A review of selected South- and East Asian Tanytarsus v.d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Male and pupa of Tanytarsus calorifontis sp. n. are described. Diagnoses, hypopygium drawings for the examined species and distribution are given for: Tanytarsus akantertiusSasa & Kamimura, T. angulatus Kawai, T. atagoensis Tokunaga,T. bathophilusKieffer, T. boninensis Tokunaga, T. formosae (Kieffer), T. formosanusKieffer, T. infundibulusChaudhuri & Datta, T. kikuchiiSasa, Kawai & Ueno, T. konishii Sasa & Kawai, T. mcmillani Freeman, T. mendax Kieffer, T. miyakobrevis Sasa & Hasegawa, T. monstrosus Chaudhuri et al., T. ogasaquartus Sasa & Suzuki, T. ogasatertius Sasa & Suzuki, T. okuboi Sasa & Kikuchi, T. oscillans Johannsen, T. ovatus Johannsen, T. oyamai Sasa, T. pollexus Chaudhuri & Datta, T. shouautumnalis Sasa, T. shoudigitatus Sasa, T. takahashii Kawai & Sasa, T. tamaundecimus Sasa, T. tonebeceus Sasa & Tanaka, T. tusimatneousSasa & Suzuki, T. unagiseptimus Sasa, T. uraiensis Tokunaga, T. yakuheiusSasa & Suzuki and T. yunosecundus Sasa. Tanytarsus ikiefeus Sasa & Suzuki is a new junior synonym of T. konishii. Tanytarsus ikifegeus Sasa & Suzuki, T. miyakoflavus Sasa & Hasegawa,T. oyabepallidus Sasa, Kawai & Ueno, T. simantoopeus Sasa et al. and T. tusimatheius Sasa & Suzuki are new junior synonyms of T. okuboi. Tanytarsus nippogregarius Sasa & Kamimura is a new junior synonym of T. bathophilus. Tanytarsus cultellus Chaudhuri & Datta and T. sibafegeus Sasa et al. are new junior synonyms of T. oscillans.Tanytarsus insulus (Guha et al., 1985) is a new junior synonym of T. ovatus. Tanytarsus sakishimanus Sasa & Hasegawa, T. vinculus Chaudhuri et al., T. parvistylus Chaudhuri & Datta, T. fusciabdominalis Guha et al. and T. euformosanus Kikuchi & Sasa are new junior synonyms of T. formosanus. Tanytarsus tsutaprimus Sasa, T. tokarajekeus Sasa & Suzuki, T. tusimatlemeus Sasa & Suzuki, T. tusimatopeus Sasa & Suzuki and T. yakugeheuus Sasa & Suzuki are new junior synonyms of T. shouautumnalis. Tanytarsus togasiroidus Sasa & Okazawa is a new junior synonym of T. shoudigitatus. Tanytarsus tusimatjekeus Sasa & Suzuki and T. tusimatkeleus Sasa & Suzuki are new junior synonyms of T. akantertius, and Tanytarsus tusimatpequeus Sasa & Suzuki is a new junior synonym of T. tusimatneous. Virgatanytarsus toganiveus (Sasa & Okazawa), Cladotanytarsus utonaiquartus (Sasa) and Zavrelia tusimatijeus (Sasa & Suzuki), all previously placed in Tanytarsus, are new combinations.     

Floral biology and pollination strategy of seven Tacca species (Taccaceae)

We investigated the floral characteristics, floral biology and floral visitors of the six Bornean Tacca species: T. bibracteata (only floral characteristics), T. borneensis, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides, T. palmata and T. reducta, and T. cristata from Peninsular Malaysia. All species are protogynous with pollen strings extruded post flower opening. Blooming of all species started from dawn except for T. leontopetaloides which flowered from dusk. While T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides and T. reducta are facultatively autogamic as the pollen/ovule ratios (P/O ratios) were low, T. bibracteata is facultatively xenogamic as its P/O ratio was higher. Four species (T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii and T. reducta) were tested for autonomous self-pollination but all failed to set fruit. Manual self- and cross-pollination treatments of T. borneensis, T. cristata and T. havilandii showed reduced fruit set and seed set. In contrast, T. reducta was highly self-compatible. The showy bracts and bracteoles of T. borneensis are needed to guarantee pollination success but is not so in the other species investigated. Tacca are pollinated by two pollination guilds of female midges: two species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) and Culicoides hinnoi. The floral biology and mating system of Tacca species indicate that most fruits and seeds were produced in samples resulting from natural pollination.     

