波纹基底上含不溶性活性剂液滴的铺展稳定性

针对波纹基底上含不溶性活性剂液滴的铺展历程, 采用润滑理论建立了液滴铺展数理模型, 推导出基态和扰动态下液膜厚度和活性剂浓度的演化方程组, 基于非模态稳定性理论分析了液滴铺展的稳定性及参数的影响规律. 研究表明: 扰动量在液滴中心及铺展前沿处很小, 在液膜最薄处达到最大值且活性剂浓度的负扰动现象比较明显; 扰动波数可增强液滴铺展稳定性, 但随扰动波数增加, 该稳定性逐渐下降甚至转变为不稳定. 增加 Marangoni数将导致液滴铺展不稳定性加剧; 增大基底高度具有增强液滴铺展稳定的作用, Peclet数和基底波数取适中值时有利于液滴铺展的稳定性. 关键词： 活性剂液滴 非平整基底 铺展 非模态稳定性     

分离压作用下波纹状基底上含活性剂液滴铺展稳定性

针对波纹状基底上含不溶性活性剂液滴的铺展过程,引入受活性剂浓度影响的分离压模型,应用非模态稳定性理论分析液滴铺展稳定性.研究表明:与不计及分离压情形相比,分离压作用下的液滴铺展前沿高度明显下降,液滴铺展速率加快;长波扰动有利于增强液滴的演化稳定性,且随扰动波数增大稳定性增强;然而随短波波数增加,液滴演化稳定性逐渐减弱甚至转变为不稳定;较小波数下(k=3)减小引力强度系数α₁和提高斥力强度系数α₂液滴铺展稳定性增强;而较大波数下(k=30)增大α₁和减小α₂有利于液滴铺展稳定性.     

受热基底上的液滴铺展及换热特性

液滴在受热基底上的铺展特征将直接影响其传热特性.基于润滑理论建立了单液滴在受热基底上的演化模型,模拟了壁温均匀和自中心向两侧呈指数规律衰减两种情形下液滴的铺展历程,提出了一种针对二维液滴表面热流密度和传热量的计算方法,借助该方法分析了液滴铺展特征及外部对流换热条件对传热特性的影响,所得结果与已有文献有较好的一致性.结果表明:当壁温均匀时,液滴在重力驱动下呈现具有"单峰"结构的对称铺展特征,表面热流密度由两侧向中心递减;液滴表面积随时间小幅增大,传热能力有所增强.当壁温自中心向两侧呈指数规律衰减时,液滴铺展明显呈现三个阶段特征,厚度剖面由"单峰"结构渐变为"双峰"结构,且"双峰"峰值随时间先增大后减小,该变化源于重力和热毛细力的复杂博弈及在演化过程中的交替主导地位;液滴中心处热流密度不断增大,"双峰"处热流密度则持续减小;接触线处热流密度相比邻近有一明显跃升;液滴表面积随时间显著增大,传热能力有效提高.增强外部对流换热条件虽将减缓液滴铺展过程,抑制其表面积增大,但总体上有利于提高其传热能力,且随时间增长,该现象愈加显著;增大毕渥数使液滴动态接触角及接触线移动速率的变化发生延迟,但并不改变其总体特征.     

基于MRT-LB伪势模型的液滴撞击液膜数值研究

运用改进的格子玻尔兹曼（LB）伪势多松弛多相模型,研究单/双液滴撞击液膜的流动特性.考察单液滴在不同气液相密度比时撞击液膜的发展.随着密度比的减小,冠状水花顶端开始向内弯曲,且底部半径显著减小.在大密度比情况下研究双液滴撞击液膜.结果表明：双液滴撞击液膜有中心射流的形成;液滴水平间距的增大,延缓中心射流的出现,并降低初始中心射流的高度;随Re数的增加,中心射流的高度明显增大.     

