A phase synchronization control scheme for LCL‐T type high‐frequency current source in parallel connection

Considering the applications of high voltage gate driving system and contactless power transmission, a current‐based power distribution is adopted as a kind of replacement of voltage based high‐frequency Alternating Current (AC) power distribution system. In order to implement high‐frequency current source, an LCL‐T resonant inverter is examined with constant current characteristic and high conversion efficiency. First, the resonant topology is studied as a high‐frequency power source, including circuit principle, operational cycle analysis, and AC analysis. The effective control and high conversion efficiency are both achieved by LCL‐T resonant inverter. Second, the phase angle control scheme is explored to improve the synchronization performance in parallel system formed by multiple of LCL‐T resonant inverters. Lastly, a prototype of parallel system is evaluated by simulation and experiment results, both of which are constructed by two resonant inverters with rated peak current of 2 A, rated output frequency of 30 kHz, and rated output power of 100 W. The experimental results in accordance with simulation prove that the better phase synchronization of output currents is achieved by the phase angle control. Hence, the high‐frequency resonant topology and phase control scheme are a feasible realization of current source that can be used to feed current‐based high‐frequency power distribution system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Index Terms—high‐frequency AC (HFAC), power distribution system (PDS), LCL‐T resonant inverter, current source, phase angle control.     

Dead‐time assignment for single‐phase half‐bridge PWM inverters

A new dead‐time assignment technique for single‐phase half‐bridge PWM inverters is presented. Three modulating signals, including the original one and two auxiliary modulating signals with calculated offset voltages are, respectively, compared to the high‐frequency carrier signal. The suitable switching functions without dead‐time degradation effects are determined by sensing the load current polarity. The proposed method can be applied to both online and off‐line PWM schemes as well. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter with a series active filter

High‐power utility interactive inverters used for large‐capacity energy storage systems are composed of multiple connected inverters, in order to realize high efficiency and high performance of the harmonic elimination characteristic simultaneously. Some disadvantages of multiple connected inverters, such as harmonic current flowing from an inverter unit to the other one, and increase of the number of inverter units, cannot be overcome easily. This paper presents a novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter, which is composed of a large power with low‐switching‐frequency PWM inverter (high‐power PWM inverter), an LC passive filter, and a series active filter (series AF). Because harmonic components contained in the utility line current are absorbed by the series AF, the switching frequency of the PWM inverter can be selected to about 1 kHz. In addition because the power capacity and the output voltage of the series AF can be suppressed lower than 10% of the power capacity and the output voltage of PWM inverter, low‐voltage and high‐speed power devices can be applied to the series AF. Consequently, high power, high efficiency, and high harmonics elimination performance can be realized without increasing the number of inverter units. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 57–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10048     

Method for Diffusing Carrier Noise under Zero‐Speed Condition using a Zero‐Sequence Voltage

In this paper, a technique is proposed to reduce the carrier noise of pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters for a permanent magnet motor drive. The carrier noise is generated by the motor and the reactor driven by the inverter and affected by the switching frequency. When a motor rotates and drives a machine, the carrier noise is hidden by the machine noise. However, when the motor speed is approximately zero, the carrier noise becomes dominant and raucous. The typical method to reduce the noise employs a switching frequency higher than the audible frequency of human hearing. However, the increase in switching frequency results in the inverter suffering a higher switching loss and lower efficiency. In particular, when the permanent magnet motor operates at approximately zero‐speed and full‐load, for example, in the hill‐start conditions of electric vehicles and the start and stop conditions of elevators, the current flows in specific power devices and the switching loss further increases. The proposed technique uses a zero‐sequence voltage, which is generated randomly with the M‐sequence signal, and diffuses the frequency components of the ripple contained in the current. The technique is able to reduce the noise without increasing the switching frequency of the inverter when the motor speed is almost zero. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed technique can diffuse the carrier noise and the cycle of the M‐sequence signal changes the diffusion effect of the carrier noise.     

