90°支流入汇区域时均流速分布特征试验研究

通过多组次水槽试验,应用声速多普勒测速仪研究入汇角为90°时,不同汇流比水流条件下支流入汇区域及其附近的水面比降变化和时均流速分布特征。试验表明,入汇口上游的干支流水面坡降取决于干支流相互顶托影响,而入汇口处及其下游合流掺混区水面坡降随干流流量增大而增大,随汇流比增大而有所减小。不同位置垂线时均流速分布主要受主支汇流比和水流流态的双重影响,随着汇流比的增大,入汇口上游断面时均流速逐渐减小,而入汇口下游断面产生了明显的高、低流速带,形成回流分离区。     

洞塞式消能工的数值模拟

针对有压洞内洞塞式消能工附近局部流动,分析研究了水流紊动特点,应用三维RNG k-ε紊流模型,利用物理模型试验资料对其计算结果进行了验证,利用模型对洞塞式消能工引起的水头损失进行计算分析,分析结果表明,当洞塞段相对长度从很小开始增加时,水头损失系数呈现先急剧降低而后明显增加,最后缓慢线性增加的趋势;在有压洞半径一定的情况下,洞塞段过流半径的变化比洞塞段过流长度的变化对水头损失系数影响更为明显,可为洞塞式消能工的设计提供相关参考依据。     

最小阻力原理控制下的地下径流在岩溶洞穴形成中的作用

本文根据流体运动的最小阻力原理,从理论上阐述了地下径流在洞穴形成中所起的作用,并分别就层流和紊流状态下的有压管流和具有自由水面的重力流作了论证。水流能使弯曲的岩溶通道趋直和使突变断面向渐变的喇叭口形断面转化;在岩溶通道的汇合和分汉处所形成的夹角,对应于水流通过该处时水头损失的最小值,该夹角有向直角演变的趋势。其结果都是以扩大岩溶通道的空间体积来实现阻力减小。最小阻力原理控制下的地下径流的侵蚀扩容作用为洞穴的形成奠定了基础。文中还提出了成洞流量这一问题。      

宜昌潮水洞岩溶间歇泉动态特征及成因

潮水洞无降雨补给时仍有规律的间歇性流出,是典型的岩溶间歇泉,其流量、水化学动态规律及形成机制缺乏系统的研究.基于长期水文气象观测和水化学测试数据,分析了潮水洞不同时期流量、水温和电导率变化特征以及潮水洞岩溶水系统的水化学特征.潮水洞为多个岩溶水子系统的连接,其动态呈现为雨期和无雨期两个不同特征,且存在多个不稳定周期的间歇出流过程.通过c(Mg2+)/c(Ca2+)比值及水文动态特征辨识出间歇出流的地下水来源为天河板组灰岩含水层,随着过程流量的不断增加,深循环地下水占比最高达97%.结合水文地质条件概化出潮水洞岩溶水系统循环模式,天河板组灰岩含水层内虹吸管道的发育是间歇性动态特征的主要成因.      

高地应力硬脆性围岩破坏影响因素分析

地应力对硬脆性岩体稳定性具有极为重要作用,已有研究主要集中于脆性破坏方式及其是否发生的预测上,而对地应力、洞形等因素与脆性破坏深度间关系的研究较为少见。基于硬脆性岩体脆性破坏准则,利用Examine2D软件,分析不同地应力环境及洞形时围岩脆性破坏深度d_f变化情况。结果表明:最小主应力量值较低时,破坏深度d_f与主应力比k近似为直线关系,较高时则为非线性增长;随着k值增加,屈服范围逐渐偏离最小主应力方向45°夹角发展;洞室断面长宽相近时,主应力方向较主应力量值对d_f的影响小,相同应力量值不同主应力方向,破坏位置不同,深度变化较小。洞形不同应力集中系数不同,选择长短轴长度之比与应力比k相接近的椭圆形谐洞,可有效降低破坏深度。     