双液滴同时垂直撞击壁面的数值研究

采用质量守恒的level set方法对双液滴同时垂直撞击干壁面后的流动过程进行了模拟研究,主要讨论了韦伯数(We)、壁面接触角(θ)以及双液滴水平间距(S)等物理参数对相界面流动过程的影响,分析了不同参数下射流高度和水平铺展半长随时间的变化规律.研究表明:We数较大时,中心射流液柱将产生二次液滴,随后液柱反弹至空中,且We数越大,中心射流产生的二次液滴次数越多,最大无量纲射流高度和最大无量纲铺展半长越大;随壁面接触角的增大,中心射流液柱出现反弹现象,水平铺展液流出现断裂的时间越早,最大无量纲射流高度和最大无量纲铺展半长越小;最大无量纲射流高度值与液滴水平间距的相关性不单调,铺展半长随水平间距的增大而增大.     

基于磁性纳米复合棒的“咖啡环”效应

研究了含有不溶性纳米复合棒的液滴在蒸发过程中出现的"咖啡环"效应,证实了"咖啡环"现象的形成和抑制与液滴体积、液滴浓度、基底温度、表面活性剂添加量及外加磁场等因素有关,并根据实验数据拟合"咖啡环"宽度与实验参量间的关系.证实了减小液滴体积、增大液滴浓度或升高基底温度,导致"咖啡环"变宽,而添加表面活性剂或施加外磁场则能够抑制"咖啡环"效应的出现.建立了磁性纳米复合棒在液滴蒸发过程中的受力模型,探讨了液滴重力、毛细流引起的牵引力、马兰戈尼流引起的牵引力及外加磁场提供的牵引力对"咖啡环"的形成及其宽度的调控影响规律.     

T型微通道中液滴半阻塞不对称分裂行为研究

液滴不对称分裂是获得不同尺寸微液滴的优选方法,研究液滴不对称分裂行为对于生物医学、能源化工及食品工程等领域具有重要意义.本文研制T型微通道芯片并设计搭建T型微通道液滴半阻塞不对称分裂行为可视化实验平台,研究流量调控对微液滴分裂比的影响规律,并建立理论模型对分裂比进行预测,得到以下结论:液滴不对称挤压分裂过程分为挤压前期、挤压后期和快速夹断阶段,在挤压前期,液滴颈部宽度随时间呈线性变化,在挤压后期,颈部宽度随时间呈指数关系,而在快速夹断阶段,液滴颈部向心收缩的界面附加压力占主导,液滴颈部宽度剧烈收缩,呈断崖式减小;调控分支通道流量可对液滴不对称分裂比进行调控,且调控作用受毛细数影响较大;基于液液流动压降模型的液滴分裂比预测模型能够有效预测液滴分裂比.     

单液滴冲击超疏水壁面的压力特性研究

雨滴撞击索类结构表面可能会激发振动及表面积冰等问题,现有研究多关注于疏水壁面及液滴撞击壁面铺展、回缩特性,鲜见涉及雨滴冲击超疏水壁面压力特性的研究.为此,采用CLSVOF方法对单液滴冲击超疏水固壁面这一过程进行数值计算,分析了液滴速度、初始直径等因素对液滴冲击超疏水壁面的压力特性、液滴动态行为特性及液滴与壁面接触时间的影响.结果 表明:单液滴撞击超疏水壁面的过程中,接触瞬间在接触点附近产生局部高压区,而在液滴铺展过程中,对壁面几乎没有压力冲击;在回缩反弹阶段,壁面受到持续较长时间的压力波动,且压力波动区域不局限于初始接触点附近较小范围.撞击速度或液滴初始直径的增大使壁面受到的冲击更为剧烈,且初始速度对壁面受压的影响更为明显.一定范围内液滴初始直径的增大则会导致接触时间延长.     