Effect of Carrier Frequency and Circuit Resistance on Iron Loss of Non‐Oriented Electrical Steel Sheet under Single‐Phase Full‐Bridge PWM Inverter Excitation

Because of the development of power electronics technology, pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters are now being used to drive motors in order to achieve precise and energy‐efficient control. Precise estimation of the increase in iron loss due to the high harmonic components of flux, including the carrier frequency, is important in the design of motors excited by a PWM inverter. We measured the iron losses of non‐oriented electrical steel sheets that were excited using a single‐phase full‐bridge PWM inverter, and examined the influence of the carrier frequency and circuit resistance on the iron loss. We showed that the iron loss increased because of the generation of minor loops when the circuit resistance was high. Therefore, the circuit resistance should be decreased in an actual motor system.     

大功率级联变频器中多路SPWM发生器的实现

采用载波相移SPWM技术原理,设计了基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的多路PWM脉冲发生器.该脉冲发生器应用于一个电压级联型变频器,可提供96路PWM脉冲输出,解决了级联变频器多路脉冲同步触发的问题.通过实验证明,FPGA输出的PWM脉冲送入级联变频器模块,输出的电压波形正弦度好,电平阶数符合设计,且修改参数简单,有效...     

Carrier‐envelope phase‐stabilized chirped‐pulse amplification system

We demonstrated a carrier‐envelope phase (CEP) stabilized chirped‐pulse amplifier system. This amplifier system is composed of grating based pulse‐stretcher and compressor, a regenerative amplifier and a multi‐pass amplifier. We employed a new pulse‐pick‐up method to select CEP stabilized seed pulses. This pulse selection method is different from established practice which is based on pulse train timing, but is based on CEP of seed pulse. We measured amplitude‐to‐phase noise conversion coefficient of microstructure fiber and evaluated the additional out‐of‐loop error of carrier‐envelope offset (CEO) control. We also investigated the effect of beam pointing of the measured fringe shift in self‐referencing spectral interference method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 35–42, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20334 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

高速卫星通信中全数字载波同步算法的研究

为满足在高速率卫星通信中全数字化中频解调的要求,对全数字化载波同步算法进行了深入研究,根据奈奎斯特采样定理以及中频采样定理,分析了利用高速中频调制BPSK/QPSK信号恢复本地同步相干解调载波算法的可行性。同时给出了全数字锁相环算法及720MHz中频调制信号下全数字载波同步算法的设计与实现,对其关键组成模块:鉴相器、数控振荡器和环路滤波器等给出了详细的设计方法,并最终使用MATLAB对算法进行了功能仿真,仿真结果表明该算法能够很好地实现数字解调端的载波同步功能,能够完成1MHz以内频偏锁相的功能,相位误差较小,达到了卫星通信系统接收端载波同步的性能要求。     

单相MPUC多电平逆变器载波层叠随机PWM方法

MPUC (Modified Packed U-Cells, MPUC) 多电平逆变器具有结构简单和成本低廉等优点。提出一种单相五电平MPUC逆变器载波层叠随机PWM方法。该方法首先利用遗传算法实现三角载波频率随机化,并通过载波层叠方式产生逆变器的随机化驱动信号,从而实现单相MPUC逆变器的随机PWM控制,降低功率谱密度图中的尖峰值。该方法同样适用于其它电平数的MPUC多电平逆变器,仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于电力线通信的逆变器并联系统同步控制方法

提出了一种基于电力线载波通信(power line commun- ication,PLC)技术的逆变器并联系统输出同步控制方法,应用于实现硬件无互连线方式的逆变电源并联系统。各并联模块之间通过PLC方式交换各自电压基准正弦信号的频率和相位信息,调节并保持输出电压同频、同相,在此基础上再实现逆变器模块输出均流。研究了同步控制原理,提出了同步调节控制算法,设计了基于数字信号处理器(digital signal processor,DSP)的软硬件实现。理论分析和实验结果证实了控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