坡面薄层流水动力学特性的实验研究

采用变坡实验水槽研究了坡面薄层水流水动力学特性——流态、流速、水深及阻力系数随流量和坡度的变化规律,实验坡度5°～25°、单宽流量为0.625×10-3～12.5×10-3m3/(s·m).研究结果表明,坡面薄层水流流态与水深密切相关,坡面流的流态基本上呈过渡流和紊流;薄层水流平均流速、水深和Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数主要受流量控制,坡度的影响并不显著,其关系均可用流量和坡度的幂函数形式模拟,相关系数(R2)分别为0.98、0.97和0.95,去掉坡度后相关系数分别下降7%、16%和3%.随着雷诺数的增大,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数下降.当单宽流量小于0.008m3/(s·m)时,坡度对阻力系数的影响较为显著;当流量大于0.008m3/(s·m)时,阻力系数基本受流量控制.随着流量增大,阻力系数呈幂函数形式递减.     

坡面细沟侵蚀产沙时空分布规律试验研究

利用放水冲刷试验结合稀土元素(REE)示踪技术对坡面侵蚀产沙特征及其时空变化进行了研究。结果表明:在径流冲刷下,坡面侵蚀产沙可分为三个不同的阶段并对应不同的产沙特征。其空间变化表现为,在6°、9°情况下,坡面不同坡段的相对侵蚀量沿下坡方向呈现出先减小后增大的趋势;在12°小流量情况下,坡面各坡段的相对侵蚀量与坡度较小的情况相似,当流量较大时,坡面各不同坡段的相对侵蚀量随坡长的增大而减小。但坡面最下端坡段的相对侵蚀量总是随着冲刷历时的延长而减小,其余各坡段的相对侵蚀量则呈现出缓慢的波动式上升。     

广西武宣土洞发育水动力条件评价

本文分析了武宣土洞发育的地质背景、水动力诱发土洞的过程,在理想条件下,建立了土体渗透破坏形成土洞的管道流机理模型,根据管道流理论,分析得出土洞发育水动力条件表达式。通过自行设计的管道流测试仪装置,进行管道流模拟试验,计算得出研究区土洞发育的临界切应力为21.20 Pa。运用电子扫描电镜技术,测试研究区孔隙等效直径为31.6 nm,计算得出研究区土洞发育的临界水流为0.530 cm/min。对比临界水流和现场监测的实际地下水流,评价土洞发育的可能性。结果表明,目前情况下,地下水流未达到临界值,不具备引起黏土流失形成土洞的水动力条件。     

弯段温差剪切分层流断面环流结构与掺混强度研究

对弯段温差剪切分层流的断面环流微细结构与掺混强度特征进行了试验研究。选取45°、90°、1 80°三种不同弯曲度水槽,探求了密度分层流从明显分层到强混合状态下断面环流结构的演变过程,发现了明显分层与强混合两种不同状态下3个环流结构的区别,捕捉到了从分层态向混合态转捩过程中临界情况下四环流结构存在的现象,揭示了明显分层与强混合状态不同断面环流结构的根本机理;同时也对不同弯曲强度情况下掺混强度的沿程变化规律进行探讨与研究。     

圆形断面管道非满流流速计算表达式

工程实际中,常需要计算某一充满度下管道非满流的流量及流速。目前大多数计算模型均采用水力半径作为反映过流断面形状及几何尺寸的特征参数。针对不同充满度的研究结果表明,这种类型模型的计算结果与真实的流动特性并不相符,尤其当水深接近管顶时。根据水动力学基本原理及试验研究手段,对圆形断面管道无压均匀流流量-充满度非单一性进行了探索,并提出了以流量作为形状特征参数的更为合理且简单实用的水流流速计算表达式。     

