK). Selection for loss of the galK gene, but for retention of the plasmid in E. coli, results in a plasmid in which the two fragments have undergone homologous recombination. Several new plasmids are reported here which contain an expressible galK gene flanked by multiple restriction sites. These plasmids should be useful in recombination and as convenient sources of a gene for which both positive and negative selections are available in E. coli.     

Site-directed mutagenesis of the Escherichia coli chromosome near oriC: identification and characterization of asnC, a regulatory element in E. coli asparagine metabolism

We developed a new method for the specific mutagenization of the E. coli chromosome. This method takes advantage of the fact that a pBR322 plasmid containing chromosomal sequences is mobilizable during an Hfr-mediated conjugational transfer, due to an homologous recombination between the E. coli Hfr chromosome and the pBR322 derivative. Transconjugants are screened with a simple selection procedure for integration of mutant sequences in the chromosome and loss of pBR322 sequences. Using this method we specifically inactivated several genes near the E. coli replication origin oriC. We found that a gene coding for asparagine synthetase A. This regulatory mechanism was investigated in detail by determining in vivo regulation of asnA promoter activity by the 17kD protein under different growth conditions. Results obtained also suggest a general regulatory role of the 17kD protein in E. coli asparagine metabolism. Therefore the 17kD gene is proposed to be renamed asnC.     

Recombination in Escherichia coli and the definition of biological species.

The DNA sequence of part of the gnd (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) gene was determined for eight wild strains of Escherichia coli and for Salmonella typhimurium. Since a region of the trp (tryptophan) operon and the phoA (alkaline phosphatase) gene have been sequenced from the same strains, the gene trees for these three regions were determined and compared. Gene trees are different from species or strain trees in that a gene tree is derived from a particular segment of DNA, whereas a species or strain tree should be derived from many such segments and is the tree that best represents the phylogenetic relationship of the species or strains. If there were no recombination in E. coli, the gene trees for different genes would not be statistically different from the strain tree or from each other. But, if the gene trees are significantly different, there must have been recombination. Methods are proposed that show these gene trees to be statistically different. Since the gene trees are different, we conclude that recombination is important in natural populations of E. coli. Finally, we suggest that gene trees can be used to create an operational means of defining bacterial species by using the biological species definition.     

Homology Search and Choice of Homologous Partner during Mitotic Recombination

Homologous recombination is an important DNA repair mechanism in vegetative cells. During the repair of double-strand breaks, genetic information is transferred between the interacting DNA sequences (gene conversion). This event is often accompanied by a reciprocal exchange between the homologous molecules, resulting in crossing over. The repair of DNA damage by homologous recombination with repeated sequences dispersed throughout the genome might result in chromosomal aberrations or in the inactivation of genes. It is therefore important to understand how the suitable homologous partner for recombination is chosen. We have developed a system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can monitor the fate of a chromosomal double-strand break without the need to select for recombinants. The broken chromosome is efficiently repaired by recombination with one of two potential partners located elsewhere in the genome. One of the partners has homology to the broken ends of the chromosome, whereas the other is homologous to sequences distant from the break. Surprisingly, a large proportion of the repair is carried out by recombination involving the sequences distant from the broken ends. This repair is very efficient, despite the fact that it requires the processing of a large chromosomal region flanking the break. Our results imply that the homology search involves extensive regions of the broken chromosome and is not carried out exclusively by sequences adjacent to the double-strand break. We show that the mechanism that governs the choice of homologous partners is affected by the length and sequence divergence of the interacting partners, as well as by mutations in the mismatch repair genes. We present a model to explain how the suitable homologous partner is chosen during recombinational repair. The model provides a mechanism that may guard the integrity of the genome by preventing recombination between dispersed repeated sequences.     