限位液滴瞬时失重自激振荡

为探索重力瞬变引起的约束液滴自激振荡机理, 本文利用落塔装置模拟短时微重力环境并借助高速CCD记录圆形限位基片上液滴整个过程的运动情况. 自激振荡是微重力下液滴形态的重整恢复过程, 边界的限位作用使得液滴在整个运动过程接触线钉扎不变, 具体可分为两个阶段: 首先是振荡的高低点位置高度渐进上升的液滴形态变化阶段, 与重力环境渐进变化有关; 而后是平衡位置附近的阻尼衰减振荡阶段, 此时振荡的频率恒定, 振幅衰减类似孤立黏性液滴的指数衰减过程. 对于第二阶段, 在高低点等位置处存在高度不变过程, 高度起伏变化时液滴振荡模式类似自由液滴二阶振荡, 高度不变时振荡模式类似自由液滴三阶振荡. 此外, 对于本实验体系的恒定接触面积的钉扎约束, 液滴的体积量不同时, 内驱振荡的阶段和模式不变, 但具体的振荡过程有所不同. 对于大体积液滴, 会在初始振荡的中间位置出现高度不变现象, 并且随振荡逐渐消失; 而小液滴中间位置则不存在此现象, 波形较一致; 第二阶段小体积液滴振幅衰减的阻尼率更大, 无量纲频率也更高.     

快速降压下Tween20 液滴真空闪蒸特性

为探究闪蒸喷雾冷却的微观机理, 设计并搭建了液滴悬挂式真空闪蒸实验装置, 利用可视化窗口探究Tween20 液滴闪蒸过程中的闪蒸特性及气泡生长机理. 液滴在快速降压过程中形态会经历气泡成核、气泡生长、伴随气泡生长、爆裂这四个阶段的变化, 并反复循环这一过程直至液滴稳定蒸发. 对于液滴温度的变化, 闪蒸室的终态压力起到了决定性的作用, 并且其终态温度随压力的升高明显上升. 同时通过液滴闪蒸过程形态图分析发现, 液滴在剧烈爆炸阶段其温度也发生明显下降; 在稳定蒸发阶段, 其温度也将开始稳定不变. 因此可知液滴的剧烈爆炸会带走其自身的大量热量. 而 Tween20 浓度对液滴温度的影响微乎其微, 但其会使液滴内气泡的初始成核时间发生明显滞后, 并抑制液滴内的气泡发生破裂.     

Transient convective burning of interactive fuel droplets in single-layer arrays

The transient convective burning of n-octane droplets interacting within single-layer arrays in a hot gas flow perpendicular to the layer is studied numerically, with considerations of droplet surface regression, deceleration due to the drag of the droplets, internal liquid motion, variable properties, non-uniform liquid temperature and surface tension. Infinite periodic arrays, semi-infinite periodic arrays with one row of droplets (linear array) or two rows of droplets, and finite arrays with nine droplets with centers in a plane are investigated. All arrays are aligned orthogonal to the free stream direction. This paper compares the behavior of semi-infinite periodic arrays and finite arrays with the behavior of previously studied infinite periodic arrays. Furthermore, it identifies the critical values of the initial Damköhler number for bifurcations in flame behavior at various initial droplet spacing for all these arrays. The initial flame shape is either an envelope flame or a wake flame as determined by the initial Damköhler number, the array configuration and the initial droplet spacing. The critical initial Damköhler number separating initial wake flames from initial envelope flames decreases with increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing (when the number of rows in the array increases or the initial droplet spacing decreases for a specific number of rows in the array). In the transient process, an initial wake flame has a tendency to develop from a wake flame to an envelope flame, with the moment of wake-to-envelope transition advanced for the increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing. For the array with nine droplets with centers in a plane, the droplets at different types of positions have different critical initial Damköhler number and different wake-to-envelope transition time for initial wake flame.     

