腮腺良性肿瘤的手术方式与术后复发和并发症

目的;研究腮腺良性肿瘤手术方式与复发和术后并发症的关系。方法 在１９８７～１９９７年手术治疗腮腺良性肿瘤５５例（单纯肿瘤除２０例,腮腺浅地切除２８例,全腮腺切除７例）的临床随访资料进行分析。结果 单纯肿瘤切除中肿瘤复发６例,并发持续性面瘫１例,腮腺浅叶切除中复发１０例,并发暂时性面瘫４例腮腺瘘２例,Ｆｒｅｙ综合征２例,腮腺全切除中复发１例,并发暂时性面瘫２例,持续性面瘫１例,腮腺瘘２例,Ｆｒｅｙ综     

腮腺复发性肿瘤的手术方式及临床观察

目的探讨腮腺复发性肿瘤的病理类型、再次手术的方式及术后并发症。方法对2015~2018年我科腮腺复发性肿瘤14例患者的再次手术方式及并发症进行回顾性分析,追踪临床随访情况。结果14例患者术后复发时间半年到30年不等,7例为多形性腺瘤,其中1例恶变,其余病理包括血管性疾病、腺淋巴瘤、囊肿、木村病、腺癌等;12例为第2次手术,2例为第3次手术;10例患者行腮腺浅叶切除,4例患者行全腮腺切除,3例行放疗治疗;主要并发症为暂时性面瘫7例,持续性面瘫2例,涎瘘2例,Frey综合征1例。1例行3次手术患者复发肿瘤瘢痕组织与面神经分界不清,予以保留面神经,术后病理证实切缘为瘢痕纤维组织,未见肿瘤细胞。随访期间所有病例未见肿瘤复发。结论腮腺复发性肿瘤以多形性腺瘤最常见,再次手术建议采用浅叶或全腮腺切除,避免区域性切除,减少复发。多次手术解剖困难,神经损伤几率增加,术中可使用神经监护仪,利于神经保护。     

区域性切除术在腮腺混合瘤二次手术中应用探讨

目的探讨腮腺混合瘤二次手术的治疗方法。方法通过对2003～2009年收治入院的6例腮腺混合瘤初次复发应用区域性切除术患者的临床资料进行总结,分析其再次复发及术后并发症等,术后随访2～8年。结果 6例患者均采用区域性切除术,其中1例行腮腺浅叶加部分腮腺深叶切除,1例行区域性腮腺浅叶加区域性腮腺深叶切除术,4例采用区域性腮腺浅叶切除术,随访期间均无复发,前2例有术后暂时性面瘫,3月内均恢复;前1例于术后3个月出现Frey综合征。结论腮腺混合瘤二次手术,瘤体2～4 cm大小的患者,区域性切除术仍可作为临床治疗的首选术式。     

腮腺多形性腺瘤手术方式的选择

目的 探讨腮腺多形性腺瘤手术术式的选择。方法 对复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科1996年1月—2003年12月手术的62例腮腺多形性腺瘤患者的病史进行回顾性分析并进行随访，分析内容包括病程、肿瘤大小、术式及切除范围、术后病理、术后复发情况及并发症等。结果 在60例肿瘤最大径小于4cm的患者中，44例行腮腺浅叶切除术、16例行腮腺部分浅叶切除＋部分深叶切除术，另外2例肿瘤大于4cm的患者行腮腺全切除术。随访中所有患者术后均未发生肿瘤复发。术后病理检查示6例（10％）部分区域包膜不完整，28例（45％）细胞生长活跃，偶见核分裂象，部分区域包膜有浸润。2例（4．5％）行腮腺浅叶切除术的患者术后出现术侧暂时性面神经麻痹，16例行腮腺部分浅叶切除＋部分深叶切除术的患者无1例发生面神经麻痹，经统计学检验，上述两组患者术后面神经麻痹发生率的差异无统计学意义（Fisher确切概率法，P=0．534）。8例（18％）行腮腺浅叶切除术的患者术后出现Frey综合征，2例（13％）行腮腺部分浅叶切除＋部分深叶切除术的患者术后出现Frey综合征，经统计学检验，上述两组患者术后Frey综合征发生率的差异无统计学意义（校正卡方检验，P=0．896）。2例行腮腺全切除术的患者均出现Frey综合征，62例中Frey综合征的总发生率为19．3％（12／62）。结论 对于肿瘤最大径小于4cm的腮腺多形性腺瘤，行腮腺部分浅叶切除＋部分深叶切除术是安全的，既可取得与腮腺浅叶切除术相同的疗效，又可减少术后面神经麻痹和Frey综合征的发生率。     