A passive EMI filter with access to the ungrounded motor neutral line: direct connection of a general‐purpose inverter to a three‐phase grounded voltage source

This paper proposes a small‐sized passive EMI filter for the purpose of eliminating high‐frequency shaft voltage and ground leakage current from an AC motor. The motor is driven by a general‐purpose PWM inverter connected to a three‐phase grounded voltage source. The passive EMI filter requires access to the ungrounded neutral point of the motor. This unique circuit configuration makes the common‐mode inductor effective in reducing the high‐frequency common‐mode voltage generated by the PWM inverter with a carrier frequency of kHz. As a result, both high‐frequency shaft voltage and ground leakage current can be eliminated very efficiently. However, the common‐mode inductor may not play any role in reducing the low‐frequency common‐mode voltage generated by the diode rectifier, so that a low‐frequency component still remains in the shaft voltage. Such a low‐frequency shaft voltage may not produce any bad effect on motor bearings. The validity and effectiveness of the EMI filter are verified by experimental results obtained from a 200‐V 5‐kVA laboratory system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 80–87, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20243     

400Hz中频单相电压源逆变器的输出控制及其并联运行控制

中频电源由于其较高的输出频率，要想得到较好的输出电压波形和较大的输出功率，则比工频逆变器的控制更加困难。针对400Hz中频逆变器的特点，给出了一种带幅值环的双闭环单相逆变器控制策略，得到了很好输出波形。并提出了一种介于有线和无线并联控制方法之间的共享同步信号的外特性下垂控制方法，以及用于消除直流环流的直流偏置电压下垂方法，将上述方法应用于中频逆变电源的并联运行控制，取得了很好的均流效果。介绍了该方案的理论依据，并搭建了两台1.5kW的实验样机，实验结果证明了该方案的有效性。     

Iron Loss Calculation of AC Filter Inductor for Three‐Phase PWM Inverters

In recent years, remarkable advancement of new power semiconductor devices, such as SiC and GaN, enables the increase of switching frequency of power converters, and hence the volume of passive components, such as ac filters and transformers, can be reduced. However, temperature rise caused by the inductor loss is increasing, and hence iron loss evaluation of the inductor is one of the most important issues to realize high power density converters. Conventionally, an improved generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) has proposed in order to calculate the iron loss under a pulse voltage magnetizing condition. However, accurate iron loss calculation of the ac filter inductor used in a PWM inverter cannot be realized. The authors have proposed two methods of iron loss evaluation of ac filter inductors. The first one is a loss map method which can calculate the iron loss without using a real PWM inverter. Another one is an ILA (Inductor Loss Analyzer) which can measure the iron loss in every switching period in a real PWM inverter. In this paper, comparisons of the iron loss between the ILA and the loss map method on both the single‐phase and three‐phase inverters are studied. It is found that iron loss of the ac filter inductor in the three‐phase PWM inverter which is calculated by the loss map method cause a large error on a specific condition. In order to prevent the calculation error, the authors proposed a revised loss map method and proved the effectiveness of the method.     

Research on PI–PI dual‐loop digital control technique for inverters based on state‐space theory

