生态系统服务评估在美国城市绿色基础设施建设中的应用进展评述

城市绿色基础设施提供着雨洪管理、空气净化、气候调节、能耗节约、提供生态栖息地以及文化功能等重要的生态系统服务。近年来,在美国国家环保局、美国风景园林基金会等相关组织机构的倡导下,生态系统服务监测和评估被结合到城市绿色基础设施的规划建设之中。本文分析了城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务的研究进展和评估方法,并归纳了现今美国生态系统服务评估在绿色基础设施建设中的应用方式,包括为政策制定提供量化依据、为项目认证提供评价标准、以及为项目建设提供收益分析3种类型。最后,本文探讨了对我国绿色基础设施建设的相关启发,包括加强城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务研究和实践的结合,重视城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务的整体性和协同性,以及完善基于生态系统服务的城市绿色基础设施绩效监测体系3个方面。     

巴黎城市规划体系中的绿色基础设施构建方法与启示

近十多年来,法国逐步完成了城市规划体系的根本性改革,并将绿色基础设施构建纳入城市规划体系。作为欧洲人口密度最高的城市,巴黎在其高密度城市中构建绿色基础设施所面临的挑战非同寻常,因而也具有着更宝贵的借鉴价值。在绿色基础设施的构建中,巴黎首先充分挖掘了现有绿色空间资源以及计划增加的绿色空间资源。对于计划增加的绿色空间,除了通过传统绿化方式以外,还特别重视与交通基础设施及建筑结合等新方式。同时,面对当代城市问题,巴黎对城市绿色基础设施在确保和促进城市生物多样性、应对气候变化和协调多样化的使用功能等方面的作用进行了卓有成效的探索。最后,本文讨论了巴黎的绿色基础设施在规划方法、组成以及与政策和城市规划对接方面的启示。     

绿色基础设施概念及其研究进展综述

本文介绍了绿色基础设施概念的起源、内涵,国外相关理论研究系统化进展、规划设计的原则与方法及自然生命支撑系统作用,旨在通过引入这一新理念来对我国土地生态利用和保护提供一定的启示作用,强调我国建立绿色基础设施对城市可持续发展及土地的永续利用具有重要意义。     

A Critical Reflection on Urban Spatial Planning Practices and Outcomes in Post-Apartheid South Africa

The spatial planning and policy framework and associated implementing tools in South Africa have undergone fundamental changes since the onset of the democratic era in 1994. The effectiveness and influence of urban spatial planning on restructuring South African cities are however increasingly being questioned and there remains a surprising paucity of empirical evidence to evaluate the impact of these plans. Seven key challenges are identified as impacting on the effectiveness of urban spatial planning in the democratic era. The responses to these challenges as reflected by the urban spatial plans of a cross-section of cities indicate moderate levels of progress with improving the horizontal and vertical alignment of spatial planning processes and with the integration of sustainability principles into spatial planning. Some limited improvement was noted with the understanding of the urban space economy and the alignment of infrastructure development and capital investment with spatial planning. However, very little progress is evident with the principle of physical and social economic integration of cities, considering the informal sector in mainstream spatial planning processes, and with the use of appropriate indicators and quantified targets to monitor the implementation and impact of spatial plans. The application of innovative spatial and statistical techniques will not only greatly enhance the understanding of these issues, but will also provide the basis for formulating appropriate and robust indicators and targets to monitor the impact of spatial plans.     

