Ti-1023合金VAR熔炼数值模拟研究

Ti-1023合金因其优异的性能广泛应用于大型承力结构件,然而因其添加Fe元素含量较高,容易在真空自耗熔炼(VAR)制备铸锭的过程中出现Fe偏析,影响锻件的性能。利用多场耦合重熔工艺仿真优化软件(Melt Flow-VAR)建立的模型研究了Ti-1023合金在VAR不同阶段下的熔池形状和元素浓度分布,并以模拟工艺制备了Ti-1023合金Φ640 mm大规格铸锭进行验证。结果表明:随着熔炼的进行,模拟的熔池形状按初期的扁平状→中期的V形→末期的深V形变化,熔炼后期的熔池深度为0.28 m,与实测结果基本一致。在铸锭中心线顶部和底部Fe和Al元素成分的模拟结果与实测值吻合良好,但在铸锭中间部分的模拟值与实测值存在较大偏差,分析认为是Melt Flow-VAR计算模型中没有考虑等轴晶的沉降所导致的计算偏差所致。     

钛合金真空自耗电弧熔炼技术发展

目前,生产钛及钛合金铸锭的基本方法仍为真空自耗电弧熔炼方法.讨论了真空白耗电弧熔炼钛合金的常见铸锭缺陷和预防措施.回顾了近代真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)技术的发展.较详细地介绍了为获得更高质量的铸锭,当前对VAR熔炼过程控制技术所作的努力及取得的进展.指出了未来真空自耗电弧熔炼控制技术的发展方向.     

真空微重力熔炼铝锂合金

在微重力电磁模拟装置中进行铝锂合金的熔炼与铸锭。考察了坩埚材料、加热温度、真空度、保温时间、气氛保护等工艺因素对铝锂合金铸锭质量的影响。实验证明,通过采取适宜的工艺手段,合金中的杂质可以得到有效的控制,提高了合金的铸锭质量。     

白铜铸锭生产中常见缺陷及工艺控制实践

白铜铸锭中缺陷包括偏析、裂纹、气孔、缩孔、疏松、冷隔和流爪等。本文通过对比不同工艺条件下铸锭中的缺陷,讨论了不同铸造温度、冷却水压、铸造速度对白铜铸锭铸造质量的影响。分析了铸造缺陷产生的原因,介绍了防止常见铸造缺陷的措施和工艺方法,制定了适宜工业化生产的工艺参数。     

高性能轴承钢真空自耗熔炼过程组织演变规律与控制研究

通过Pro-CAST有限元软件模拟了高性能轴承钢真空自耗熔炼过程的温度场、熔池形貌和微观组织,研究了真空自耗铸锭组织演变规律,探究了温度场、熔池形貌对组织生长的影响。熔炼结束后,对真空自耗铸锭进行解剖酸洗以验证模拟结果。研究表明:模拟结果与实验结果吻合,铸锭组织形貌为贯穿铸锭中心的细长柱状晶,真空自耗铸锭的底部、边部和凝固末端有小面积等轴晶。柱状晶的生长带有明显的择优取向,底部柱状晶取向为垂直向上,中上部为斜向上。熔池深度越大,斜向上角度越小;熔池形貌对铸锭组织形貌影响显著,通过控制熔炼参数控制好熔池形貌能有效提高铸锭质量。     

材料参数及工艺参数对盒形件成形性能的影响研究

主要研究了材料参数及工艺参数对盒形件成形性能的影响,通过正交试验和计算机数值模拟相结合,确定了最佳的参数组合方式,并用该最优数据进行实际冲压,得到的结果与最优模拟结果比较吻合.     

工艺参数对镀锌钢板成形性能影响的试验研究

充分发挥计算机数值模拟试验与物理试验相结合的研究方法的优点,针对影响汽车用热镀锌钢板拉深成形性能的主要工艺参数(凹、凸模圆角半径、压边力、摩擦系数)进行正交试验,得出该4种工艺参数对汽车用热镀锌钢板成形性能影响的显著性指标,并对该种板料拉深成形工艺组合进行了优化.     

纳米碳管催化CVD工艺中多物理场的耦合模拟分析

为了研究工艺参数对于化学气相沉积工艺制备纳米碳管的影响,建立了描述CVD工艺的2D轴对称几何模型,对CVD工艺中的温度场,前驱体浓度场、速度场进行了耦合模拟分析.研究结果表明在CVD炉内沿轴向存在一个很大的温度梯度,但高温沉积区域温度均匀稳定,前驱体乙炔浓度适中,有利于纳米碳管的生长.模拟结果的精确度高,可用于纳米碳管CVD工艺的参数优化,最终达到在计算机上做实验的目的.     