腮腺良性肿瘤切除方式及远期疗效观察

目的 探讨腮腺良性肿瘤不同切除方式及其远期疗效,手术并发症的评定.方法 回顾性分析我科1999～2006年手术治疗腮腺肿瘤患者病历资料75例.根据患者病变情况分别采用腮腺浅叶部分切除、全切除,全腮腺切除.术后随访5～10年.结果 采用腮腺浅叶部分切除者术后瘢痕、面部凹陷畸形、暂时性面瘫、Frey综合征、耳垂麻木的发生及腮腺功能均优于浅叶全切及腮腺全切除术.3种手术方式的复发率差异无统计学意义.结论 3种手术方式各有其优缺点,对于界限清楚,直径小于2.0cm的浅叶良性肿瘤,应尽量采用腮腺浅叶部分切除术.     

功能性手术在治疗腮腺尾叶良性肿瘤中的临床应用

目的通过与传统术式比较,探讨功能性手术在腮腺尾叶良性肿瘤治疗中的临床应用。方法 72例腮腺尾叶良性肿瘤患者随机分为两组,传统术式组（38例）保留面神经,行肿瘤及腮腺浅叶切除术;功能性术式组（34例）行C形切口,保留面神经及耳大神经,行肿瘤及腮腺浅叶部分切除术,酌情行胸锁乳突肌瓣整复。所有患者术后随访0.5-5年,观察两组术后并发症发生率及肿瘤复发情况。结果两组患者肿瘤复发、涎漏、口干差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）,但两组术后暂时性面瘫、Frey综合征、耳廓区麻木感、面部凹陷畸形发生率差异具有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。结论功能性腮腺切除术治疗腮腺尾叶良性肿瘤,术后并发症少,优于传统术式。     

婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤的手术治疗

目的 :探讨治疗婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤的有效方法。方法 :19例婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤 ,行腮腺浅叶切除 15例 ,全腮腺切除 3例 ,腮腺浅叶切除加深叶瘤体缝扎术 1例。 6例皮肤受累均同期切除 ,3例拉拢缝合 ,3例缺损较大 ,行颈项皮瓣转移修复 ,术中采用“假包膜”外剥离法及顺行解剖面神经主干法。结果 :3例出现轻度面瘫 ,均在 3～ 6个月内恢复。术中仅 1例输血 2 0 0ml。所有病例随访 1年以上 ,无肿瘤复发。结论 :外科手术中采用“假包膜”外剥离法 ,顺行面神经解剖及受累皮肤切除后缺损行颈项皮瓣转移修复等治疗 ,是根治婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤的有效方法     

改良面部除皱切口在腮腺浅叶肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的：评价改良面部除皱切口在腮腺浅叶肿瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法：采用改良面部除皱切口,实施面神经解剖加腮腺浅叶部分（或腮腺浅叶）切除术35例,观察该入路的术野暴露、美观程度及并发症发生率。结果：所有病例术野暴露良好,均完整切除肿瘤。术后面神经下颌缘支暂时性麻痹5例（14．3％）,暂时性耳垂麻木6例（17．1％）,均在1～3个月后缓解;无涎瘘;术后3个月患者平均客观美容满意度评分8．5分,所有患者对术后美容效果满意。随访24～60个月（中位随访期：48个月）,未见肿瘤复发。结论：改良面部除皱切口应用于腮腺浅叶肿瘤切除,术野暴露良好、切口相对隐蔽、术后美容效果良好、无明显并发症,值得临床推广应用。     

