基于Carreau流变模型的渐开线齿轮摩擦因数研究

结合载荷分担概念和弹流润滑理论,研究润滑剂的流变性对渐开线齿轮油膜厚度、摩擦因数等润滑特性的影响;分别采用Carreau流变模型和Doolittle-Tait自由体积黏度模型描述润滑剂的剪切稀化特性及黏压关系,研究齿轮载荷、转速、表面粗糙度和润滑剂压黏系数对摩擦因数的影响。研究结果表明:不同的润滑剂剪切稀化特性不同,因此油膜厚度、油膜承载比例和摩擦因数均不同;摩擦因数随着转矩的增大先显著增大,当超过某一转矩值时,摩擦因数开始缓慢变化;摩擦因数随着转速的增加先显著减小,当转速增加至某一值时摩擦因数又随之增大;随着表面粗糙度和润滑剂压黏系数的增大,摩擦因数均明显增大。     

在不同润滑油下齿轮锻造材料摩擦特性研究

采用销-盘摩擦副接触方式在不同流体润滑及载荷下,对齿轮锻造用SCr420H合金结构钢进行摩擦试验.采用齿轮油、石蜡油以及加工润滑油润滑.利用在不同润滑及载荷下随速度变化的摩擦因数变化曲线图分析摩擦材料表面摩擦特性.利用Stribeck曲线和摩擦表面形貌SEM照片分析在不同润滑油及载荷下的摩擦状态和摩擦行为.结果表明:SCr420H合金结构钢在最低动黏度的石蜡油润滑下摩擦因数最高,且随速度增大而减少;在齿轮油和加工润滑油润滑下,最低载荷时具有最高的摩擦因数,但摩擦因数随载荷增大而减少,速度对摩擦因数影响不大;在齿轮油和加工润滑油润滑下摩擦副处于流体润滑状态,在石蜡油润滑下显示临界润滑摩擦状态.     

高铁齿轮油摩擦学特性的试验探究

通过四球机摩擦学试验的方法,探究高铁齿轮油的摩擦学特性。采用不同转速及载荷的组合条件,对2种高铁齿轮油在75℃恒温下进行1 h的摩擦试验。试验结果表明:转速与载荷的变化均对2种齿轮油的摩擦因数有影响;当定速变载时,磨斑大小随载荷增加呈现逐渐增大趋势;当定载变速时,磨斑大小随转速增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且载荷变化对磨斑大小的影响更为明显。通过对比2种油的试验结果可以发现,抗磨性好的油其摩擦因数波动也更平稳些,并且2种油都是在1 400 r/min、353 N的条件下取得磨斑最大值。     

影响井下防喷器胶筒与套管间摩擦因数的因素

通过摩擦试验,研究了正压力、相对滑动速度以及润滑条件对井下防喷器胶筒与套管间摩擦因数的影响。结果表明:相同正压力下,无润滑剂和水润滑摩擦时,两者间的摩擦因数随着滑动速度的增加而增加,在油润滑时,滑动速度的增加有利于润滑膜的形成,使摩擦因数降低;在相同正压力和相对滑动速度下,油润滑摩擦因数均值最小,水润滑时次之,无润滑剂时最大;正压力的影响无规律性。     

含不同固体润滑剂矿用树脂基制动材料的制备及摩擦学性能

采用热压烧结技术制备含4种不同固体润滑剂(MoS_2、h-BN、石墨和Sb_2S_3)的矿用树脂基制动材料。采用环-块式摩擦磨损试验机研究制动材料在不同载荷和速度下的摩擦磨损特性。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析材料物相和摩擦表面形貌,探讨其磨损机制。结果表明:含不同固体润滑剂的制动材料具有相似的硬度值,其维氏硬度约为0.60 GPa;在所有试验条件下,随着载荷和速度的增加,四种样品的摩擦因数与磨损率均有所升高,且4种样品均表现出不同程度的黏着磨损、塑性变形与转移膜的形成,其中含固体润滑剂Sb_2S_3的样品存在轻微的犁削和磨粒磨损;4种样品中,含10%(体积分数)石墨的样品表现出最低的摩擦因数与磨损率。     