太阳能多晶硅锭定向凝固技术进展

当前多晶硅已成为最主要的光伏材料.多晶硅锭定向凝固生产技术主要包括浇注法、热交换法(HEM)、定向凝固系统法(DSS)和电磁铸锭法;研究发展主要集中在增大硅锭尺寸和提高生长速率,以及一些热场和工艺上的改进尝试.多晶硅锭生长过程及其控制的复杂性以及硅原料的昂贵使得计算机模拟方法的优势突显,在国外得到了积极的研究应用,取得了很有技术参考价值的模拟研究结果.     

GH4720Li合金细晶棒材制备的热加工工艺研究

通过合理的热加工工艺获得组织均匀细小的棒材是难变形高温合金GH4720Li研制成功的关键和难点。通过对变形高温合金开坯工艺调研以及在GH4720Li合金MTS热模拟实验和数值模拟基础上,对开坯工艺参数进行了初步确定,据此采用2000t快锻机对406mm的GH4720Li合金铸锭进行了开坯试制,获得的棒材组织均匀、细小,性能优良。实验结果表明,得到的GH4720Li合金开坯工艺参数合理可行。     

316L不锈钢选区激光熔化单道熔池几何尺寸演变规律

目的 探究激光功率(P)和扫描速度(v)对单熔道熔池几何特征尺寸的影响规律,以及P–v组合工艺参数对熔池从成形到稳定状态经历的扫描距离的影响规律。方法 以316L为材料,通过单熔道数值仿真分析,建立P–v变量与研究目标之间的影响关系。结果 不同P–v参数组合对熔池几何尺寸的影响规律明显,熔池几何参数达到稳定状态需要经历一定的激光扫描距离(小于1 mm)。随着激光功率增大,熔池长度达到稳定状态所经历的激光扫描距离随之增大,而熔池深度尺寸随之减小。扫描速度增大到400 mm/s时,熔池达到稳定经历的扫描长度缩短了6.7%,扫描速度对熔池稳定性的影响效果不显著。结论 在SLM单道成形过程中,激光功率、扫描速度越大,成形熔池平均长度尺寸也越大;激光功率越大、扫描速度越小,成形熔池深度及平均宽度越大。模拟试验获得重熔效果较好的P–v参数组合为P=200 W、v=800 mm/s,重熔率达到94%。在熔池成形过程中,激光功率对熔池稳定性的影响起主导作用。为了减少成形件的边界翘曲,在打印试件初始成形阶段应在合理激光功率范围内选择较高的激光功率。     

等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔形成过程数值分析

目的 研究等离子弧焊接穿孔过程中熔池内部的金属流动情况和小孔动态变化过程。方法 通过“传热-熔池流动-小孔”之间的相互耦合关系,建立了等离子弧焊接穿孔过程的数值分析模型,通过VOF方法追踪了小孔界面,采用FLOW-3D软件模拟了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔的形成过程,定量计算了等离子弧焊接温度场、熔池流场及小孔形状;分析了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔行为;并通过等离子弧焊接实验数据验证了模拟结果。结果 当焊接时间为0~1.0 s时,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线几乎相同,小孔底部紧贴熔池底部;在2.8 s以后,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线有一定距离,小孔深度曲线在一定范围内波动,等离子弧焊接电弧挖掘作用到达极限,电弧压力与其他力达到平衡状态。模拟的焊缝熔深为8.04 mm、熔宽为13.20 mm,实验测得的焊缝熔深为8.00 mm、熔宽为13.42 mm。结论 构建的随小孔动态变化的曲面热源模型和电弧压力模型可以描述等离子弧焊接过程中的电弧热-力分布;模拟出了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔动态演变过程;模拟得到的等离子弧焊接焊缝形貌与实验测得的焊缝形貌基本吻合。     

Multiscale modelling of microstructure formation during vacuum arc remelting of titanium 6-4

The vacuum arc remelting of titanium 6-4 alloy is a complex process. Relatively high melt currents (≥30 kA) are used resulting in a very deep melt pool that is continually changing in size (first increasing and then decreasing). The process is further complicated due to the use of external stirring coils to control and steer the arc. A transient model is needed to adequately describe the process. A multiscale modelling approach was developed which combines an axisymmetric CFD model at the macroscale with a cellular automaton model at the mesoscale. The macro model is used to simulate the heat and mass transfer throughout the ingot and melt pool under the influence of the arc, including EMF. A decentred-square cellular automaton model is used to predict the nucleation and growth of grains. This multiscale model is applied to the initial phase of the process, and the predicted microstructures are compared with trial ingots. The effect of the model parameters such as stirring and grain nucleation on the morphology of the columnar zone is investigated.     

