Extraction modeling and activities of antioxidants from pomegranate marc

To develop value-added antioxidants from the peel and seeds of pomegranate marc, a by-product after pomegranate juice processing, the effects of drying before extraction and processing parameters on the extraction kinetics and product properties were systematically studied using water as an environmental friendly solvent for the extraction. The results showed that the drying process did not significantly affect the yield, content, and activity of antioxidants from either the peel or seeds. The antioxidants extracted from the peel had higher yield and content than those from the seeds. The yield and content of antioxidants increased with reduced particle size and increased water/sample ratio and temperature, but antioxidant activity was low when extraction temperature was high. By considering the antioxidant activity and operation cost, the recommended extraction conditions were peel particle size of 0.2 mm, water/peel ratio of 50/1 (w/w), temperature of 25 °C, and extraction time of 2 min, which gave the high antioxidant yield (11.5%) and content (22.9%), and DPPH scavenging activity of 6.2 g/g. Kinetic models were successfully developed for describing the extraction processes with different processing parameters.     

Mass transfer kinetics and quality evaluation of tomato seed oil extracted using emerging technologies

The Present study was conducted to extract tomato seed oil using emerging technologies which include moderate electric field (MEF), low temperature microwave (MW), radio-frequency (RF), power ultrasound (US) and combined low temperature microwave-power ultrasound (MWUS) at different solid to liquid (S/L) ratio and power level. A green solvent (ethanol: ethyl acetate) was used to extract the oil from tomato seed and a mass transfer kinetic study was studied to find the extraction kinetics and effect of different treatments. MWUS assisted extracted oil was observed to have the highest extraction yield (23.07%) as well as the best quality of oil extracted. The extracted oil using MWUS treatment was mainly composed of PUFA (Linoleic acid), MUFA (Oleic acid) and Stearic acid. Low temperature microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction (MUAE) increased the linoleic, stearic and oleic acid content by 30.91, 5.16 and 7.29% respectively in tomato seed oil composition compared to the conventional Soxhlet extraction (SXE) method.Industrial relevanceThe novel ‘Low temperature microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction (MUAE)’ technology presents a promising result combination of emerging technology for the extraction of oil. The impact of low temperature dipole moment of microwave followed by low intensity ultrasound cavitation leads to the breakdown of the tomato seed matrix. Further, this combination improved the extraction yield although the solvent used very lower solubility compared to conventional solvents. The quality of the extracted oil following MUAE technology was found to be much better than conventional extraction. Hence this combination presents a good scope for application in the food industry, with good commercial value and being environmentally friendly makes it more acceptable.     

超声波辅助提取苹果籽油的研究

应用超声波法提取苹果籽油,采用单因素和正交设计法研究了超声功率、超声温度、超声时间、物料粒度和溶剂用量对苹果籽油提取率的影响,研究结果表明,在超声强度为175W,超声温度为60℃,超声时间为30min,溶剂用量(液固比)为8mL/g,物料粒度为60目的条件下,苹果籽油平均得率为26.5%。     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取蔓菁多糖工艺及其体外抗氧化性研究

通过响应面试验优化超声辅助提取蔓菁多糖工艺,并对其体外抗氧化性进行研究。经过单因素试验考察液料比、提取温度、提取时间和超声功率对蔓菁多糖得率的影响,用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行四因素三水平的试验设计,并以多糖得率为响应指标进行响应面分析,得到蔓菁多糖的最佳提取条件。通过对羟基自由基(·OH)的清除能力来评价蔓菁多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明,蔓菁多糖的最优提取条件为:液料比44:1(mL/g)、提取温度57℃、提取时间56 min、超声功率为180 W,在此条件下蔓菁多糖得率为65.43%,与预测值的相对误差为0.12%;蔓菁多糖对·OH的清除能力强于抗坏血酸,半抑制浓度(half inhibitory concentration,IC₅₀)为0.415 mg/mL。故此优化试验有效可行且蔓菁多糖具有较强的抗氧化性。     

新鲜黄山贡菊叶中挥发油的提取

文中采用水蒸气蒸馏法对黄山贡菊新鲜根、茎、叶、花及干叶、干花中挥发油进行了提取实验,并用正交实验法对新鲜叶中挥发油的提取条件进行了优化。实验结果表明:从叶中提取的挥发油得率最高,pH值在5~9之间对叶中挥发油的得率无明显影响,粒径大小、浸泡时间、料液比、蒸馏时间对挥发油的得率均有影响,优化后最佳提取工艺为粒径大小4 mm、浸泡时间12 h、料液比(g∶mL)1∶3、蒸馏时间4 h,挥发油得率达0.002 0 mL/g,验证实验表明此工艺稳定、可行。     

