川西孝泉气田沙溪庙组上部储层特征及评价

孝泉气田是在川西致密砂岩领域首先取得突破的地区。该区沙溪庙组上部储层特有的致密性致使其评价较低 ,预测结果与实际产出状况相差悬殊。本文通过对储层特征、尤其是地下裂缝渗透率和储层影响因素分析 ,确定其储集类型以裂缝—孔隙型为主 ,计算其地下裂缝渗透率为 0 .0 1 5× 1 0 - 3μm2 ～ 0 .0 93× 1 0 - 3μm2 ,对地层有效渗透率的贡献约为 70 %～ 80 % ,基质渗透率下限仅需 0 .0 2 72× 1 0 - 3μm2 ;控制有利储层发育的地质因素主要有砂体微相和裂缝的发育程度。综合砂体微相分布、构造曲率、压力分布等因素对有利储层展布进行了预测评价。     

川西孝泉气田沙溪库存组上部储层特征及评价

孝泉气田是在川西致密砂岩领域首先取得突破的地区。该区沙溪庙组上部储层特有的致密性致使其评价较低,预测结果与实际产出状况相差悬殊。本文通过对储层特征、尤其是地下裂缝渗透率和储层影响因素分析,确定其储集类型以裂缝-孔隙型为主,计算其地下裂缝渗透率为0.015×10-3μm2～0.093×10-3μm2,对地层有效渗透率的贡献约为70％～80％,基质渗透率下限仅需0.0272×10-3μm2,控制有利储层发育的地质因素主要有砂体微相和裂缝的发育程度。综合砂体微相分布、构造曲率、压力分布等因素对有利储层展布进行了预测评价。     

青西油田下白垩统下沟组储集层特征

青西油田下白垩统下沟组(K1g)为深层裂缝-孔隙型砾岩储集层,油藏埋深4200～4600m,基质孔隙度小于8%,基质渗透率小于1×10-3μm2.由于砾岩储集层内高角度裂缝发育,改善了它的渗流性能。针对这类低孔、低渗透储集层,通过岩石成分、孔隙类型及组合、孔隙结构、核磁共振、测井评价及测试等技术,并结合裂缝平面预测结果,进行储集层预测,取得了良好的效果。     

无边底水碳酸盐岩气藏高速开采模拟实验研究

高速开采裂缝性碳酸盐岩气藏 ,生产压差过大会使裂缝宽度减小甚至闭合 ,导致储集层损害。模拟无边水、底水裂缝性碳酸盐岩气藏的上覆压力、地层压力、地层温度和原始含水饱和度条件 ,采用微—粉晶白云岩全直径岩心 ,进行 0 .5 5～ 11MPa压差条件下的弹性气驱模拟实验 ,研究岩心渗透率与开采速率 (生产压差 )的关系。模拟结果 ,渗透率大于 18×10 -3 μm2 的岩心在 0 .5 5～ 4MPa压差范围内渗透率下降幅度最大 ,该类储集层生产压差应小于 1.5MPa ;渗透率为 2× 10 -3 ～18× 10 -3 μm2 的岩心在 3MPa压差时渗透率平均降幅为 17% ,该类储集层生产压差应小于 3MPa ;随压差增大 ,渗透率小于 2× 10 -3 μm2 的岩心渗透率变化幅度在± 10 %之内 ,考虑该类储集层气体渗流阻力太大 ,生产压差应不超过 5MPa。图 1表 1参 6     

超深层致密砂岩构造裂缝特征及其对储层的改造作用——以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深气田白垩系为例

库车坳陷克深气田是塔里木盆地天然气上产增储的最重要战场之一,也是国家“一带一路”能源大通道的主要气源区,但产气储层埋深超过6 000m,网状缝—垂向缝发育、密度为3~12条/m,基质孔隙度平均为3.8%,基质渗透率平均为0.128×10^-3μm²。为揭示超深层裂缝对储层性质及天然气高产稳产的影响。综合岩心、薄片及成像测井资料,对库车坳陷克深气田巴什基奇克组致密砂岩储层构造裂缝特征进行了表征,并分析了构造裂缝对储层的改造作用。克深气田的构造裂缝包括近EW向、高角度为主的张性裂缝和近NS向、直立为主的剪切裂缝2组,前者充填率相对较高,后者多数未被充填;微观构造裂缝多为穿粒缝,缝宽10~100μm;构造裂缝在FMI成像测井图像上以平行式组合为主。构造裂缝对克深气田储层的改造作用主要体现在3个方面：构造裂缝直接提高了储层渗透率;沿构造裂缝发生溶蚀作用有效改善孔喉结构;早期充填裂缝仍可作为有效渗流通道。背斜高部位是构造裂缝渗透率的高值区,控制了天然气的富集高产。网状及垂向开启缝与储层基质孔喉高效沟通,形成视均质—中等非均质体,可使天然气产量高产且长期稳产。     

