^60Coγ—辐射接技对粘胶基碳纤维的表面改性

为了提高粘胶基碳纤维与树脂的界面粘接性能，采用^60Coγ—射线辐射接枝方法对粘胶基碳纤维进行表面改性，研究了接枝溶液种类和吸收剂量对接枝率和复合材料界面性能的影响，吸收剂量对碳纤维抗拉强度的影响，利用扫描电子显微镜分析了辐射接枝后碳纤维表面和复合材料剪切断口断裂形貌的变化。结果表明，环氧／丙酮溶液体系是碳纤维辐射接枝改性的理想溶液，在此溶液中辐射，当吸收剂量大于0．1kGy时，纤维表面的接枝率为4．2％，复合材料的ILSS提高了20％以上；在合适的吸收剂量下辐射可提高碳纤维的抗拉强度；接枝后纤维表面粗糙度明显增大，与树脂的机械锲合作用增强。     

石英纤维热损伤机制

通过TG/DSC和高温XRD对石英纤维的高温相转变行为进行了研究,通过高分辨SEM对经不同温度处理过的石英纤维的表面形貌进行了研究,并用抗拉强度实验机测量了这些石英纤维的抗拉强度。研究结果表明,低于1000℃ 处理的石英纤维热损伤可分为两个阶段: (1) 在低于600℃的热处理温度范围内,由于石英纤维表面处理剂的挥发 , 石英纤维直径逐渐减小,原来表面的裂纹、条状和圆形凸起等缺陷逐渐显露出来,导致石英纤维抗拉强度缓慢降低;(2) 在600～1000℃ 的热处理温度范围内 , 石英纤维表面处理剂挥发完毕,在热处理的升降温过程中,由于热应力的作用,表面的条状和圆形凸起开始剥落,造成一定数量的新的表面裂口和裂纹缺陷。温度越高,石英纤维表面的条状和圆形凸起剥落现象越明显,这是造成这一温度条件下石英纤维强度显著降低的主要因素之一。此外,结合TG/DSC和XRD的研究结果,石英纤维低于1000℃热处理后,虽然没有明显的相变化,但是晶体结构有序化程度提高,表面开始析出α-方石英并导致纤维表面形成一定数量的凸起缺陷,这也是导致高温处理后石英纤维热损伤的原因之一。      

Cu-15Cr-0.2Zr形变原位复合材料强度和导电性研究

采用冷变形＋适当的中间热处理的方法制备了Cu-15Cr-0.2Zr形变原位复合材料，并研究了微量盈对Cu-15Cr原位复合材料组织和性能的影响。结果表明：合金经室温变形后，Cr相转变成弯曲薄片状纤维，随着应变量的增加，合金的强度提高，导电率下降。添加0．2％盈使Cu-15Cr-0.2Zr在η=6．438时的极限抗拉强度达到1072MPa，导电率达到68.7％IACS。     

硼酸铵改性碳纳米纤维负极材料制备及储钠性能研究

通过合理的合成路线与微观结构设计，开发具有高比容量和柔性的钠离子电池负极材料，是当前的难点。采用静电纺丝制备自支撑碳纳米纤维膜，利用不同浓度的硼酸铵溶液对纤维膜进行改性，研究了浸渍溶液浓度和热处理温度对碳纳米纤维膜相组成、微观形貌及储钠性能的影响。结果表明：低浓度硼酸铵溶液改性并未改变纤维膜三维相互交错的空间结构，但纤维膜表面粗糙程度增加，使改性后的碳纳米纤维缺陷和活性点位增多并减小了碳层间距。采用0.02mol/L硼酸铵溶液浸渍改性和600℃热处理后得到的碳纳米纤维膜作为钠离子电池自支撑负极时，可获得最优的储钠性能。在100mA/g电流密度下，该电池初始充比容量为354.7mAh/g,循环100周后电池的可逆充放电比容量为316.8mAh/g,表现出优异的储钠性能。     