德国绿色基础设施规划的背景、架构与实践

从绿色基础设施的研究范式引入,本文对德国绿色基础设施规划的概念、发展历程以及规划内容和目标进行概述,进而剖析其空间规划体系特征,即以法定层面规划为原则框架、国家顶层设计为发展导向、非法定层面规划为主要落实手段、尺度覆盖从联邦到地方的空间规划。在规划实践方面,本文介绍了德国绿色基础设施联邦尺度、区域尺度和城市尺度的优秀规划案例,并从规划内涵、支撑体系、顶层设计、规划尺度、公众参与五个方面分析其特点。借鉴德国规划经验,同时以我国国土空间规划改革为契机,本文提出我国未来绿色基础设施规划体系的发展建议。     

自然资本引领绿色基础设施可持续管理

自然资本是将人类赖以生存的自然环境资本化,以资本的视角看待自然.绿色基础设施的物质客体作为自然资本存量的组成部分,为人类社会提供了蕴含巨大价值的生态系统服务.将自然资本与绿色基础设施紧密结合,有利于精准制定政策以协调经济发展和自然管理的关系,实现国土空间内自然资本增值.通过梳理30多年来自然资本理论的演变特征,认为自然...     

Strategic green infrastructure planning in Germany and the UK: a transnational evaluation of the evolution of urban greening policy and practice

The evolution of Green Infrastructure (GI) planning has varied dramatically between nations. Although a grounded set of principles are recognized globally, there is increasing variance in how these are implemented at a national and sub-national level. To investigate this the following paper presents an evaluation of how green infrastructure has been planned for in England and Germany illustrating how national policy structures facilitate variance in application. Adopting an evaluative framework linked to the identification of GI, its development and monitoring/feedback the paper questions the impacts on delivery of intersecting factors including terminology, spatial distribution and functionality on effective GI investment. This process reviews how changing policy structures have influenced the framing of green infrastructure policy, and subsequent impact this has on the delivery of green infrastructure projects.     

Green belt in a compact city: A zone for conservation or transition?

The paper examines the evolution, implementation and performance of the green belt in the compact and land-hungry city of Hong Kong. The green belt in Hong Kong comprises over 25% of all the land areas under the statutory land-use zoning plans. Its planning policy declares that there is a presumption against development in this land-use zone. Based upon historical study, cross-sectional examination of 109 statutory zoning plans and quantitative analysis of 1230 planning application cases, this study has evaluated whether the green belt was indeed treated as a non-building area for the purpose of landscape and countryside conservation. The conclusion is that the actual planning intention of the green belt has been ambivalent and flexible and it is a transition zone rather than a zone for conservation in Hong Kong.     

Dealing with interrelatedness and fragmentation in road infrastructure planning: an analysis of integrated approaches throughout the planning process in the Netherlands

Planning approaches that integrate road infrastructure and other land uses are being increasingly applied. Dealing with functional interrelatedness and stakeholder fragmentation are the main reasons for this. This article conceptualizes and analyses why and how such integrated approaches can be applied effectively throughout consecutive stages of infrastructure planning. The two case studies illustrate that the concept of integration is applied for strategic as well as operational reasons, and they reveal that these reasons may alternate throughout the planning process. Effective integration is therefore dynamic: it appropriately focuses on strengthening the socio-economic perspectives of a region for the longer term, as well as on the relations between different land uses that are physically adjacent and competing for space within a smaller area. Due to fragmented institutional contexts, successfully dealing with interrelatedness requires an intense level of interaction amongst involved actors. Such “co-production” of visions and plans has two important characteristics: negotiation, and learning about each other’s goals. Ultimately the case studies also show that planning at the infrastructure–land use interface needs institutional mechanisms to guide the alterations between strategically and operationally inspired integration. Contracts with private parties, public participation, and positive conditions for learning about each other’s referential frames are examples of the institutional mechanisms encountered in this study.     

Greening Ahmedabad—creating a resilient Indian city using a green infrastructure approach to investment

Ahmedabad is the commercial centre of the Indian state of Gujarat. With a population of 5.1 million, it is subject to a range of socio-economic and ecological pressures which influence how the city’s landscape is planned. In 2013, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) released a second draft of the 3rd Development Plan for the city. This document outlined how the city plans to strategically deliver built infrastructure, as well as, enhance its landscape through green infrastructure (GI). Utilising ecological networks the plan explores the value of integrating landscape projects to facilitate a spatially functional landscape resource base. This paper evaluates the transition from the rhetoric of the Development Plan to delivery. Drawing on commentary from local stakeholders, it reflects on the form that GI is taking, and asks whether projects such as the Sabarmati Riverfront are meeting both the strategic, and more localised socio-environmental needs of the city.     