超深层裂缝-孔隙型致密砂岩储集层表征与评价——以库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组为例

以库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带深层白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩储集层为例,研究成岩压实和构造挤压双重作用下裂缝-孔隙型(裂缝-原生孔隙型和裂缝-溶蚀孔隙型两类)超深层储集层的表征和评价方法。巴什基奇克组砂岩储集层埋深超过6 000 m,属超深层储集层,针对性构建了集宏观微相-岩相识别、厘米—微米级裂缝描述、微米级孔隙刻画、纳米级喉道表征为一体的超深层裂缝性致密砂岩储集层表征与评价技术。研究认为有效储集层的储集空间由构造裂缝及微米级孔隙、纳米级孔喉组成,基质孔隙半径主要为2~100μm,基质喉道半径主要为10~500 nm,裂缝开启度主值区为100~300μm;有效储集层发育主要受控于微相-岩相、构造挤压和溶蚀作用。相对优质储集层的储集空间由裂缝、残余粒间孔和溶蚀孔隙组成,发育于弱构造挤压带与水下分流河道叠合区。7 000 m以深有利储集层可成带连片分布,8 000 m以深仍发育有效储集层。图13参28     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深构造带克深8区块裂缝性低孔砂岩储层地质模型

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏冲断带克深地区是天然气勘探开发的重要阵地,储层埋深为6 000~8 000m,储层基质孔隙度均值为5.5%,基质渗透率均值为0.089×10^-3μm²,裂缝渗透率为（0.5～30）×10^-3μm²,地层储层总渗透率为（1～50）×10^-3μm²,储层性质总体为特低孔、特低渗—低渗。为揭示深层相对优质储层发育规律,以克深8区块深层白垩系巴什基奇克组为例,基于大量实验分析、露头储层模型及测井FMI成像资料,通过基质建模与裂缝建模相融合的方法,建立了裂缝—孔隙型双重介质储层地质模型。研究表明：克深8区块储层构造裂缝开度主要为25~150μm,其中构造核部裂缝开度一般为50~250μm,翼部裂缝开度<100μm;基质粒间孔半径主要为5~160μm,孔隙连通率平均为48%;孔隙喉道半径主要为0.01~1μm,其中产气层有效喉道半径>0.05μm,占比91%。储层基质孔隙度相对高值段主要分布于白垩系巴什基奇克组中部和上部,相对高渗透段主要集中于构造背斜高部位、东西向翼部、南北边界断裂带及内部次级断裂带。该地质模型及技术方法为克深8区块天然气高效勘探开发及克深气田60亿m产能建设提供重要依据。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏介质理论

岩心测试结果表明,塔河缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏基岩块中微裂缝发育,在长度约5 cm的岩心中明显可见微裂缝约5～20条,微裂缝交替成网络状分布,但充填程度较高.74%的岩心渗透率低于0.1×10-3μm2,26%的岩心渗透率分布在0.1×10-3～5×10-3μm2之间,孔隙度分布在1%～2%范围内.CT显示基岩块中微裂缝发育,薄片资料显示在岩心内部存在极少数粒间孔、溶蚀孔.NMR测试平均可动流体饱和度为30.17%,可动流体主要存在于微裂缝之中.岩块的渗储能力主要由基岩块中的微裂缝贡献.基于对储层的认识,微裂缝发育的塔河碳酸盐岩油藏基岩块可以视为一种微裂缝为储渗空间的等效连续介质.以该等效连续介质为基础,可与主裂缝系统构成双重介质模型,或与主裂缝、溶洞系统构成复杂介质模型.     

克拉苏构造带盐下深层断背斜储集层构造裂缝带分布规律

克拉苏构造带是塔里木盆地天然气重点勘探区域,主力含气层系为下白垩统巴什基奇克组,构造裂缝普遍发育,是低孔砂岩储集层高产稳产的关键因素。基于克拉苏构造带盐下深层断背斜储集层构造裂缝发育特征及裂缝带分布规律研究,探索了裂缝带组合与产能的关系,明确了储集层裂缝以未充填—半充填的高角度缝为主,多为张性或张剪性,具有规律性成带分布的特征,裂缝带宽度一般为10～40 m,裂缝带间距一般为10～50 m;根据储集层裂缝带成因及分布规律等差异特征,划分了储集层东西向裂缝带、南北向裂缝带和网状裂缝带3种成因裂缝带;根据储集层裂缝发育特征及裂缝带空间组合特征等差异性,储集层可划分为Ⅰ类高产区、Ⅱ类中高产区和Ⅲ类低产区。     