Reassessment of type specimens of Cordyceps and its allies described by Dr. Yosio Kobayasi preserved in the mycological herbarium of the National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS). Part 1: the genus Torrubiella

Nineteen holotype specimens of the genus Torrubiella described by Dr. Yosio Kobayasi and Mr. Daisuke Shimizu were relocated and accession numbers (TNS-F number) were given. A new scientific name, Torrubiella plana Hiroki Sato, Ban, Masuya & Hosoya nom. nov. (TNS-F-12061), was proposed for T. minutissima Kobaysi & Shimizu (homonym of T. minutissima Lagarde). The other 18 species follow: T. alboglobosa (TNS-F-12067), T. aurantia (TNS-F-12069), T. corniformis (TNS-F-12064), T. ellipsoidea (TNS-F-12055), T. formosana (TNS-F-12059), T. fusiformis (TNS-F-234548), T. globosostipitata (TNS-F-12057), T. longissima (TNS-F-12071), T. mammillata (TNS-F-12060), T. miyagiana (TNS-F-12062), T. neofusiformis (TNS-F-12058), T. oblonga (TNS-F-12070), T. ooaniensis (TNS-F-12063), T. pallida (TNS-F-12789), T. rosea (TNS-F-12065), T. ryogamimontana (TNS-F-12058), T. ryukyuensis (TNS-F-11932), and T. superficialis (TNS-F-12072).     

An in vitro comparison of Trypanosoma spp. (subgenus Schizotrypanum) from bats

Summary Epimastigotes of Trypanosoma vespertilionis from diphasic blood agar cultures were on the average longer and the distance between the nucleus and kinetoplast greater than epimastigotes of T. hedricki, T. myoti and T. dionisii. Also, no yellow granules were seen in the epimastigotes of T. vespertilionis whereas they were obvious in the other three species. Long thin trypomastigotes which are characteristic of T. hedricki, T. myoti and T. dionisii cultures were not seen in T. vespertilionis. T. dionisii was much less infective to fibroblasts from mice and did not develop in fibroblasts from chicken, as did T. hedricki and T. myoti. Blood trypomastigotes were seen in chicken embryos inoculated with blood agar cultures of T. hedricki and T. myoti, but none was seen in embryos infected with T. dionisii.The cultural characteristics examined could not be used to differentiate T. hedricki from T. myoti. ac]19810317     

Phylogenetic and populational study of the Tuber indicum complex

When examined using SEM, Chinese samples of Tuber indicum and T. sinense displayed the same ascospore ornamentation as that of T. pseudohimalayense, T. indicum, collected in India by Duthie in 1899, and samples renamed T. himalayense in 1988. The different authors who named the four taxa (T. indicum, T. himalayense, T. sinense, T. pseudohimalyense) described differences in the surface of the peridium which could be considered as usual variations within a single species. We consider T. indicum, T. himalayense, T. sinense and T. pseudohimalayense as one species, T. indicum. Within this T. indicum complex, according to ITS and β-tubulin sequences, there are two groups in China, which could be considered as geographical ecotypes. This study is the first to identify a genetic and phylogeographical structure within the Chinese Tuber species.     