腮腺多形性腺瘤187例临床分析

目的 探讨腮腺多形性腺瘤的临床诊断、手术方式的选择及术后复发和并发症的防治。方法 对187例腮腺多形性腺瘤手术病例的临床资料进行分析,其中包膜外肿瘤切除+周围部分腮腺组织切除术86例,保留面神经的肿瘤切除+腮腺次全切除术72例,保留面神经的肿瘤切除+腮腺全切除术29例。结果 术后肿瘤复发12例,经二次手术无再复发。术后发生暂时性面瘫20例,其中颊支面瘫6例,下颌缘支面瘫10例,颧支、颊支、下颌缘支面瘫者4例,经激素、神经营养药、中医理疗等处理,面神经麻痹超过6个月且不能完全恢复者为永久性面瘫。本组永久性面瘫2例;出现涎瘘15例,Frey综合征36例。结论 腮腺多形性腺瘤的最后确诊必须依赖病理检查,以包膜外切除整个肿瘤,术中冰冻切片最为妥当,其手术方式的选择应根据肿瘤的大小、位置、与面神经的关系等来决定,术中面神经解剖是手术的关键,既能有效控制肿瘤的复发又能尽量避免并发症是手术的要点。     

显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术治疗腮腺良性肿瘤42例

目的 评价显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术治疗腮腺良性肿瘤的临床疗效。方法 采用显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术,治疗腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤患者42例。该术式较传统术式改良之处主要有：全程显微镜下手术直观准确;切口改良、美容;腮腺嚼肌筋膜下翻瓣;解剖保留耳大神经后支和腮腺导管;只解剖暴露面神经的部分分支;包括肿瘤在内的腮腺浅叶部分切除;胸锁乳突肌肌瓣填塞术腔等。结果 42例术后出现面神经损伤3例(7.1%),损伤均为暂时性;出现Frey综合征者1例(2.4%);发生涎瘘者0例;5例(11.9%)患者术后出现不同程度的耳垂和耳郭背部皮肤感觉减弱;术后局部凹陷不明显,患者对颜面部外观满意。术后随访1～5年,未见肿瘤复发。结论 显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术治疗腮腺良性肿瘤,既降低手术并发症发生率,又可取得良好美容效果。     

腮腺肿瘤的治疗经验及远期疗效观察

目的手术治疗腮腺肿瘤的多种方法及其远期疗效评定。方法回顾性分析我科自1997～2004年所收治的腮腺肿瘤手术患者病历资料86例,男性53例,女性33例,年龄23～84岁,中间年龄57岁。所有患者都作腮腺浅叶切除术或浅叶扩大切除术或腮腺全切除术,必要时作颈清扫术。常规术中快速冰冻和术后病理检查。术后面神经功能评定。恶性肿瘤患者辅助性根治放疗(50 Gy～70 Gy)。有效随访期36～120个月不等。结果86例腮腺肿瘤患者中良性肿瘤73例(85%),恶性肿瘤13例(15%)。8例腮腺深叶肿瘤中5例为恶性肿瘤。随访中良性肿瘤1例局部复发,局部控制率为98.6%(72/73);恶性肿瘤3年生存率为69.2% (9/13),3年原发灶局部控制率为84.6%(11/13),术后颈淋巴结转移率为23.1%(3/13)。术中快速冰冻与术后常规病理符合率为86%,腮腺良性肿瘤的面神经完好保存率为97.3%(71/73),恶性肿瘤面神经完好保存率为69.2%(9/13),总体面神经完好保存率为93%。结论腮腺浅叶切除术是常规基本术式,根据肿瘤具体情况可改变为腮腺浅叶扩大切除术或全腮腺切除术。术中应尽可能保存面神经主干及各分支,特别是颞面干。快速冰冻是腮腺手术中的有效诊断方法。腮腺深叶肿瘤恶变率高。     