多绳摩擦提升机树脂基摩擦衬垫的摩擦学行为

采用CFT往复摩擦磨损试验机研究多绳摩擦提升机树脂基摩擦衬垫在干摩擦条件及不同载荷和滑动速度下摩擦因数的变化规律,采用扫描电镜(SEM)对摩擦衬垫试样的磨损形貌进行观察分析。试验结果表明：不同树脂基摩擦衬垫摩擦因数变化规律具有一致性,即摩擦因数随载荷与滑动速度的增加而减小;由于摩擦衬垫的成分不同,其摩擦因数的主要影响因素不同;磨损形式也由于材料的不同出现黏着磨损、疲劳磨损以及热磨损;载荷对摩擦衬垫磨损的影响比滑动速度更显著。     

PTFE基耐磨固体润滑涂层的摩擦学性能

采用黏接固体润滑涂层法,以聚四氟乙烯为润滑剂,利用喷涂方式在试样上制备2种PTFE基固体耐磨涂层,并采用HSR-2M型高速往复式摩擦磨损试验机对其摩擦学性能进行研究。研究结果表明,水性全氟涂层的摩擦因数不稳定且明显高于油性全氟;随着固化条件的改变,涂层的摩擦因数和磨损量也出现不同程度的变化;当采用油性全氟为润滑剂,固化温度为260℃,固化时间为30 min时,PTFE基耐磨涂层的摩擦因数和磨损量均最小,此时涂层的摩擦学性能最优。     

不同纤维增强和不同固体润滑剂改性PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

以碳纤维或玻璃纤维为增强纤维,二硫化钼(MoS_2)或石墨为固体润滑剂,制备了不同配方的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料;在干摩擦和油润滑条件下对复合材料进行了摩擦磨损试验,观察了其磨损形貌,并分析了不同增强纤维和固体润滑剂对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:在干摩擦条件下,当固体润滑剂相同时,与玻璃纤维增强的相比,碳纤维增强PTFE复合材料的磨痕宽度更小、摩擦因数更大,而当增强纤维相同时,MoS_2改性PTFE复合材料的磨痕宽度比石墨改性的小,摩擦因数比石墨改性的大;在油润滑条件下,当固体润滑剂相同时,碳纤维增强PTFE复合材料的磨痕宽度比玻璃纤维增强的小,摩擦因数比玻璃纤维增强的大,当增强纤维相同时,MoS_2改性PTFE复合材料的磨痕宽度比石墨改性的略低,摩擦因数比石墨改性的大。     

四种车辆制动闸瓦材料摩擦特性试验研究

使用MM-1000型摩擦试验机，在不同的压力和速度下作了4种铁路车辆制动闸瓦材料与车轮钢的摩擦试验，测试它们的制动摩擦特性。试验结果表明，闸瓦材质对制动摩擦性能有较大的影响。高磷铸铁A、B两种材料的摩擦因数比较不稳定，在制动过程中摩擦因数出现了较大的波动，而且易受制动压力和速度的影响。高分子树脂复合材料C的摩擦因数比较稳定，受制动速度的影响较小但是受压力的影响较大。高分子树脂复合材料D的摩擦因数受制动速度的影响较大，但是受制动压力的影响则较小。     

纳米添加剂润滑条件下GCr15/45#钢摩擦磨损性能影响

随着纳米科技的发展和对纳米材料功能特殊性的认识,纳米材料作为添加剂开始越来越多的应用到润滑和抗磨自修复研究中。利用PLINT NENE-7型磨损试验机,选用中石油兰州润滑油厂生产的中负荷工业闭式齿轮油L-CKC220作为润滑油,研究了纳米氮化钛,纳米氧化铝,纳米二氧化硅作为添加剂对GCr15/45#钢摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响。分析不同纳米材料对摩擦因数曲线、磨斑形貌(SEM)及EDX能谱分析图的影响。结果表明:3种纳米添加剂均能使摩擦副的摩擦因数明显降低。     