石墨化温度对炭纤维微观结构及其力学性能的影响

以通用型PAN基炭纤维为原材料，通过1800℃～3000℃连续高温石墨化处理，制备了不同性能的炭(石墨)纤维；采用SEM、XRD、RAMAN、元素分析仪、万能材料测试机等分析手段研究了石墨化温度对炭(石墨)纤维微观结构、元素含量、表面形态及其力学性能的影响。实验表明：随着热处理温度的提高，炭纤维中非碳元素(氮、氢)的含量逐渐减少而碳元素质量分数却从92．62％增加到99．99％；纤维的微观结构也从二维乱层石墨结构向有序的三维层状结构发展，表现为石墨晶体层间距d。随处理温度的提升逐渐减小、d100和d110与La和Lc不断增大，纤维抗拉强度呈下降趋势、弹性模量呈上升趋势。     

利用感应加热技术进行炭纤维连续石墨化

采用感应加热技术研制出炭纤维连续高温热处理专用设备石墨化炉，最高使用温度3000℃。对PAN基炭纤维T300进行了连续石墨化处理，热处理温度为2000℃～3000℃，制备出力学性能相当于日本东丽公司M40的石墨纤维，验证了该设备的技术可行性。考察了热处理温度对炭纤维力学性能、密度和直径的影响，用SEM观察了石墨化前后炭纤维表面微观形态的变化。结果表明：随热处理温度的提高，炭纤维的密度增大、直径减小，弹性模量升高，而抗拉强度下降。经3000℃高温热处理后，纤维的弹性模量高达450GPa。     

高温热处理对活性炭纤维微孔及表面性能的影响

研究了1173K高温改性处理对沥青基活性炭纤维吸附性能、孔径分布、微孔结构和表面化学的影响。低温(77K)N2吸附结果表明热处理后活性炭纤维比表面积略有下降，通过密度函数理论解析活性炭纤维全孔范围的孔分布得出活性炭纤维表面孔径大于1．0nm的微孔明显减少，微孔孔径更加集中于0．5nm～1．0nm，从而提高了活性炭纤维的碘吸附值。X射线衍射分析表明活性炭纤维是乱层石墨结构，热处理使活性炭纤维类石墨微晶碳层面的层间距下降，X光电子能谱分析表明热处理后活性炭纤维表面的含氧官能团C=O和COOH的含量变化不大，而呈碱性酚羟基C—OH含量的明显下降使活性炭纤维表面碱性降低。     

金属丝网型 La0.8Sr0.2MnO3催化剂的制备及其表征

以316L不锈钢丝网为基材，利用电泳沉积技术对丝网表面进行改性，考察了添加剂浓度、电压加压方式、热处理温度对铝粉在丝网表面包覆效果的影响，制备出表面规整、高粘结强度的Al2O3／Al载体膜，在30min超声振荡后，载体膜脱落率仅为0．5wt％；结合表面浸涂技术，在丝网上涂覆纳米La0．8Sr0.2MnO3，通过SEM、XRD、BET等手段对催化剂进行表征，发现丝网表面催化剂负载均匀，比表面积达到119．4m^2／g，在30min超声振荡后，脱落率为5．0wt％．催化燃烧性能测试表明，La0．8Sr0.2MnO3在不锈钢丝网上有较好的活性，高空速、高浓度的甲苯在400℃基本能被完全燃烧．     

新颖抗氧化炭硅纤维的研制

报道了一种新颖的炭硅纤维的制备方法。制备沥青基炭纤维的原料沥青同聚二甲基硅烷反应，把一定量的硅烷结构引到沥青中的稠环芳烃上。所得各向同性结构的含硅～２２ｗｔ％的沥青原料，经纺丝，不熔化及热处理制备成炭硅纤维。这种纤维炭硅在分子水平上分布均匀，其抗拉强度达到１．５ＧＰａ，而且具有比炭纤维强的抗氧化性。值得指出的是我们发明了一种新方法，即在热处理过程中于１２００℃通入少量氧气进行控制氧化，会在纤维表面上产生二氧化硅膜制成抗氧化的炭硅纤维。籍助于ＧＰＣ，ＦＴＩＲ，１ＨＮＭＲ，１３ＣＮＭＲ，２９ＳｉＮＭＲ，ＥＤＸ，ＳＥＭ及ＸＲＤ等分析方法，我们分别对纺丝原料，不融化纤维及热处理的纤维进行了结构表征。这种新颖的抗氧化炭硅纤维具有优异的抗氧化性，及炭纤维和碳化硅纤维的综合优点，将具有广阔的应用前景。     