Preliminary results for superficial parotidectomy using the ultrasonically activated scalpel (Ultracision Harmonic Scalpel)

BACKGROUND: The high density of blood vessels in the parotid gland, the direct vicinity to the facial nerve and the narrow surgical situs require efficient intra- and postoperative hemostasis. The ultrasonic scalpel (US) accomplishes both tissue dissection and vessel coagulation simultaneously by an ultrasonically activated shear movement of 55 500 Hz. The combination of hemostasis and tissue dissection particularly qualifies US for use in surgery of the parotid gland. Until now, there have been no published studies about application of US in surgery of the parotid gland. METHOD: 20 patients with benign parotid tumors treated with a conventional technique of superficial parotidectomy and 20 patients with a superficial parotidectomy using the ultrasonically activated scalpel were examined in regard to intra- and postoperative hemostasis, wound healing and postoperative pain. Also, the quality of the histopathological specimen obtained by US was evaluated. RESULTS: In 85 % (17/20) of superficial parotidectomy efficient intraoperative hemostasis did not require electrocoagulation. In 15 % (3/20) of parotid tumors additional bipolar electrocoagulation were required because of venous bleeding from vessels exceeding 2.0 mm in diameter. Postoperative bleeding did not occur at all. Wound healing was uneventful in all cases. Surgery-related postoperative pain was not intensified. Time of operation was shortened. Histopathological evaluation, especially in the margin area, was not impaired. CONCLUSION: The US offers tissue dissection with effective intra- and postoperative hemostasis. The combination of simultaneous tissue dissection and hemostasis enables a good overall view and control of the surgical site. In addition, based on the mechanical function the US has only a minimal thermal effect on neighboring tissues and enables controlled tumor resection without damaging the facial nerve.     

Facial nerve morbidity following parotid surgery for benign disease: The cleveland clinic foundation experience

Standard surgical management for benign tumors of the parotid gland requires either superficial, subtotal, or total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Although this approach is effective in minimizing recurrence, the resultant facial nerve morbidity is seldom addressed. Two hundred fifty-six consecutive patients who underwent parotid surgery for benign neoplasia at this institution in the past 15 years are reviewed, with attention to postoperative facial nerve function. Immediate dysfunction was frequently encountered (46.1%), but permanent dysfunction was uncommon (3.9%). The incidence of long-term dysfunction may be higher in revision cases and when an extended (total or subtotal) parotidectomy is performed.     

The extent of surgery for benign parotid pathology and its influence on complications: A prospective cohort analysis

Background

The surgical management of benign parotid tumors is aimed at complete extirpation of the mass with preservation of facial nerve function. There is a relative paucity of literature pertaining to complications after benign parotid surgery and related risk factors. We aim to critically review the outcomes following treatment of benign parotid pathology when surgery entailed either complete superficial parotidectomy (CSP), partial superficial parotidectomy (PSP) or extracapsular dissection (ECD).

Proposal for a novel classification of benign parotid tumors based on localization