分汊河道主支汊交替主导因子的转换模拟

进口水流条件及河道周界特征的改变是促使分汊河道主支汊交替的两大主要因素，不同类型的汊道对两者敏感性存在差异，辨析不同汊道主支汊交替的主导因素是预测汊道演变的前提。以长江中游分汊河道为参考，通过调整进口水流动力轴线走向及两汊的长度比设置了30种概化方案，采用平面二维水沙数学模型探讨上述两种因素对主支汊交替的影响。结论表明：两汊长度比存在一个临界值，当汊长比低于此临界值时，进口主流动力轴线的偏移是影响主、支汊交替的主要动力因素；超过此临界值后，进口水流条件变化对汊道分流格局的影响将会明显减弱，影响主支汊交替的主导因子将转换为汊道间的阻力对比关系；通过概化计算得到此临界值约为1.5。     

分汊河道主支汊交替主导因子的转换模拟

进口水流条件及河道周界特征的改变是促使分汊河道主支汊交替的两大主要因素,不同类型的汊道对两者敏感性存在差异,辨析不同汊道主支汊交替的主导因素是预测汊道演变的前提。以长江中游分汊河道为参考,通过调整进口水流动力轴线走向及两汊的长度比设置了30种概化方案,采用平面二维水沙数学模型探讨上述两种因素对主支汊交替的影响。结论表明:两汊长度比存在一个临界值,当汊长比低于此临界值时,进口主流动力轴线的偏移是影响主、支汊交替的主要动力因素;超过此临界值后,进口水流条件变化对汊道分流格局的影响将会明显减弱,影响主支汊交替的主导因子将转换为汊道间的阻力对比关系;通过概化计算得到此临界值约为1.5。     

Controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by bed‐material load along the Sacramento River,California

Differences in the nature and quantity of sediment filling oxbow lakes have significant implications for the evolution of meandering rivers and the development of floodplains, influencing rates of meander migration and the valley width over which migration takes place. In an effort to identify the controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by coarse bed material, this study examined the sedimentary records stored within oxbow lakes of the Sacramento River of California, USA, and found that the volume of gravel in storage correlated negatively with the diversion angle separating flow between the river channel and the entrance into each lake. A method was devised for estimating the original channel bathymetry of the studied lakes and for modelling the hydraulic and sediment‐transport effects of the diversion angle within channels recently abandoned by meander cut‐off. The diversion angle determines the width of a flow separation within the abandoned‐channel entrance, reducing the discharge diverted from the river channel and thus limiting the ability of the abandoned channel to transport bed material. Aggradation rates are faster within entrances to abandoned channels with high diversion angles, resulting in the rapid isolation of lakes that store only a small volume of coarse‐grained sediment. Aggradation rates are slower within channel entrances where diversion angles are low, resulting in the slow transitioning of such channels into oxbow lakes with a larger and more extensive accumulation of coarse‐grained sediment. These findings compare well with observations in other natural settings and the mechanism which is described for the control of the diversion may explain why some oxbow lakes remain as open‐water environments for centuries, whereas others are filled completely within decades of cut‐off.     

30°分水角明渠水流紊动特性试验研究

灌区分水口多为直角, 附近普遍存在冲刷、淤积及结构破坏现象。天然河流分、汇流多为锐角, 为探索非直角分水口区域明渠水流紊动特性, 以30°分水角明渠为研究对象, 采用声学多普勒点式流速仪测量各断面上的三维瞬时流速, 分析典型断面上的时均流速、环流强度、紊动强度、紊动能和床面剪切应力分布规律。试验结果显示: 分水口处水流横向流速沿渠宽方向变化较大, 易形成环流, 导致局部冲淤现象明显; 靠近口门侧水流紊动强度变化剧烈且分布无规律, 最大值出现在口门上唇断面; 分水口处下层水体紊动能明显大于上层水体, 紊动能较大值多集中在口门附近; 口门断面下唇附近床面剪切应力较大, 易出现冲刷侵蚀, 破坏渠道稳定; 与直角分水口相比, 分水角为30°时, 泥沙颗粒不易进入侧渠道, 水流对渠底及边壁侵蚀速率较低。研究结果可为灌区渠系设计及运行提供参考。     