绿色基础设施研究进展与规划过程应用

本文介绍了绿色基础设施概念的由来、演变、作用,以及国内外相关理论研究系统化进展、规划设计的原则与步骤,并阐述了识别绿色基础设施用地的标准、方法与设定绿色基础设施用地保护优先权,旨在通过引入绿色基础设施这一新理念来对我国土地生态利用和保护提供一定的启示作用,以期对以后的研究方向与研究内容给予预测。文章也强调了建立绿色基础设施对城市土地的精明保护及城市的可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

灰绿雨水基础设施协同规划——美国山地 城市匹兹堡“绿色优先计划”之借鉴

山地洪涝灾害制约城市发展与安全。近年来,美国多处城市采取小规模且分散的绿色雨水基础设施(GSI)与传统管网系统相结合的方式来解决复杂的雨洪问题,发挥GSI的多种功能与效益。以美国山地城市匹兹堡的“绿色优先计划”为例,重点介绍了灰绿雨水基础设施在管理合流制溢流与洪涝等方面的效能评估方法,以及GSI融入排水分区城市设计框架的规划策略。以期在规划技术方法、多功能GSI、灰绿设施配置等方面为中国山地城市中灰绿雨水基础设施的协同规划提供参考。     

Embedding social inclusiveness and appropriateness in engineering assessment of green infrastructure to enhance urban resilience

ABSTRACT

Urban resilience emerges not only from ‘what’ is done in relation to critical infrastructure systems, but in the ‘how’ of their conception, co-creation and integration into complex socio-ecological-technical systems. For green infrastructure, where ownership and agency may be distributed amongst organisations and diverse communities, inclusiveness and appropriateness require embedding in engineering assessments of green infrastructure and resilience. Through consideration of past, present and future engineering and resilience assessments – from monetising, through greening, to humanising – this paper examines the ways in which GI may be or has already contributed to enhancing urban resilience and types of assessment and indicators that have been or could be used. We suggest that enhancing visibility of the ‘whos’ (individuals, communities) is crucial to fully diversifying assessments. We also suggest some ideas for additional indicators and assert that co-production of future indicators needs to be undertaken with appropriate professionals (e.g. social impact assessment professionals).     

Building an equitable green economy: a Brazilian perspective

The transition from a carbon-driven economy to a green-driven economy demands a paradigm shift in institutions and change in infrastructure. This paper examines the Brazilian quest for a green and equitable economy. Brazil’s green liabilities range from a carbon-intensive transportation matrix to a poorly developed social infrastructure. Yet, Brazil offers one of the world’s most biodiverse landscapes, a large reservoir of fresh water and the world’s largest tropical forest. Using a ‘politics of attention’ perspective, we propose that it is precisely the mobility of the Brazilian economy that precludes its evolution as a vanguard of change. Its rising status as a part of the global economic agenda makes it accept globalization without making an effective paradigm shift toward the environment and social justice. A transition to a green economy cannot be achieved using management practices that drive a carbon-intensive economy.     

Fukuoka: Adapting to climate change through urban green space and the built environment?

This paper profiles Fukuoka City in Kyushu, Japan. We focus on the city's local climate change adaptation policies, and in particular the role of urban and greenspace planning in facilitating adaptation actions within Fukuoka. Fukuoka is a humid subtropical city which is currently experiencing significant population and economic growth. It has also made comparatively rigorous advances in climate adaptation, in a country context where local governments have been criticised for focusing more on mitigation. Fukuoka hence may yield lessons for other rapidly urbanising subtropical Asian cities. We illustrate that Fukuoka has a long tradition of science-policy connection towards the creation of a liveable urban environment. This creates a favourable research and policy infrastructure for adaptation, in particular mitigation of heat risk. This is evidenced in consideration of climate issues within the city's greenspace plans since the 1990s, and in an extensive body of underpinning applied research from local institutions into urban thermal environments in particular. Fukuoka's green terraced ACROS building has come to symbolise adaptation via the built environment, and has been followed by the emergence of further green roofs and through citizen and private sector involvement in smaller-scale greening actions. We caution that challenges remain around connecting different sections of local governments, and in maintaining climate and environmental imperatives in the face of ongoing development and expansion pressures.     