几种防滑差速器油摩擦特性的比较

介绍了防滑差速器油的性能特点,分析了几种防滑差速器油的基本理化性能,并将防滑差速器油与GL-5齿轮油、自动传动液(ATF)的摩擦因数进行了比较。结果表明防滑差速器油性能与GL-5齿轮油有较大差异;昆仑LSD90车辆防滑差速器齿轮油的基本理化性能和摩擦性能优于参比的2种国内外同类油样。     

Friction modifiers in engine and gear oils

Reducing friction is an important target for any lubricant oil formulator. There are several ways, such as utilisation of multi‐grade oils with low viscosity at low temperature, or use of friction modifiers, to reduce friction in automotive engines and transmissions and thus save fuel. A good means to obtain an energy‐saving lubricant is by the addition of a friction‐reducing additive in a high‐range multigrade oil. This paper presents some considerations on the action mechanism of friction modifiers and the results obtained in engine and gear oils with two new nitrogen‐, sulphur‐, and boron‐containing additives.     

超声振动对不同黏度润滑油摩擦学性能的影响

研究GCr15/45#钢摩擦副在4种不同黏度的润滑油润滑时,有和无超声振动下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜分析磨痕表面形貌,探讨在不同黏度润滑油作用下,超声振动对润滑油摩擦学性能的影响机制。结果表明:超声振动对不同黏度润滑油摩擦学性能的影响是不同的;超声振动可以提高低黏度润滑油润滑的减摩抗磨性能,如在6#白油润滑时施加超声振动后,摩擦副间的摩擦因数和磨损体积分别减小了13.6%和17.5%;高黏度润滑油润滑时,超声振动会加剧摩擦副的摩擦磨损,如在150BS润滑时施加超声振动后,摩擦副间的摩擦因数和磨损体积分别增加了10.4%和50%。     

The effect of gear oil viscosity and friction reducer type on transmission efficiency

The effects of gear oil viscosity and friction reducer type on transmission efficiency have been investigated using the manual transmission and hypoid rear axle of a typical Japanese car. A reduction in the viscosity of the oil improved the efficiency of the manual transmission but led to positive and negative effects in the rear axle, depending upon operating conditions. The effect of the friction reducer varied according to the type of EP additive used, indicating the necessity of preliminary investigations of compatibility with EP additives before adding friction reducers to gear oils.     

Influence of temperature on the friction performance of gear oils in rolling–sliding and pure sliding contacts

The friction behaviour of five different gear oils in rolling–sliding and pure sliding contacts and how temperature influences their friction properties were investigated. It is found that increasing temperature decreases boundary friction with gear oils that contain friction modifiers while not for other gear oils, at all contact pressures investigated. In mixed lubrication region, temperature decreases friction at low contact pressures while increases friction at high contact pressures. The effect of slide–roll ratio on friction is significant in boundary lubrication region especially at higher temperature while less significant in mixed lubrication region at both low and high temperatures. The ranking of gear oils for friction in boundary and mixed lubrication regimes is similar both in rolling–sliding and pure sliding contacts, regardless of temperature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new test technique for the laboratory evaluation of energy-efficient engine oils

Testing lubricants for fuel economy is a significant part of the drive for energy conservation. Generally, the small differences in fuel economy between lubricants make measurements inherently uncertain. Furthermore, precise engine tests for assessment of energy efficiency are expensive and time consuming. There has been a need, therefore, for the development of an effective laboratory screening technique to assess the energy efficiency of engine oils. With this objective in view, a new test technique consisting of two different tests has been developed for measuring lubricant-related fuel economy. Fuel economy through the use of engine oil is achieved by reducing boundary friction and viscous friction. Whereas reduction in boundary friction is obtained through the use of friction modifiers in engine oil, viscous friction is reduced through the use of low viscosity oils and by multigrading. The efficacy of action of friction modifiers in reducing boundary friction has been assessed with a SRV-Oscillating Friction and Wear Tester, using point and piston ring/liner segment contact. For the measurement of viscous friction, an attempt has been made to find out the reduction in viscous friction by using low viscosity oils and multigrade oils on a SAE No. 2 Machine, with all-steel clutch plates.     