裂隙岩体渗透性影响因素的研究

采用UDEC离散单元法中关于裂隙岩体开挖模拟及水力全耦合分析模型,分析裂隙岩体洞室开挖后,因围岩应力与水力耦合作用导致裂隙隙宽变化及渗流变化的过程。为了更直观地了解耦合作用对裂隙岩体渗透特性的影响,以隧洞开挖为例,用开挖后隧洞内总涌水量来表征岩体的渗透特性。利用数值试验的方法,研究了块体边界大小、初始应力比、裂隙隙宽和裂隙夹角对开挖后隧洞内涌水量变化的影响,进而可以看出它们对裂隙岩体渗透性的影响。并得出如下结论：随着块体尺寸和初始应力比的增大,隧洞内总涌水量减少;随初始隙宽的增大涌水量增加并当达到某一固定值时保持不变;隧洞涌水量在θ2/θ1=3.5,其中θ1=30°,即两组节理的夹角为75°处达到最大。     

Flume experiments on the alignment of transverse, oblique, and longitudinal dunes in directionally varying flows

For more than a century geologists have wondered why some bedforms are orientated roughly transverse to flow, whereas others are parallel or oblique to flow. This problem of bedform alignment was studied experimentally using subaqueous dunes on a 3–6-m-diameter sand-covered turntable on the floor of a 4-m-wide flume. In each experiment, two flow directions (relative to the bed) were produced by alternating the turntable between two orientations. The turntable was held in each orientation for a short time relative to the reconstitution time of the bedforms; the resulting bedforms were in equilibrium with the time-averaged conditions of the bimodal flows. Dune alignment was studied for five divergence angles (the angle between the two flow directions): 45°, 67–5°, 90°, 112–5° and 135°. The flow depth during all experiments was approximately 30 cm; mean velocity was approximately 50 cm s^-1 and mean grain diameter was 0–6 mm. Each experiment continued for 30–75 min, during which time the flume flow was steady and the turntable position changed every 2 min. At the end of each experiment, water was slowly drained from the flume and dune alignment was measured. Transverse dunes (defined relative to the resultant transport direction) were created when the divergence angle was 45° and 67–5°, and longitudinal dunes were created when the divergence angle was 135°. At intermediate divergence angles, dunes with both orientations were produced, but transverse dunes were dominant at 90°, and longitudinal dunes were dominant at 112–5°. One experiment was conducted with a divergence angle of 135° and with unequal amounts of transport in the two flow directions. This was achieved by changing the orientation of the turntable at unequal time intervals, thereby causing the amount of transport to be unequal in the two directions. The dunes formed during this experiment were oblique to the resultant transport direction. These experimental dunes follow the same rule of alignment as wind ripples studied in previous turntable experiments. In both sets of experiments, the bedforms developed with the orientation having the maximum gross bedform-normal transport (the orientation at which the sum of the bedform-normal components of the two transport vectors reaches its maximum value). In other words, the bedforms develop with an orientation that is as transverse as possible to the two flows. In those cases where the two flows diverge by more than 90° and transport equal amounts of sand, bedforms that are as transverse as possible to the two separate flows will be parallel to the resultant of the two flow vectors. Although such bedforms have been defined by previous work as longitudinal bedforms, they are intrinsically the same kind of bedform as transverse bedforms.     

Formation conditions of outburst debris flow triggered by overtopped natural dam failure

Natural dams formed by landslides may produce disastrous debris flows after dam outburst. However, studies on the critical conditions required for the formation of outburst debris flow resulting from natural dam failure are still at an early stage. In this paper, we present the results of a series of laboratory tests that assessed three different materials, five different flume bed slope angles (2°, 7°, 9°, 10°, and 13°), two in-flow rates, and four types of dam geometric shapes. The results showed that the unit weight of downstream fluid increased with increasing bed channel slope. Additionally, a critical flume bed angle was found for debris flow formation. Furthermore, the combination of lake volume and flume bed angle was found to influence the formation of debris flow. A nonlinear trend was observed between the unit weights of debris flow and the uniformity coefficients of solid material. Based on the theory of stream power, a critical condition for debris flow formation from natural dam failure was established. Based on two case studies, the results indicate that the condition that was established for debris flow formation following natural dam failure agrees well with reality.     