Numerical simulation of variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding process

Three-dimensional transient governing equations were developed based on conservation laws of energy, momentum and mass. These equations described physical phenomena of convection in weld pool and heat transfer in workpiece during variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding process. Boundary conditions for the developed governing equations were given. Welding energy input for variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding process was quantitatively expressed. Free surface deformation of the keyhole molten pool was coupled into calculation. Effect of wire filling on the geometry of molten pool and weld reinforcement was considered in the simulation. Correlations of temperature and thermophysical properties for aluminum alloy 2219 were quantitatively established. A control volume based finite difference method was used to solve the discrete governing equations. Moreover, dynamic evolutions of geometrical profile, dimension and fluid flow for the molten pool and keyhole were simulated through the developed computational routines, which achieved transient solution of fluid flow field coupling with thermophysical properties, temperature field and weld pool free surface deformation. Besides, the effect of the workpiece thickness on the moments of keyhole formation and stable keyhole establishment was analyzed, and thermal cycles for the main welding stage were calculated. In addition, experiments via variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding technique were conducted, and the established models were experimentally verified through weld cross-section profiles.     

影响VAR炉熔炼安全的因素及对策

总结了影响VAR炉熔炼安全的多种因素,通过理论分析,总结出在设计和控制方面采取的应对方案和方法.     

Numerical analysis of temperature distribution of plasma arc with molten pool in plasma arc melting

The relationships among the parameters that govern the plasma arc MR (melting and refining) process and the quality of the alloy melts are complicated. Only a simulation of the process can enable the process to be properly controlled and the right compositions to be achieved. The main purpose of this paper is to simulate the temperature distribution in the molten pool using the software FEMLAB. Numerical calculations were based on finite element analysis and the coupling of heat transfer, fluid flow and electromagnetic modules. The results of simulations are verified with the meniscus shape of liquid isothermal line in the solid ingot.     

Investigation of the relationships of process parameters,molten pool geometry and shear strength in laser transmission welding of polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene

This study concerns the laser transmission welding (LTW) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) which are widely used in the automotive, aerospace and medical industries. The relationships of process parameters, molten pool geometry (both width and depth) and shear strength (SS) in LTW process are systematically investigated through finite element method (FEM), response surface methodology (RSM) and experiments. Thereinto, the relationships between the molten pool depths to width (D/W) ratio and SS are firstly investigated. Firstly, a three-dimensional thermal model is developed to simulate the temperature field and molten pool geometry of the LTW process. The simulation results are confirmed by experiments. Then RSM is utilized to design the experiments and establish the mathematical relationships between the process parameters and molten pool geometry based on the simulation results. The interaction effects of the process parameters on the molten pool geometry are analyzed. Finally, the simulation results are further used for searching the relationships between the molten pool D/W ratio and the SS (from tensile experiments). The maximum value of the SS and the corresponding molten pool D/W ratio is found. The result reveals that the molten pool D/W ratio has a significant influence on the SS. Moreover, this finite element model can also play a commendable guiding role in the LTW experiments with acceptable accuracy.     

Modelling of arc welding: The importance of including the arc plasma in the computational domain

We present results of computational simulations of tungsten-inert-gas and metal-inert-gas welding. The arc plasma and the electrodes (including the molten weld pool when necessary) are included self-consistently in the computational domain. It is shown, using three examples, that it would be impossible to accurately estimate the boundary conditions on the weld-pool surface without including the arc plasma in the computational domain. First, we show that the shielding gas composition strongly affects the properties of the arc that influence the weld pool: heat flux density, current density, shear stress and arc pressure at the weld-pool surface. Demixing is found to be important in some cases. Second, the vaporization of the weld-pool metal and the diffusion of the metal vapour into the arc plasma are found to decrease the heat flux density and current density to the weld pool. Finally, we show that the shape of the wire electrode in metal-inert-gas welding has a strong influence on flow velocities in the arc and the pressure and shear stress at the weld-pool surface. In each case, we present evidence that the geometry and depth of the weld pool depend strongly on the properties of the arc.     

激光熔丝增材过程传热流动行为数值模拟

目的 研究激光熔丝增材制造过程的熔池流动特性,探究工艺参数对熔池流动与传热行为的影响.方法 建立了考虑运动丝材持续送进过程的激光熔丝增材熔池传热和流动行为数学模型.针对316L不锈钢的激光熔丝增材制造,开展了成形过程中丝材送进、熔化和凝固行为的实验和数值模拟研究.结果 模拟结果 显示在成形过程中,准稳态阶段激光辐照中心的最高温度约为2500 K.金属液主要由丝材端部向熔池尾部流去,并在熔池尾部凝固形成堆积体.同时,熔池表面最大速度可达0.8 m/s,并具有速度振荡特征.结论 基于激光熔丝增材制造过程数学模型的模拟结果 与实验吻合良好,结果 表明,减小送丝速度会增大熔池表面高温区面积,并导致熔池的速度振荡程度增加.     

变极性等离子弧穿孔熔池受力及焊缝成形稳定性

通过YB005-01型压力变送器测定相同参数条件下正极性等离子电弧力大于反极性等离子电弧力,并建立了铝合金VPPA焊接穿孔熔池受力模型,分析了在不对称正、反极性等离子电弧力的作用下,穿孔溶池稳定性及其焊缝成形机理.同时进一步分析铝合金VPPA力学特性,掌握了焊接电流和离子气流量等重要焊接参数对其影响.经穿孔焊工艺实验,...