绿色先行——北川新县城园林绿地系统规划设计的实践与体会

园林绿地是城市重要的基础设施,在维护城市生态,创造宜居环境和展示城市形象等方面具有不可替代的作用,但是由于多种原因在城市建设中未被置于应有的重要位置。本文回顾和总结了在"绿色先行"理念指导下的北川新县城园林绿地系统规划设计实践,以期对相关的规划工作有所借鉴。     

Assessing the Integration of Landscape Connectivity into Comprehensive Spatial Planning in Spain

The integration of landscape connectivity criteria into spatial planning through ecological networks formed by coherent open space systems has received increasing attention in Europe in the last few decades. In Spain, such integration began recently, in parallel with the development of a supralocal comprehensive spatial planning policy, which was practically non-existent a decade ago. An assessment of such integration is reported here, specifically on ecological networks inclusion within the spatially explicit zoning regulations of 11 regional and 66 subregional plans which had been approved in Spain until the end of 2012. At the same time, a survey was conducted among 22 Spanish and 14 European practitioners in order to detect possible deficiencies and opportunities to optimise this integration in Spain through a comparison with other European countries. An increasing integration of ecological networks into supralocal plans was observed, especially in subregional plans approved in the last five years, coinciding with a period of greater development in supralocal spatial planning policy, the end of the Spanish speculative housing bubble and new national legislation which encourages the promotion of ecological networks. However, the integration process is very uneven because homogeneous guidelines are not applied in the different regions. Spanish practitioners discerned wide room for improvement. The integration of ecological networks into multiscale spatial planning should be optimised in Spain, including improvements in local planning, strategic environmental assessment and training of planners in this topic.     

Developing and testing a cost-effectiveness analysis to prioritize green infrastructure alternatives for climate change adaptation

Green infrastructure has been increasingly identified as an option to help manage climate change impacts in urban areas, although its implementation is still not widely promoted in urban planning. This is because of the lack of detailed analysis for decision-makers regarding construction and maintenance costs for different types and how effective various measures are at managing precipitation at a catchment scale. This paper contributes to fill this gap in knowledge by developing a green infrastructure cost-effectiveness ranking index (GICRI) able to evaluate the stormwater runoff volume reduction of multiple green infrastructure alternatives under different climate change scenarios, over differing spatial configurations and combining this performance data with their construction and maintenance costs. After applying this model over two case study areas, this paper provides three main insights. First, climate change projections have a significant impact on green infrastructure cost-effectiveness. Second, as green infrastructure cost-effectiveness is influenced by the spatial scale, there are different challenges for larger cities and smaller regional towns. Building on this, the paper argues that GICRI can be a simple and fast heuristic to increase the use of green infrastructure by informing decision-makers regarding how and where to prioritize investment or where greater modelling is needed.     

肇庆学院校园西区绿地规划设计

结合肇庆学院的项目背景,归纳了校园西区绿地规划设计原则,系统阐述了其总体构思及具体规划,通过采用新颖的构思,使校园的学习氛围融入到校内景观中,展示出学校的魅力。     

成都市新津县县域总体规划编制探讨

县域总体规划能弥补现有法定规划体系的不足,作为统筹城乡基本规划管理空间单元,构筑城乡规划管理平台.其主要内容为在县域产业发展空间布局的基础上进行县域用地布局,确定县域城乡空间形态和规模,划定"三区八线",构筑公共服务设施体系和基础设施体系.