The Genetic Dependence of Recombination in Recd Mutants of Escherichia Coli

RecBCD enzyme has multiple activities including helicase, exonuclease and endonuclease activities. Mutations in the genes recB or recC, encoding two subunits of the enzyme, reduce the frequency of many types of recombinational events. Mutations in recD, encoding the third subunit, do not reduce recombination even though most of the activities of the RecBCD enzyme are severely reduced. In this study, the genetic dependence of different types of recombination in recD mutants has been investigated. The effects of mutations in genes in the RecBCD pathway (recA and recC) as well as the genes specific for the RecF pathway (recF, recJ, recN, recO, recQ, ruv and lexA) were tested on conjugational, transductional and plasmid recombination, and on UV survival. recD mutants were hyper-recombinogenic for all the monitored recombination events, especially those involving plasmids, and all recombination events in recD strains required recA and recC. In addition, unlike recD+ strains, chromosomal recombination events and the repair of UV damage to DNA in recD strains were dependent on one RecF pathway gene, recJ. Only a subset of the tested recombination events were affected by ruv, recN, recQ, recO and lexA mutations.     

Meiotic Recombination between Duplicated Genetic Elements in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

We have studied the meiotic recombination behavior of strains carrying two types of duplications of an 18.6-kilobase HIS4 Bam HI fragment. The first type is a direct duplication of the HIS4 Bam HI fragment in which the repeated sequences are separated by Escherichia coli plasmid sequences. The second type, a tandem duplication, has no sequences intervening between the repeated yeast DNA. The HIS4 genes in each region were marked genetically so that recombination events between the duplicated segments could be identified. Meiotic progeny of the strains carrying the duplication were analyzed genetically and biochemically to determine the types of recombination events that had occurred. Analysis of the direct vs. tandem duplication suggests that the E. coli plasmid sequences are recombinogenic in yeast when homozygous. In both types of duplications recombination between the duplicated HIS4 regions occurs at high frequency and involves predominantly interchromosomal reciprocal exchanges (equal and unequal crossovers). The striking observation is that intrachromosomal reciprocal recombination is very rare in comparison with interchromosomal reciprocal recombination. However, intrachromosomal gene conversion occurs at about the same frequency as interchromosomal gene conversion. Reciprocal recombination events between regions on the same chromatid are the most infrequent exchanges. These data suggest that intrachromosomal reciprocal exchanges are suppressed.     

Deletion of the Escherichia coli O14:K7 O antigen gene cluster

Escherichia coli O14:K7 is a rough strain, lacking a typical O antigen, in which the enterobacterial common antigen is attached to the lipopolysaccharide core. The rough phenotype was previously mapped to the O antigen gene cluster; however, the nature of the nonfunctional locus was not defined. In this study, we have shown that the O antigen gene cluster of an O14:K7 type strain (Su4411/41) was most likely deleted via homologous recombination between the GDP-mannose pathway genes (manB and manC) of the colanic acid and O antigen gene clusters. A similar recombination event has previously been inferred for the deletion of E. coli Sonnei chromosomal O antigen genes. Therefore, recombination between the GDP-mannose pathway genes provides a convenient mechanism for the deletion of O antigen genes, which may occur if the typical O antigen becomes redundant.     

RecP, a new minor pathway of general recombination in Escherichia coli encoded by plasmid R1drd-19.

Plasmid R1drd-19 markedly improves the recombination deficiency of recB and recBrecC mutants of Escherichia coli K12 as measured by Hfr crosses and increases their resistance to uv inactivation. The effect correlates with the production of an ATP-dependent ds DNA exonuclease in recB/R1drd-19 cells. This paper further investigates the suppressive effect of plasmid R1drd-19 on the recB mutation of E. coli. The gene(s) responsible for the effect was localized to the 13.1-kb EcoRI-C fragment of the resistance transfer factor (RTF) portion of R1drd-19. The plasmid-encoded activity does not merely replace the RecBCD enzyme failure but differs in several significant ways. It promotes a hyper-recombinogenic phenotype, as judged by the phenomenon of super oligomerization of the tester pACYC184 plasmid in recB/R1drd-19 cells and two inter- and intramolecular plasmid recombination test systems. It is probably not inhibited by lambda Gam protein and does not restrict plating of T4gp2 mutant. No significant homology between the E. coli chromosomal fragment carrying recBrecCrecD genes and the EcoRI-C fragment of R1drd-19 was observed. It is suggested that the plasmid-encoded recombination activity is involved in a new minor recombination pathway (designated RecP, for Plasmid). RecP resembles in some traits the RecBCD-independent pathways RecE and RecF but differs in activity and perhaps substrate specificity from the main RecBCD pathway.