ObjectivePostoperative facial nerve paralysis is the most problematic complication after surgical treatment of parotid tumors. Localization of tumors is highly relevant for the surgical approach, but existing classification systems do not focus on the association between localization and surgical technique. Therefore, we created a new localization-based classification system for benign parotid tumors and investigated the characteristics of tumors in each localization and the frequency of postoperative facial nerve paralysis by retrospectively applying the classification to previous cases.MethodsFirst, we defined 6 portions of the parotid gland (upper, U; lower, L; posterior, P; anterior, A; superficial, S; deep, D) by dividing the transverse plane into an upper and lower portion at the mandibular marginal branch, the longitudinal plane into a posterior and anterior portion at the midline of the parotid anteroposterior diameter, and the sagittal plane into a superficial and deep portion along the course of the facial nerve. Then, we defined 8 locations by combining the 6 portions in all possible ways (i.e., U-P-S, U-P-D, U-A-S, U-A-D, L-P-S, L-P-D, L-A-S, L-A-D). We used this classification to define the tumor localization in 948 patients who had undergone partial superficial parotidectomy for benign parotid tumors and then investigated the incidence, histopathological type, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, surgery, and complications in each area.ResultsPleomorphic adenomas comprised approximately 70% of tumors in the upper portion but only approximately 35% in the lower portion. The rate of postoperative facial nerve paralysis was significantly higher for tumors in deep locations than in superficial locations (33.9% vs 14.9%, respectively), and the odds ratios for postoperative facial nerve paralysis in the U-P-D and U-A-D locations were 7.6 and 4.8 compared to the L-P-S location. When maximum diameter, operation time, bleeding volume, sex (reference: female), and age were added as control variables, the odds ratios were 4.2 and 3.0.ConclusionDetermining tumor localization preoperatively with the new localization-based classification of parotid tumors is helpful not only for predicting the histopathological type but also for predicting surgical complications, particularly postoperative facial nerve paralysis.     

The significance of the margin in parotid surgery for pleomorphic adenoma

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Superficial parotidectomy dramatically reduced the high rates of tumor recurrence that occurred with simple enucleation of parotid pleomorphic adenoma (PPA). However, there is not agreement in the medical literature confirming the exact margin of parotid tissue to be resected to avoid recurrence. Worldwide, SP and/or partial superficial parotidectomy (PSP) is commonly practiced for the treatment of PPA. In Europe and Asia, reports covering a spectrum from total parotidectomy (TP) to extracapsular dissection (ECD) are common. The outcomes (capsular exposure, tumor-facial nerve interface, capsular rupture, recurrence, facial nerve dysfunction, and Frey syndrome) from surgical treatment of mobile, superficial PPA smaller than 4 cm are not significantly altered by surgical approach (TP, PSP, or ECD). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective series of pathological specimens were correlated with their clinical outcomes to compare TP, PSP, and ECD. Historical data review and meta-analysis were also performed. METHODS: Matched pairs of 60 pathological specimens of PPA (20 cases treated by TP, PSP, and ECD, respectively) were compared for capsular exposure and the degree of cellularity of tumors. Statistical analysis of the respective rates of tumor-facial nerve interface, capsular rupture, recurrence, permanent and transient facial nerve dysfunction, and Frey syndrome was performed. RESULTS: Focal capsular exposure occurs in virtually all parotid surgery for PPA, regardless of the type of operation (margin). Dissecting PPA from the facial nerve led to a positive margin in 25% of cases. Capsular rupture does result in a significantly higher rate of recurrence and did not vary among surgical approaches (TP, PSP, and ECD). Tumor-facial nerve interface did not vary significantly by surgical approach. A less complete parotidectomy did not result in a higher rate of recurrence. Less parotid tissue sacrifice did not result in a lower rate of permanent facial nerve dysfunction, although it did result in significantly less transient facial nerve dysfunction and Frey syndrome. Hypocellular tumors did not have a higher incidence of capsular rupture or recurrence. Multicentric PPA was not identified in the clinically negative deep lobe for TP specimens. The most common cause of recurrence for PPA today is enucleation. CONCLUSIONS: The major outcomes of surgical treatment for small PPA (capsular exposure, tumor-facial nerve interface, capsular rupture, recurrence, and permanent facial nerve dysfunction) are not significantly altered by the amount of parotid tissue sacrifice (TP, PSP, or ECD). More complete parotidectomy results in higher rates of transient facial nerve dysfunction and Frey syndrome. Focal capsular exposure occurs in virtually all cases of parotid surgery for PPA. Dissecting PPA from the facial nerve results in cases with positive margins because of incomplete capsule or perforating pseudopodia. Few separations of pseudopodia from the main tumor occur with expertly performed contemporary parotid surgery because most of the PPA has a margin of normal parotid tissue. Minimal margin surgery in ECD is not recommended.     