工业齿轮油长周期密封相容性研究

工业齿轮油与齿轮箱密封圈的相容性对于机械设备正常运转至关重要.近些年随着齿轮箱技术不断发展,工业齿轮油密封相容性要求越来越严苛,高端齿轮箱采用常规静态相容性测试已不能满足要求,需采用长周期静态试验,以及与齿轮箱实际工况最为契合的长周期动态密封试验来评价工业齿轮油密封相容性.对3种不同抗氧剂体系的L-CKD矿物型工业齿轮...     

Torque loss in a gearbox lubricated with wind turbine gear oils

In this study, four different fully formulated ISO VG 320 wind turbine gear oils were select: a mineral oil‐based, a polyalphaolefin‐based, an ester‐based and a polyalkyleneglycol‐based fluids. Their physical properties (viscosity, thermoviscosity, piezoviscosity etc.) were characterised for a wide range of operating temperatures. A two‐stage multiplying gearbox, with helical gears, was selected to evaluate the influence of the wind turbine gear oil formulation on torque loss with the gearbox operating at low speed (130–230 rpm) and high torque (500–1000 Nm). The results obtained showed that each wind turbine gear oil formulation generated very different torque losses, evacuated heat flows and operating temperatures, with differences above 20 °C under the most severe operating conditions. A numerical model was developed, simulating all power loss mechanisms inside the gearbox, in particular the churning and friction losses. The coefficients of friction, between gear teeth and between rolling elements and bearing raceways, were calculated for all the tested oils. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Friction coefficient in FZG gears lubricated with industrial gear oils: Biodegradable ester vs. mineral oil

Two industrial gear oils, a reference paraffinic mineral oil with a special additive package for extra protection against micropitting and a biodegradable non-toxic ester, were characterized in terms of their physical properties, wear properties and chemical contents and compared in terms of their power dissipation in gear applications [Höhn BR, Michaelis K, Döbereiner R. Load carrying capacity properties of fast biodegradable gear lubricants. J STLE Lubr Eng 1999; Höhn BR, Michaelis K, Doleschel A. Frictional behavior of synthetic gear lubricants. Tribology research: from model experiment to industrial problem. Elsevier 2001; Martins R, Seabra J, Seyfert Ch, Luther R, Igartua A, Brito A. Power Loss in FZG gears lubricated with industrial gear oils: biodegradable ester vs. mineral oil. Proceedings of the 31th Leeds-Lyon symposium on tribology. Elsevier; to be published; Weck M, Hurasky-Schonwerth O, Bugiel Ch. Service behaviour of PVD-coated gearing lubricated with biodegradable synthetic ester oils. VDI-Berichte Nr.1665 2002.]. The viscosity–temperature behaviors are compared to describe the feasible operating temperature range.Standard tests with the Four-Ball machine and the FZG test rig [Winter H, Michaelis K. FZG gear test rig—desciption and possibilities. In: Coordinate European Council second international symposium on the performance evaluation of automotive fuels and lubricants; 1985.] characterize the wear protection properties. Biodegradability and toxicity tests are performed in order to assess the biodegradability and toxicity of the two lubricants.Power loss gear tests are performed on the FZG test rig using type C gears, for wide ranges of the applied torque and input speed, in order to compare the energetic performance of the two industrial gear oils. Lubricant samples are collected during and at the end of the gear tests [Hunt TM. Handbook of wear debris analysis and particle detection in liquids. UK: Elsevier Science; 1993.] and are analyzed by Direct Reading Ferrography (DR3) in order to evaluate and compare the wear particles concentration indexes of both lubricants.An energetic model of the FZG test gearbox is developed, integrating the mechanisms of power dissipation and heat evacuation, in order to determine its operating equilibrium temperature. An optimization routine allows the evaluation of the friction coefficient between the gear teeth for each lubricant tested, correlating experimental and model results.For each lubricant and for the operating conditions considered, a correction expression is presented in order to adjust the friction coefficient proposed by Höhn et al. [Höhn BR, Michaelis K, Vollmer T. Thermal rating of gear drives: balance between power loss and heat dissipation. AGMA Technical Paper; October 1996. pp 12. ISBN: 1-55589-675-8.] to the friction coefficient exhibited by these lubricants. The influence of each lubricant on the friction coefficient between the gear teeth is discussed taking into consideration the operating torque and speed and the stabilized operating temperature.