微波和超临界CO2萃取杜仲籽油工艺研究

通过微波萃取和超临界CO2萃取杜仲籽油的正交试验,考察影响萃取效果的主要因素,寻求最佳萃取工艺条件。微波萃取最佳工艺条件为:以环己烷为萃取剂,原料粉碎度40目,溶剂与物料质量比值为5.0,微波功率700W,每次微波辐射时间50s,微波累计辐射8次,在此条件下油脂得率为27.07%。超临界CO2萃取的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间70min、分离温度30℃、CO2流量25～30kg/h,原料粉碎度40目,在此条件下油脂得率27.76%。并比较不同提取方法对油脂得率和油脂品质的影响。结果表明,微波萃取所需时间最短,油脂得率较高;超临界CO2萃取所得杜仲籽油的品质最优,是提取优质杜仲籽油的首选方法。     

响应面法优化蛹虫草固态发酵产物虫草素与腺苷综合提取工艺

以大米、啤酒糟共培养的蛹虫草固态发酵产物为原料,采用浸提法综合提取虫草素与腺苷,并利用响应面法优化提取条件。通过单因素试验考察提取时间、乙醇溶液体积分数、液料比和提取温度对综合提取虫草素与腺苷得率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,利用Box-Behnken试验设计,对浸提工艺中各影响因素进行优化。结果表明,浸提法综合提取虫草素与腺苷的最适工艺条件为纯水提取、提取温度45?℃、液料比22∶1（mL/g）、提取时间87?min,在该条件下虫草素与腺苷的综合得率为2.491‰,与模型理论预测值相近,说明该模型回归性良好,试验的拟合程度高。蛹虫草固态发酵产物中富含虫草素、腺苷,具有一定开发价值。     

APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN METHOD TO THE OIL EXTRACTION FROM OLIVE CAKE

Olive cake is an important solid waste of the olive oil production. It still contains a certain quantity of oil that can be recovered by means of solvent extraction. In this study, two-level full factorial design was performed to evaluate the effects of four variables and their interactions on the oil extraction by the ethanol 96.0% in a batch reactor. The variables included size of particles, temperature, and time of contact and solvent-to-solids ratio. The statistical analysis of the experimental data showed that the extracted oil mass depends on all the examined variables. It also depends on the interactions between size of particles and solvent-to-solid ratio and size of particles and temperature. The experimental data were in good agreement with those predicted by the model.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Olive cake is solid waste of the olive oil industry that is available in large amounts in many Mediterranean countries and at very low cost. It can be treated or valorized, enabling at the same time the solution to environmental problems caused by the olive oil production process. The economic interest that it presents is especially because of the residual oil that it contains and that can be recovered by solvent extraction. However, this solid–liquid extraction depends on several parameters: the ones inherent to the products (structure and properties of the sample, nature of extraction solvent); and the others to the extraction process (time of contact, temperature of extraction, solvent-to-solid ratio, stirring velocity). The experimental design method enables to determine the most important variables and their interaction in the extraction process at the same time performing a low number of experiments.     

Lycopene extraction from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide

This work discusses the extraction of lycopene from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide. The presence of tomato seed in the peel by-product improved the yield of extracted lycopene. Extraction was carried out at temperatures of 70-90 °C, pressures of 20-40 MPa, a particle size of 1.05 ± 0.10 mm and flow rates of 2-4 mL/min of CO₂ for 180 min extraction time. Oil from tomato seed was extracted under similar operating conditions and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID, while carotenoids extracted were analyzed by HPLC. The optimum operating condition to extract lycopene, under which 56% of lycopene was extracted, was found to be 90 °C, 40 MPa, and a ratio of tomato peel to seed of 37/63. The presence of tomato seed oil helped to improve the recovery of lycopene from 18% to 56%. The concentration of lycopene in supercritical carbon dioxide as a function of density at various temperatures was determined.     