Clinical outcome after surgery for 75 patients with parotid sialadenitis

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical outcome of patients treated surgically for chronic parotid sialadenitis. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of patients whose clinicopathologic information had been collected prospectively onto a dedicated head and neck database. METHODS: Between 1987 and 2006, a total of 75 patients had 78 parotidectomies, 17 superficial and 61 near-total, to treat chronic parotid sialadenitis. The clinicopathologic data including treatment morbidity and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: Temporary postoperative facial weakness occurred in 26 (33%) patients, and this was permanent, although partial, in one (1%) patient. There was no significant difference (P > .05) in the incidence of temporary facial nerve neuropraxia in the superficial (35%) and near-total parotidectomy (33%) groups. Recurrence of symptoms was noted in two patients who had undergone near-total parotidectomy and none of the patients who had undergone superficial parotidectomy. Chronic parotid sialadenitis was effectively treated in 97% of patients undergoing parotidectomy. CONCLUSION: Near-total parotidectomy is a safe and efficacious surgical treatment in the management of patients with debilitating severe chronic parotid sialadenitis.     

Tumors of the parotid glands in the material of the Department of otolaryngology of the Medical Academy in Warsaw in 1986-1995

In the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Academy in Warsaw, 332 patients were surgically treated between 1986 and 1995 because of parotid gland tumors. In 275 cases benign tumors, in 57 cases--malignant tumors were observed. The majority of benign tumors were pleomorphic adenoma (61.45%) and lymphadenoma (22.54%); the majority of malignant tumors were adenocarcinoma (28%), adenoid cystic carcinoma (21%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (15.78%). All patients with benign tumors were surgically treated, patients with malignant tumors were operated on and irradiated. The surgical procedure used superficial parotidectomy and total parotidectomy with preservation of facial nerve where possible. Ten patients required total parotidectomy with facial nerve resection because of malignant tumors, six patients had neck dissection performed. Of the 57 patients treated on account of malignant tumors 43 survived; 14 patients died of a local recurrence or generalization neoplasm disease.     

Limited parotidectomy: the role of extracapsular dissection in parotid gland neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: Surgical techniques for parotid gland neoplasm removal have been shaped over the years by the importance of the gland's relationship with the facial nerve, histologic behavior of parotid tumors, and recurrence rates from specific techniques. Parotidectomy with facial nerve dissection has become the procedure of choice in removal of parotid gland neoplasms because of the resulting low recurrence rate. However, these more comprehensive dissections can cause significant postoperative complications, some cosmetically devastating. We propose that a more limited dissection yields a similar low recurrence rate but with less risk of complications. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: A retrospective review of the clinical outcomes and pathology of 27 patients who underwent extracapsular dissection for parotid gland neoplasms. RESULTS: All tumors were located in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland and size of the masses ranged from 4.0 to 1.0 cm (mean 2.4 cm) in diameter. Pathology of the parotid tumors consisted of 11 pleomorphic adenomas, six Warthin's tumors, six benign epithelial cysts, one sarcoid lesion, two lymphoid hyperplasia, and one Kaposi's sarcoma. There were no cases of capsular rupture. There was no temporary or permanent facial paralysis and no incidence of Frey's syndrome. One patient developed a sialocele, which was aspirated and resolved after 3 months. There were no recurrences with follow-up times between 5 months and 6 years (mean 41 mo). CONCLUSION: We advocate extracapsular dissection for benign parotid neoplasms because of the acceptable recurrence rates with limited complications as compared to superficial parotidectomy.