An experimental study on the coalescence process of binary droplets in oil under ultrasonic standing waves

The coalescence process of binary droplets in oil under ultrasonic standing waves was investigated with high-speed photography. Three motion models of binary droplets in coalescence process were illustrated: (1) slight translational oscillation; (2) sinusoidal translational oscillation; (3) migration along with acoustic streaming. To reveal the droplets coalescence mechanisms, the influence of main factors (such as acoustic intensity, droplet size, viscosity and interfacial tension, etc) on the motion and coalescence of binary droplets was studied under ultrasonic standing waves. Results indicate that the shortest coalescence time is achieved when binary droplets show sinusoidal translational oscillation. The corresponding acoustic intensity in this case is the optimum acoustic intensity. Under the optimum acoustic intensity, drop size decrease will bring about coalescence time decrease by enhancing the binary droplets oscillation. Moreover, there is an optimum interfacial tension to achieve the shortest coalescence time.     

Numerical simulation of two droplets impacting upon a dynamic liquid film

The impact of droplets on the liquid film is widely involved in industrial and agricultural fields. In recent years, plenty of works are limited to dry walls or stationary liquid films, and the research of multi-droplet impact dynamic films is not sufficient. Based on this, this paper employs a coupled level set and volume of fluid (CLSVOF) method to numerically simulate two-droplet impingement on a dynamic liquid film. In our work, the dynamic film thickness, horizontal central distance between the droplets, droplets' initial impact speed, and simultaneously the flow velocity of the moving film are analyzed. The evolution phenomenon and mechanism caused by the collision are analyzed in detail. We find that within a certain period of time, the droplet spacing does not affect the peripheral crown height; when the droplet spacing decreases or the initial impact velocity increases, the height of the peripheral crown increases at the beginning, and then, because the crown splashed under Rayleigh-Plateau instability, this results in the reduction of the crown height. At the same time, it is found that when the initial impact velocity increases, the angle between the upstream peripheral jet and the dynamic film becomes larger. The more obvious the horizontal movement characteristics, the more restrained the crown height; the spread length increases with the increase of the dynamic film speed, droplet spacing and the initial impact velocity. When the liquid film is thicker, more fluid enters the crown, due to the crown being unstable, the surface tension is not enough to overcome the weight of the rim at the end of the crown, resulting in droplets falling off.     

含活性剂液滴在倾斜粗糙壁面上的铺展稳定性

针对含非溶性活性剂液滴在倾斜粗糙壁面上的铺展过程, 应用润滑理论推导出基态和扰动态下液膜厚度和活性剂浓度的演化方程组, 基于非模态理论研究了液滴铺展的稳定性特征, 探讨了相关参数的影响及其内在机理. 研究表明: 液膜厚度和活性剂浓度扰动量均呈现双驼峰型变化, 且峰值位于液滴底部凹陷处; 随扰动波数k增加, 最易失稳区域由液滴底部右侧凹陷处移至左侧凹陷, 壁面结构的影响逐渐减弱, 液滴铺展历程趋于稳定; 增加壁面倾角θ 将导致液滴铺展不稳定性加剧, 增大壁面高度D和壁面波数k₀均导致液滴铺展稳定性先增强后减弱; 随毛细数C减小, 液滴铺展稳定性下降, 重力的影响逐渐突显, 扰动量最大值呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势.     

Role of dimensionality and axisymmetry in fluid pinch-off and coalescence

We present data on the pinch-off and coalescence of thin liquid alkane lenses floating on water. Pinch-off in quasi-2D lenses is distinctly different from pinch-off in axisymmetric 3D drops and involves a cascade of satellite droplets which extends to micron length scales. In contrast, coalescence of lenses is qualitatively similar to coalescence of 3D drops. Coalescence is predicted to involve entrainment of the exterior fluid as the droplets merge. This reentrant folding is obscured in 3D droplets but is clearly visible in coalescence of thin lenses.     