Flow and sediment dynamics in a low sinuosity, braided river: Calamus River, Nebraska Sandhills

The interaction between channel geometry, flow, sediment transport and deposition associated with a midstream island was studied in a braided to meandering reach of the Calamus River, Nebraska Sandhills. Hydraulic and sediment transport measurements were made over a large discharge range using equipment operated from catwalk bridges. The relatively low sinuosity channel on the right-hand side of the island carries over 70% of the water discharge at high flow stages and 50–60% at low flow stages. As a result, mean velocity, depth, bed shear stress and sediment transport rate tend to be greater here than in the more strongly curved left-hand channel. The loci of maximum flow velocity, depth and bed shear stress are near the centre of the channel upstream of the island, but then split and move towards the outer banks of both channels downstream. Variations in these loci depend on the flow stage. Topographically induced across-stream flows are generally stronger than the weak, curvature-induced secondary circulations. Water surface topography is controlled mainly by centrifugal accelerations and local changes in downstream flow velocity. The averaged water surface slope of the study reach varies very little with discharge, having values between 0·00075 and 0·00090. As bed shear stress generally varies in a similar way to mean velocity, friction coefficients vary little, normally being in the range 0·07–0·13. These values are similar to those in straight channels with sandy dune-covered beds. Bedload is moved mainly as dunes at all flow stages. Grain size is mainly medium sand with coarse sand moved in thalwegs adjacent to the cut banks, and with fine sand at the downstream end of the island. These patterns of flow velocity, depth, water surface topography, bed shear stress, bedload transport rate and mean grain size can be accurately predicted using theoretical models of flow, bed topography and sediment transport rate in single river bends, applied separately to the left and right channels. During high flow stages deposition occurs persistently near the downstream end of the island, and cut banks are eroded. Otherwise, erosion and deposition occurs only locally within the channel as discharge varies. Abandonment and filling of a strongly curved channel segment may occur by migration of an upstream bar into the channel entrance at a high flow stage.     

高拱坝施工初-中期导流风险模型及应用

面向工程设计阶段,采用高拱坝施工动态仿真技术获取施工初-中期挡水度汛面貌数据,综合考虑水文、水力随机性因素,构建高拱坝施工初-中期导流风险模型,提出采用Monte Carlo方法耦合挡水度汛面貌数据和主要随机因素进行风险模型求解的方法。基于风险分析原理提出了导流洞设计的风险判别方法,给出导流洞尺寸设计优化的数学模型和具体步骤。通过金沙江上游某高拱坝工程案例分析的结果表明:所提风险模型及求解方法是适用的、有效的,该模型能够得到整个施工初-中期导流风险率,较为客观地反映高拱坝施工中期度汛可能存在的两种挡水情况,克服了初期导流风险模型的局限性;施工中期导流风险率随导流洞尺寸增大而减小,导流洞尺寸设计的可行方案集存在界限,即优化方案。研究成果可为高拱坝施工导流的风险决策和设计优化提供理论支撑。     

深埋岩溶隧道限量排放条件下衬砌外水压力研究

针对深埋岩溶隧道衬砌外水压力展开研究,根据隧道排水量和衬砌水压力模型的理论推导,结合试验进行分析。结果表明,衬砌上水压在采取排水措施后随排水量的增加而减小;但是当注浆材料渗透系数降低到1.65×10-6 m/s、注浆厚度到55 cm后,衬砌上水压随注浆范围的增大变化已经不太明显,说明注浆半径的选取有一个合理范围。注浆圈可以起到控制排水的作用,当给定了隧道某一段的合理排放量以后,就可以确定注浆的范围和注浆水平。