动态-微波辅助法提取沉香精油的中试工艺研究

针对名贵天然香料沉香的植物状态、品质评价、沉香油的提取分离研究现状和含油量很低的沉香木质原料中的香味成分,选择了动态-微波辅助法提取其中的精油。小试阶段,研究静态-微波辅助法提取沉香油,然后放大到中试水平的动态微波辅助提取,重点研究了中试阶段各主要影响因素——沉香木质特性决定的物料粒度、影响动态流动性的因素如固液比及物料流量、影响低温状态的预热温度与微波照射所产生的温升等,综合考虑这些因素对沉香油得率的影响,筛选出适合的工艺,提出并解决了动态-微波辅助提取过程中所遇到的问题。当乙醇浓度为93%,物料粒度为40目,固液比为1:8.5,物料流量78L/h,预热温度45℃,温升15℃,在此条件下提取2次。由此获得的沉香粗提物的产率为6.9%,沉香油得率为0.68%,产品流动性与透明度好,具有沉香特有的持久芳香。动态-微波辅助提取法是适于低质沉香木中提取精油的工业化生产方法。     

小茴香挥发油提取工艺优化及抗氧化研究

以小茴香为试验对象,以水蒸气蒸馏法提取小茴香精油。采用正交试验法对工艺进行优化,以挥发油提取率为指标,对料液比、粉碎粒度、浸泡时间和蒸馏时间4个因素进行考察,并初步评价小茴香挥发油的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:最佳提取工艺参数为料液比1∶25,粉碎粒度100目,浸泡时间1h,蒸馏时间6h,在此蒸馏条件下小茴香的出油率为3.64%。体外抗氧化活性试验结果表明:小茴香挥发油的总还原能力、羟自由基清除率和DDPH·清除率与浓度呈正相关,抗氧化活性效果良好。     

水剂法提取萝卜籽油的工艺研究

为充分开发萝卜籽这一新的油料资源,本文研究了水剂法提取萝卜籽油的工艺条件并利用响应面法对提取条件进行了优化。实验以干燥粉碎的油用萝卜籽为原料,以pH 4.5的柠檬酸缓冲溶液为溶剂,对油用萝卜籽中的粗脂肪进行提取,探究萝卜籽油提取率与料液比、提取时间以及提取温度这3个实验因素间的关系。结果表明:萝卜籽油提取率受料液比的影响最大,其次是提取温度,最后是提取时间。当料液比为10∶1(mL/g)、提取温度为95℃、提取时间为2.7 h时,提取率最高,此时萝卜籽油的提取率为11.28%。萝卜籽作为一种新的油料资源具有极大的开发价值,实验可为萝卜籽油的生产加工提供数据支持。     

铁皮石斛多糖提取工艺优化及对果蝇抗氧化能力的影响

在低超声波功率250?W条件下,利用响应面法优化铁皮石斛多糖提取工艺。根据Box-Behnken设计原理对提取温度、液料比、超声波处理时间进行中心组合试验,结果表明最佳提取条件为提取温度41.74?℃、液料比50.26∶1（mL/g）、超声波处理时间28.65?min,此条件下铁皮石斛多糖得率为25.39%。比文献报道传统热水浸提最佳条件下多糖得率提高了18%,提取时间为传统热水浸提的1/4,且超声波辅助法并没有造成多糖清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基能力、清除羟自由基能力的降低。利用不同剂量铁皮石斛多糖喂食果蝇,结果表明中剂量组为最佳剂量组,雄果蝇超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活力提高了30%,丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量降低了46%;雌果蝇CAT活力提高了60%,SOD活力提高了6%,MDA含量降低了20%,雌、雄果蝇的平均最高寿命提高了20%。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pomegranate seed oil – Kinetic modeling

In this work, ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed to extract oil from pomegranate seeds. Seed particle size, extraction temperature, solvent/solid ratio, amplitude level, and pulse duration/pulse interval ratio were the factors investigated with respect to extraction yield using a central composite design. The optimum operating conditions were found to be: seed particle size, 0.2 mm; extraction temperature, 20 ^oC; solvent/solid ratio, 20/1; amplitude level, 60%; pulse duration/pulse interval ratio, 5/15. Under these optimized conditions, the predicted value for extraction yield was 59.8%. A second-order kinetic model was successfully developed for describing the mechanism of ultrasound extraction under different processing parameters.     