热处理对镍钛合金丝材弯曲疲劳性能的影响

研究了热处理工艺对５０．６ａｔ％Ｎｉ－Ｔｉ合金丝材弯曲疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：该丝材经过固溶和时效后具有不同的弯曲疲劳寿命，其中固溶处理温度为１０２３Ｋ并且时效温度６７３Ｋ时，具有最高寿命；抗拉强度随热处理工艺的改变呈同样变化趋势。     

气液双效表面处理方法的应用

炭纤维增强树脂基复合材料（ＣＦＲＰ）是炭纤维应用的主要形式。未表面处理的粘胶基炭纤维所制ＣＦＲＰ力学性能较低,经过气液双效法表面处理后,明显提高了所制ＣＦＲＰ的力学性能,同时,炭纤维本身的抗拉强度和断裂伸长有了较大提高。这种表面处理方法已经应用到炭纤维生产线上。     

Lyocell纤维与国产粘胶纤维的对比研究

对Lyocell纤维与国产粘胶纤维的结构和性能进行了各方面的对比,小角X－ray衍射测定的孔径分布表明Lyocell纤维所包含的大尺寸孔洞比例少于国产粘胶纤维,广角X－ray衍射分析的结果表明两者具有相似的结晶结构,但前者结晶度明显高于后者;Lyocell纤维的表面形貌的优越性是通过扫描电镜技术体现出来的;统计计算表明,Lyocell的强度明显高于国产粘胶纤维,文中沿用制备国产粘胶基钢纤维的工艺条件成功地制得了Lyocell基炭纤维,并与粘胶基炭纤维进行了强度比较。     

A comparison of the effect of hot stretching on microstructures and properties of polyacrylonitrile and rayon-based carbon fibers

The effect of a different stretching stress at different heat treatment temperatures (HTT) on the structure and the mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and rayon-based carbon fibers was studied. The tensile strength increases first and then decreases with increasing stretching stress, whereas the Young’s modulus of the fibers continuously increases. The behavior of PAN- and rayon-based carbon fibers is similar with increasing stretching stress, but the tensile strength of PAN fiber decreased while that of rayon fiber increased with increasing HTT, what is more, the latter have a considerable lower tensile strength and modulus for equivalent processing conditions. The structure of the fibers was investigated with X-ray diffraction. A continuous change toward a nanostructure with a higher order was observed, which explains the increase in the Young’s modulus. For more complex dependence of the tensile strength on the processing conditions, a quantitative model to describe the effect of stretching stress at different HTT on preferred orientation degree and shear modulus is proposed. From the critical stress fracture of carbon fiber analysis, we can understand the different changes of tensile strength of both type fibers with stretching stress at different HTT.     

Properties of chopped carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam composites

A novel kind of carbon foam reinforced carbon-carbon composite with high density and mechanical properties was produced by densifying carbon foam preforms enhanced by chopped carbon fibers. The mechanical properties and densification efficiency of this composite could be improved by adding of fibers. The highest density of this composite could reach 1.5 g/cm³. The compressive strength increased by 38.9%, 66.7% and 29.4% when the additive amount of chopped fibers was 1%, 3% and 5% (wt.%) respectively. SEM observation showed that when the additive amount of fibers reached 5%, micro-cracks appeared in carbon foam preforms and resulted in the decrease in compressive strength of composite no. 4.     

用STM研究渗硼改性碳纤维结构与力学性能的相关性

研究了PAN基碳纤维浸渍不同硼化物溶液进行高温热处理后(2500℃)对力学性能的影响。采用扫描隧道显微镜观察了渗硼处理对碳纤维表面微观形态结构的影响,同时还采用X-ray衍射技术分析了渗硼处理对纤维结构参数的影响。结果表明渗硼处理可提高CF的力学性能,采用硼化物A浸渍热处理后CF的模量和强度分别提高了10.3 %和15.3 %。通过STM观察可以很清楚看到渗硼处理可提高CF的择优取向和晶体尺寸,减少表面缺陷。X-ray衍射分析结果与STM一致,渗硼热处理提高了CF的晶体尺寸。      