Trichodina (Ciliata: Urceolariidae) of Freshwater Fishes of the Southeastern United States*

SYNOPSIS. Eight new species of Trichodina are described from freshwater fishes of the Southeastern U.S.: T. davisi from Roccus saxatilus (Walbaum), T. funduli from Fundulus notti (Agassiz), T. globosa from Etheostoma radiosum (Hubbs and Black), T. hoffmani from Etheostoma edwini (Hubbs and Cannon), T. hypsilepis from Notropis hypsilepis Suttkus and Raney, T. microdenticula from Dorosoma petenense (Gunther). T. noturi from Noturus leptacanthus Jordan, and T. salmincola from Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Nine species of Trichodina are redescribed: T. californica, T. discoidea, T. fultoni, T. pediculus, T. platyformis, T. reticulata, T. sp. (?T. nigra), T. tumefaciens, and T. vallata. The name T. pediculus is re-erected for the form that occurs on largemouth bass. Host fish were collected from 36 geographic locations in 10 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee). A total of 939 fish of 46 species was examined for trichodinid parasites. Two methods of impregnating formalin preserved specimens of Trichodina with silver are discussed. A key to the species of Trichodina reported from North American freshwater fishes is given.     

Taxonomic novelties and changes in Philippine Timonius (Rubiaceae,Guettardeae)

The Philippine species of the genus Timonius present numerous taxonomic problems resulting from poorly defined species boundaries, misinterpretation of the origin of type specimens, and historical collections that often bear residual reproductive structures. Based on field observations and examination of herbarium materials, the following taxonomic amendments are proposed: conspecificity of T. philippinensis with T. finlaysonianus, and T. panayensis with T. valetonii, and transfer of T. quadrasii to Ridsdalea. This study also describes six new species from the archipelago: T. alejandroanus, T. dumagat, T. pseudoarboreus, T. ridsdalei, T. spes-vitarum and T. stevendarwinii. Finally, T. nitidus is excluded from the Philippine flora.     

Genome identification of the Triticum crassum complex (Poaceae) with the restriction patterns of repeated nucleotide sequences

Species of the Triticum crassum complex, tetraploid and hexaploid T. crassum, hexaploid T. juvenale, and hexaploid T. syriacum, share a similar morphology. Variation in the restriction profiles of nuclear repeated nucleotide sequences is employed in identification of genomes of these species. The data show that hexaploid T. crassum originated from hybridization of the tetraploid cytotype of T. crassum with T. tauschii. Triticum juvenale and T. syriacum originated from hybridization of tetraploid T. crassum with T. umbellulatum and T. searsii, respectively. Tetraploid T. crassum appears to be an ancient allotetraploid that originated from hybridization of primitive T. tauschii with an ancient species in the evolutionary lineage leading to the section Sitopsis of the genus Triticum.     

Properties of the nonlethal recombinational repair deficient mutants of bacteriophage T4

Summary The rate at which ³H thymidine is incorporated into DNA is increased in T4w-infected cells compared to wild-type when measured late in infection under conditions of low thymidine concentration. This increased DNA synthesis is sensitive to hydroxyurea but not to mitomycin C, and can be prevented by the addition of chloramphenicol early in infection. Also, DNA replicative intermediates isolated from T4w-infected cells late in infection sediment significantly faster than those isolated from wild-type-infected cells. In contrast, DNA replicative intermediates isolated from T4x-or T4y-infected cells sediment more slowly than those produced by wild-type T4. Cells coinfected with wild-type T4⁺ and T4x, y or w; or T4w and T4x or y, produce wild-type DNA replicative intermediates. Cells coinfected with T4x and T4y produce more slowly sedimenting DNA replicative intermediates. Cells coinfected with T4w and wild-type T4 show wild-type rates of DNA synthesis while cells coinfected with T4w and T4x or T4y show increased rates of DNA synthesis over that observed with wild-type alone.     

Identification of salt-tolerant gene HOG1 in Torulopsis versatilis

To understand the osmo-adaptation mechanism in Torulopsis versatilis (T), we investigated the salt-tolerant gene HOG1 from the wild-type and a salt-tolerant mutant strain (T5) constructed using genome shuffling. The HOG1 genes from T and T5 were sequenced and revealed several mutations had occurred. The expression level of T5HOG1 was stronger than that of THOG1, indicating a reason for the increase of salt-tolerance in T. versatilis. Moreover, overexpression of T5HOG1 and THOG1 improved the tolerance of salt in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification and overexpression of THOG1 and T5HOG1 from the wild-type T. versatilis and the mutant T. versatilis, respectively, play an important role for the osmo-adaption mechanism of the T. versatilis used in soy-sauce fermentation.     