超声波辅助提取葡萄籽油工艺条件的优化

以葡萄籽为原料,利用超声波提取葡萄籽油。在单因素试验的基础上,采用二次通用旋转组合试验,确定了超声波辅助提取葡萄籽油的最佳工艺条件,建立了提取回归数学模型。结果表明,以石油醚(60~90℃)为浸提剂,在物料粒度60目条件下,提取条件对葡萄籽油出油效率作用的大小顺序为:提取温度超声频率液料比提取时间;超声波辅助提取葡萄籽油的最佳工艺条件为:液料比为6.7 mL/g、提取温度80℃、提取时间50 m in、超声频率53.3 kHz,出油效率54.50%;所建立的数学回归模型能较准确预测葡萄籽油的出油效率。     

响应面试验优化超声辅助提取萝芙木中育亨宾工艺

以广西产萝芙木为原料,采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取育亨宾的工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,选取粒度、提取液pH值、提取时间、液料比作为自变量,以育亨宾提取量为响应值,利用Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析法,研究各自变量交互作用对育亨宾提取量的影响,模拟得到二次多项式回归方程模型。超声波辅助提取萝芙木中育亨宾的最优工艺条件为：粒度120 目、液料比（溶液体积与干药材质量比）18∶1（mL/g）、提取液pH 1、提取时间59.75 min。在此条件下育亨宾实测平均提取量为3.841 mg/g,与模型的预测值3.903 8 mg/g基本吻合,说明响应面优化所得参数可靠,可用于指导实际生产。     

超声波辅助提取南瓜籽油及其脂肪酸组成研究

采用超声波辅助提取南瓜籽油,并用单因素试验和正交试验筛选最佳提取条件。结果表明：超声波辅助提取南瓜籽油的最佳工艺条件为料液比1:8(g/mL)、超声时间20min、超声功率90W、超声温度30℃,在此条件下油脂提取率高达94.22%,各因素对提取率的影响依次为料液比、超声时间、超声功率和超声温度。气相色谱分析南瓜籽油表明,南瓜籽油中主要含有5 种脂肪酸,分别是棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸。     

火棘籽油超临界CO2提取及脂肪酸组分测定

采用超临界CO2 设备萃取火棘籽油,运用正交试验法研究与萃取相关的压力、温度、时间等因素对火棘籽油萃取收率的影响。结果表明,火棘籽油超临界CO2 的较佳萃取工艺条件为萃取釜压力40MPa、萃取温度38～46℃、分离釜Ⅰ压力10MPa、分离釜Ⅰ温度35℃、分离釜Ⅱ压力5MPa、分离釜Ⅱ温度31℃、萃取时间180min。在较佳工艺条件下,火棘籽油的萃取收率为88.96%。超临界CO2 萃取的火棘籽油富含天然VE,主要由亚油酸和油酸组成,几乎不含亚麻酸。     

沙田柚柚子籽油提取工艺优化及性质研究

以沙田柚柚子籽为原料,通过超声波辅助溶剂法提取沙田柚柚子籽油。以柚子籽油的得率为评价指标,在单因素的基础上,选取超声温度、超声时间和料液比进行Box-Behnken响应面法试验设计,对其提取工艺参数进行优化。结果表明:超声波辅助溶剂法提取沙田柚柚子籽油的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶8 g/mL,超声温度41℃,超声时间38.6 min,该条件下沙田柚柚子籽油得率为33.1%。沙田柚柚子籽油的脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和硬脂酸组成。沙田柚柚子籽油颜色较浅,密度为0.917 g/mL,碘值为103.5 g I_2/100 g,属于半干性油脂。     

Optimisation of supercritical CO2 extraction of grape seed oil using response surface methodology

The aim of this study was to use waste from the wine production process with special accent on grape seeds and new green technology. Supercritical CO₂ was considered as a green solvent in extraction of grape seed oil. The effects of different extraction process parameters on oil yield and antioxidant activity were investigated. Extraction optimisation was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM). Extraction pressure has proven to be the most significant factor influencing oil yield and antioxidant activity (P < 0.0001). The optimal conditions for obtaining the highest oil yield and antioxidant activity within the experimental range of the variables studied were at extraction pressure of 400 bar and temperature of 41 °C. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted extraction oil yield was 14.49% and DPPH 37.07%. Applying this green extraction method, the oil from grape seeds was totally extracted. The produced oil was of satisfactory quality, and the content of α‐tocopherol in obtained grape seed oil at optimal extraction conditions was 36.05 mg kg^?1.