裂纹分布与Weibull模数关系的研究

讨论了纤维的裂纹分布与Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ模数ｍ之间的关系。用小角Ｘ－ｒａｙ散射测定四种粗细不同的粘胶基炭纤维的孔径大小及其分布，并分析比较了四种纤维的Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ模数ｍ和强度值，结果表明纤维越细，其ｍ值越大，纤维内所含的大尺寸孔洞越少，央纤维的强度也越高。     

Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of lead-silicon carbide fiber and lead-carbon fiber composites made by electrodeposition

Multifilament silicon carbide fibers (Nippon Carbon, Nicalon type) and carbon fibers (Thornel, Pan T 300 and Pitch type) were used to produce lead-matrix composite materials for battery plate grid applications. Lead was impregnated into the fibers by electrodeposition from fluoborate baths. The electrical conductivity of carbon fibers was sufficient for direct electroplating; silicon carbide fibers were electroless plated with copper beforehand. The experimental conditions for good penetration of lead into the fiber tows were determined.Unidirectional composite samples with a fiber volume fraction of 5 to 25% were prepared from both lead impregnated fiber sheets and rods by hot-pressing (280°C, 50 MPa, 5–30 mm). The flexural strength and modulus of these samples were measured as a function of the infiltration current density and of the fiber volume fraction. Ultimate strengths in the range 300–400 MPa were attained for both lead-silicon carbide and lead-carbon composites, at a fiber volume fraction of about 25%. These latter composites exhibited a good corrosion resistance towards 38.5 wt-% sulfuric acid under non-anodic conditions.     

The evaluation of some flexural properties of a denture base resin reinforced with various aesthetic fibers

This study was performed to determine whether some flexural properties of a denture base resin material could be improved through reinforcement with five types of aesthetic fibers at 3% concentration by weight and in 2, 4, and 6 mm length. Five specimens of similar dimensions were prepared for each of the test groups; base resin and the same resin with glass, rayon, polyester, nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 fibers in three different lengths. Flexural properties were evaluated by using a 3-point bending test. A visual examination was also made to determine mode of fracture of the specimens. The incorporation of different fibers in varying lengths had no significant effect on flexural strength of the resin. The specimens reinforced with nylon 6,6 fibers of 6 mm length showed the highest flexural strength. Young’s modulus and maximum load suggests that such reinforcement makes resin resistant to fracture.     

Effective electromagnetic interference shielding by electrospun carbon fibers involving Fe2O3/BaTiO3/MWCNT additives

Carbon fibers were prepared as an electromagnetic interference shielding material by electrospinning and heat treatment methods. To increase the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, additives (Fe₂O₃/BaTiO₃/multi-walled carbon nanotubes) were included due to their excellent dielectric and coercive force properties. The additives were observed to cluster on the surface of fibers; additive metal oxides did not show any structural changes during the heat treatment, retaining their original magnetic properties. The permittivity of the materials improved significantly as a result of the added carbon nanotubes and their high electrical conductivity. Magnetic properties such as saturated magnetization and coercive force were also improved by the presence of Fe₂O₃/BaTiO₃, which enhanced the permeability. The improved permittivity and permeability significantly contributed to effective shielding of electromagnetic interference measured at 37 dB.     

纳米SiO2改性乳液上浆剂对炭纤维抗拉强度的影响

利用Weibull统计分布分析了上浆对炭纤维单丝抗拉强度的影响。通过扫描电镜（SEM）观察和X射线能谱仪（EDS）分析了上浆前后炭纤维表面和截面的结构形貌及表面元素组成。结果表明：当纳米SiO2粒子与上浆树脂的质量比为0．5％时，上浆炭纤维单丝的抗拉强度最高，增幅达10．1％；Weibull参数m值最大，强度的分散性最小。EDS显示了改性上浆炭纤维表面Si元素含量增大。上浆炭纤维比未上浆的表面较均匀，纹理沟槽变浅；截面凹凸不平，呈现一定的韧性断裂特性。说明上浆剂中添加纳米SiO2粒子可以明显提高上浆炭纤维的强度。