A taxonomic revision of Tectaria (Tectariaceae) from New Caledonia

A taxonomic revision of Tectaria from New Caledonia is presented here based on a thorough study of herbarium specimens from New Caledonia and adjacent Pacific islands. Six species of Tectaria are presently recognized in New Caledonia. Tectaria kouniensis and T. pseudosinuata are reduced to synonyms of T. dissecta and T. sinuata, respectively. The morphological limit between T. seemannii and T. sinuata and the confused specimen citations in previous accounts are clarified. Apart from T. dissecta, the other five species, i.e. T. lifuensis, T. moorei, T. seemannii, T. sinuata and T. vieillardii, are mainly distributed in New Caledonia, with only T. seemannii and T. sinuata recently reported also from Vanuatu. A key to species, typification of accepted names and relevant synonyms, and brief comments on the relationships of species are provided.     

Additional evidence implicating Triticum searsii as the B-genome donor to wheat

In vitro DNA:DNA hybridizations and hydroxyapatite thermal-elution chromatography were employed to identify the diploid wheat species ancestral to the B genome of Triticum turgidum. ³H-T. turgidum DNA was hybridized to the unlabeled DNAs of T. urartu, T. speltoides, T. sharonensis, T. bicorne, T. longissimum, and T. searsii. ³H-Labeled DNAs of T. monococcum and a synthetic tetraploid AADD were hybridized with unlabeled DNAs of T. urartu and T. searsii to determine the relationship of the A genome of polyploid wheat and T. urartu. The heteroduplex thermal stabilities indicated that T. searsii was most closely related to the B genome of T. turgidum (AB) and that the genome of T. urartu and the A genome have a great deal of base-sequence homology. Thus, it appears that T. searsii is the B-genome donor to polyploid wheat or a major chromosome donor if the B genome is polyphyletic in origin.Published with the approval of the Director of The West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station as Scientific Paper No. 1837.     

Twelve new native Taraxacum species from the Nordic countries

Eleven native Taraxacum species from Norden are described as new: T. acutilimbatum, T. frondatum, T. latulum, T. thorvaldii, T. wendtii and T. wessbergii (all in T. sect. Erythrosperma), T. danicum (sect. Palustria), T. conspersum and T. lentiginosum (sect. Naevosa), T. pietii‐oosterveldii (sect. Celtica) and T. ovillum (sect. Spectabilia). They are compared with morphologically similar species, and their ecological preferences are outlined. Known distribution areas and lists of paratypes are given. Taraxacum polyschistum Dahlst. forma oelandicum G. E. Haglund (sect. Erythrosperma) is given status of species.     

ALLOPOLYPLOID SPECIATION IN TRAGOPOGON: INSIGHTS FROM CHLOROPLAST DNA

Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus are classic examples of recent allopolyploid speciation. Previous studies documented that the diploid parents of T. mirus are T. dubius and T. porrifolius and those of T. miscellus are T. dubius and T. pratensis. Restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) provided additional evolutionary information regarding the origin of the allotetraploids. We analyzed 39 populations of the three diploid and two allotetraploid species with 18 restriction endonucleases. Six restriction site mutations and three length mutations were identified; these unambiguously differentiated the parental diploids. Previous morphological, cytological, and electrophoretic analyses indicated that T. mirus arose independently at least three times. Chloroplast DNA data suggest that T. porrifolius has consistently been the maternal parent of T. mirus. Chloroplast DNA data also document a minimum of two independent origins of T. miscellus: 1) populations from Pullman, Washington, have T. dubius as the maternal parent; 2) all other populations have T. pratensis as the maternal parent. Two restriction site mutations implicate certain populations of T. dubius in the formation of the Pullman populations of T. miscellus. The two rare diploid species, T. porrifolius and T. pratensis, typically appear as maternal parents of the allotetraploids; the widespread and common T. dubius is the maternal parent only for two populations of T. miscellus. These data suggest that pollen load may be an important factor in determining the male and female parents of allopolyploid angiosperms.     