Numerical assessment of ultrasound supported coalescence of water droplets in crude oil

In this study, a numerical assessment of the coalescence of binary water droplets in water-in-oil emulsion was conducted. The investigation addressed the effect of various parameters on the acoustic pressure and coalescence time of water droplets in oil phase. These include transducer material, initial droplet diameter (0.05–0.2 in), interfacial tension (0.012–0.082 N/m), dynamic viscosity (10.6–530 mPas), temperature (20–100 °C), US (ultra sound) frequency (26.04–43.53 kHz) and transducer power (2.5–40 W). The materials assessed are lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lithium niobate (LiNbO₃), zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum nitride (AlN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and barium titanate (BaTiO₃). The numerical simulation of the binary droplet coalescence showed good agreement with experimental data in the literature. The US implementation at a fixed frequency produced enhanced coalescence (t = 5.9–8.5 ms) as compared to gravitational settling (t = 9.8 ms). At different ultrasound (US) frequencies and transducer materials, variation in the acoustic pressure distribution was observed. Possible attenuation of the US waves, and the subsequent inhibitive coalescence effect under various US frequencies and viscosities, were discussed. Moreover, the results showed that the coalescence time reduced across the range of interfacial tensions which was considered. This reduction can be attributed to the fact that lower interfacial tension produces emulsions which are relatively more stable. Hence, at lower interface tension between the water and crude oil, there was more resistance to the coalescence of the water droplets due to their improved emulsion stability. The increment of the Weber number at higher droplet sizes leads to a delay in the recovery of the droplet to spherical forms after their starting deformation. These findings provide significant insights that could aid further developments in demulsification of crude oil emulsions under varying US and emulsion properties.     

Evaporation of liquid droplets from a surface of anodized aluminum

The results of study of evaporation of water droplets and NaCl salt solution from a solid substrate made of anodized aluminum are presented in this paper. The experiment provides the parameters describing the droplet profile: contact spot diameter, contact angle, and droplet height. The specific rate of evaporation was calculated from the experimental data. The water droplets or brine droplets with concentration up to 9.1 % demonstrate evaporation with the pinning mode for the contact line. When the salt concentration in the brine is taken up to 16.7 %, the droplet spreading mode was observed. Two stages of droplet evaporation are distinguished as a function of phase transition rate.     

Optimization of acoustic parameters for ultrasonic separation of emulsions with different physical properties

Ultrasound is an emerging and promising method for demulsification, which is highly affected by acoustic parameters and emulsion properties. Herein, a series of microscopic and dehydration experiments are carried out to investigate the parameter optimization of ultrasonic separation. The results show that the optimal acoustic parameters highly depend on the emulsion properties. For low frequency ultrasonic standing waves (USWs), mechanical vibrations not only facilitate droplet collision and coalescence, but also disperse the surfactant absorbed on the interface to decrease the interfacial strength. Therefore, low frequency ultrasound is suitable for separating emulsions with high viscosity and high interfacial strength. Increasing the energy density to produce moderate cavitation can increase demulsification efficiency. However, excessive cavitation results in secondary emulsification. In high frequency USWs, the droplets migrate directionally and form bandings, thereby promoting droplet coalescence. Therefore, high frequency ultrasound is favorable for separating emulsions with low dispersed phase content and small droplet size. Increasing the energy density can accelerate the aggregation of droplets, however, excessive energy density causes acoustic streaming that disturbs the aggregated droplets, resulting in reduced demulsification efficiency. This work presents rules for acoustic parameter optimization, further advancing industrial applications of ultrasonic separation.     

Stability of cellulose lyotropic liquid crystal emulsions

We studied a new kind of W/O emulsions based on a lyotropic liquid crystal as the aqueous droplet phase. The cholesteric phase, a solution hydroxypropyl cellulose in water was dispersed in the continuous oil matrix, paraffin oil or heptane. We made a specific choice of surfactant in order to impose director anchoring conditions at the oil-water interface and orient the liquid crystal inside the droplet. The strong anchoring conditions resulted in a topological defect inside the droplets of size above the critical value R^*. The defect elastic energy creates a barrier against droplet coalescence, the effect of topological size selection. We have studied the orientation of the director inside the droplets and their size distribution.