Dual‐loop control of the instantaneous values plays an important role in inverters whose output waveform has fast dynamic response, high steady‐state accuracy, and strong anti‐interference performances. Double closed‐loop control approaches that are widely used can be considered as those of the inner‐loop inductor current and capacitor current. However, the anti‐interference performance and the dynamic response speed of the former are not fast enough. Meanwhile, the latter cannot provide good overcurrent protection for the inverter source. Based on state‐space theory, the PI–PI control strategy of inner‐loop inductor current and outer‐loop voltage with feed‐forward control of the load current is adopted in this paper to further reduce the steady‐state error of the inverter system and improve its dynamic anti‐interference performance. The approach proposed in this paper can present fast and high‐stability performances as well as an effective overcurrent protection for the inverters. We verify the correctness of this approach by simulation and experiments, which prove the improved effectiveness of the approach through the output voltage waveform of the system. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Optimal frequency tracking method for phase‐shift PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new resonant frequency tracking control method for full‐bridge‐type high‐frequency inverters. Whereas the ordinary phase‐locked loop (PLL) based frequency control method uses a current sensor and a voltage sensor, the proposed technique can achieve the same purpose with a single current sensor. In high‐frequency power supply systems using a PLL, it is impossible to perform power control with an inverter. Therefore, an active converter must be used for power control, and the system grows larger. On the other hand, high‐frequency inverters using the proposed control system simultaneously enable power control and achieve the same resonant frequency tracking as a PLL, and thus high‐frequency power supply systems become extremely simple. This paper explains in detail the principle underlying the control method, and presents an example of a circuit to realize it. The theory is backed up by using a prototype high‐frequency power supply system which actually employs the proposed control system, thereby demonstrating its practical utility in industry. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207     

Walsh function‐based position sensorless control for interior permanent magnet motor drives using ripple‐current of high‐frequency triangular‐wave‐carrier PWM inverter

This paper proposes the Walsh function‐based position sensorless drive method of a PM motor by using high‐frequency 20‐kHz triangular‐wave‐carrier PWM inverter ripple current. The proposed method uses the Walsh harmonic of PWM inverter ripple current to estimate the motor rotor position. By using the high‐frequency switching ripple current, the period of the rotor position estimation has been decreased and improves the step response of PM motor. The Walsh function makes it possible to use a definite integrator as the Walsh harmonic detector that can separate the small ripple‐current signal from the motor drive‐current signal. The Walsh harmonic detector circuit consists of less parts than the Fourier harmonic detector circuit. The validity of the proposed method was clarified by several experimental results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(3): 80–88, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10205     

一种改进的中频逆变器并联控制系统

逆变器并联被越来越多地用于提高电源系统的容量、可靠性等性能.针对中频逆变器并联系统对相位要求比工频系统严格得多的特点,提出了一种基于传统下垂法的改进型并联控制策略.系统中应用了相位同步线来提高相位的同步性能,并采用相位容差控制提高系统的动态性能.仿真和实验结果验证了此控制策略的可行性.     

Output‐voltage feedback control topology for inverters dedicated to renewable energy systems

We present a new control topology for inverters, mainly dedicated to renewable energy applications. The originality is due to the integration in the inverter of an adaptive regulation of its output voltage controlled by a closed feedback loop allowing compensating the voltage drops induced by load variations. The feedback control is based on an adaptive pulse wave modulation (APWM) technique, that controls the power switches of the inverter to obtain the purest possible sine‐wave voltage. The APWM technique straightforwardly compares the inverter output voltage with a reference signal at the grid frequency. In this contribution, this technique is applied to a single‐phase push‐pull inverter but could have been integrated for the control of all kinds of inverter topologies in renewable energy systems. We have shown that the APWM technique allows generating pure sine‐wave voltage, with low total harmonic distortion compared with the generally obtained by classical systems and that load variations do not affect the quality of the output. An experimental prototype of a single‐phase inverter with an adaptive regulation based on APWM technique was developed. The experimental characterizations of the prototype confirm the simulations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三相软开关PWM逆变器载波方式的选择

详细阐述不同载波方式对PWM逆变器输出特性的影响。指出三角载波用于硬开关PWM逆变器时 ,由于死区时间的影响 ,其输出电压电流在基波频域中含有谐波成分 ;软开关PWM逆变器如果也采用三角载波 ,则不但难以控制谐振电路的起振时间 ,而且谐振电路损耗大 ,直流电压的利用率低 ;硬开关PWM逆变器采用锯齿载波调制 ,必将导致严重的电流波形失真 ;软开关PWM逆变器交替使用正负斜率锯齿载波 ,不但谐振电路的起振时间容易控制 ,而且不会导致由死区时间引起的输出电压电流波形的失真