Chromosome Maps of Trilliaceae: II. A Study of the Genome Composition in Polyploid Species of the Genus Trillium by Fluorescence Nucleotide Base-Specific Staining of Heterochromatic Chromosome Regions

Chromosome banding with nucleotide base-specific fluorochromes chromomycin A₃ (CMA) and Hoechst 33258 (H33258) was used to study the karyotypes and to construct cytological maps for diploidTrillium camschatcense(2n = 10), tetraploid T. tschonoskii(2n = 20), hexaploidT. rhombifolium (2n = 30), and a triploid T. camschatcense × T. tschonoskii hybrid (T. × hagae, 2n = 15). With H33258, species- and genome-specific patterns with numerous AT-rich heterochromatin bands were obtained for each of the four forms; CMA revealed a few small, mostly telomeric GC-rich bands. In T. tschonoskii, the two subgenomes were similar to each other and differed from the T. camschatcense genome; on this evidence, the species was considered to be a segmental allotetraploid. InT. ×hagae, one T. camschatcense and both T. tschonoskii subgenomes were identified. The subgenomes of T. rhombifoliumonly partly corresponded to the T. camschatcense and T. tschonoskii genomes, in contrast to the morphologically identical Japanese species T. hagae. This was assumed to indicate that allohexaploids T. rhombifolium and T. hagae originated independently at different times; i.e., their origin is polyphyletic. Based on the chromosome maps, a new nomenclature was proposed for theTrillium genomes examined: K₁K₁ for T. camschatcense,T₁T₁T₂T₂ for T. tschonoskii,K₁T₁T₂ for T. × hagae, and K_1RK_1RT_1RT_1RT_2RT_2R for T. rhombifolium.     

Impacts of Tomicus minor on distribution and reproduction of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) on the trunk of the living Pinus yunnanensis trees

This study investigated the impacts of Tomicus minor on Tomicus piniperda when the two Tomicus species coexist in the trunks of living Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis L.) trees growing in the Kunming region, in south-western China. Tomicus piniperda mostly locates in the mid- and upper trunks of Yunnan pine tree; whereas T. minor mainly attacks the mid- and lower trunks. In the mid-trunk area from 1.0 to 5.0 m above ground, there are overlapping attack zones for the two Tomicus species, which accounts for an average of 80% of the entire zone occupied by T. piniperda and an average of 70% of the zone occupied by T. minor. In correspondence with their attack distributions, the average attack densities of the two species varied with height along the trunk, with 165.3 egg galleries per m² at a height of 6 m for T. piniperda, and 138.2 egg galleries per m² at the 1 m height for T. minor. It is suggested that T. minor adjusts its attack pattern with respect to T. piniperda, and thereby minimizes interspecific competition. No remarkable difference of average T. piniperda egg gallery length was found between the zone in which only T. piniperda occurred and the zone in which T. piniperda and T. minor coexisted; this is suggested to be due to low host quality in the upper trunk region where only T. piniperda was present. The number of T. piniperda larval galleries was highest when only T. piniperda was present, and decreased as T. piniperda and T. minor coexisted, particularly in the case when the density of T. piniperda was less than that of T. minor. Average larval density was 1649 larval galleries per m² where only T. piniperda occurred. However, when T. piniperda coexisted with T. minor, T. piniperda larval density averaged 1010 per m² when T. piniperda density was higher than T. minor, and averaged 442 per m² when T. piniperda density was less than T. minor, which led to the conclusion that T. minor makes a negative impact on T. piniperda reproduction when the two Tomicus species jointly colonize the same trunk of Yunnan pine tree.