大庆外围油田储层岩相学特点与敏感性评价

大庆外围已发现的 2 0个低渗透或分散小油田 ,储层品质差 ,在开发中易受伤害 ,伤害后难恢复。以储量相对较大的两个典型大庆外围油田为例 ,实验测定了油层岩心的岩相学特征和敏感性程度。龙西油田高台子油层岩性以含泥粉砂岩为主 ,泥质含量 7.2 %～ 38.7% ;粘土矿物组成复杂 ,以伊利石为主 (6 5 %～ 85 % ) ;最大孔隙半径 4.74μm2 ,中值半径 0 .0 0 4～ 0 .2 95 μm2 ,孔隙和喉道半径相差悬殊 ;渗透率特低 ,地层水测渗透率为 0 .0 13× 10 -3 ～ 13×10 -3 μm2 ;敏感性程度和相应敏感指数如下 :弱速敏 ,Iv=0 .0 4～ 0 .35 ;中等偏弱到强水敏 ,Iw=0 .31～ 0 .78;中等盐敏 ,Is=0 .39～ 0 .6 0 ,临界矿化度 2 2 5 0mg/L ;中等酸敏 ,Ia=0 .41～ 0 .47。葡萄花油田葡萄花油层岩性为细粒、粉粒砂岩 ,泥质含量 10 %～ 15 % ;不同深度上粘土含量不同 ,组成复杂 ,可能发生地层微粒运移 ;最大孔隙半径 13.7μm ,中值半径 1.9～ 5 .2 μm ,有厚约 8m的疏松岩层 ;地层水测渗透率 2 1× 10 -3 ～ 2 93× 10 -3 μm2 ;敏感性程度和相应敏感指数如下 :弱速敏 ,Iv=0 .0 6～ 0 .2 7;中等偏弱到中等偏强水敏 ,Iw=0 .31～ 0 .78;弱到中等盐敏 ,Is=9.5 9～5 7.0 6 ,临界矿化度 6 0 71mg/L ;中等酸敏 ,Ia=0 .31～ 0 .39。两     

The Petrography,Mineralogy, and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Shales of the Duwi Formation,Abu Tartur,South Western Desert,Egypt

Abstract

Eight shale samples related to the Duwi Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of the Abu Tartur mines of the southwestern desert of Egypt were petrographically, mineralogically, and geochemically studied. The study results indicate that the detrital material of these shales were derived mainly from mafic to ultramafic components of the basement rocks under intensive chemical weathering and deposited in an alkaline reducing marine environment of low energy and these shales do not attain the requirements of hydrocarbon production.     

完善制度，统一标准，落实责任，为打造中国石化生命工程保架护航——夏于飞副主任在2011年中国石化销售企业HSE及数质量工作会议上的报告（摘要）

1 2010年工作回顾 2010年,各级销售企业认真贯彻落实集团公司HSE工作会议及销售企业工作会议精神,“强三基,除四害”,以“创先争优”、“比学赶帮超”活动为抓手,持续深入开展“我要安全”主题活动,强化基础管理,狠抓过程控制,加强监督检查,落实“每一滴油都是承诺”的社会责任,有效应对强降雨洪涝等自然灾害,圆满完成世博会及亚运会防恐安保任务,HSE及数质量工作形势总体平稳。     

LI-304液位误指示的危害原因分析与处理

分析了影响LI-304液住误指示的危害、原因、判断、处理、预防,消除对生产控制造成的不利因素。     

石油部物探系统TIMAP计算机第三次经验交流会在大庆市召开

石油部物探系统 TIMAP 计算机第三次经验交流会于1984年9月4日至10日在大庆市杏五井大庆油田物探公司召开。部勘探司、物探系统计算机协调委员会派员参加了这次会议。江苏、长庆、胜利、大庆、物探局三指和四指、西安石油仪器总厂、江汉石油学院等单位的三十二位代表出席了会议。     

Comparative study of imported food control systems of Taiwan,Japan, the United States,and the European Union

The growth of the global food trade has increased significantly over the last two decades. The purpose of this review paper is to compare imported food safety controls in Taiwan, Japan, the United States, and the European Union. Our key findings are: 1) imported food of animal and non-animal origin is by separate, competent authorities in Taiwan, Japan, and the US, whereas it is controlled by a single authority in the EU, 2) foreign facilities require registration in the US and Japan, 3) importing high-risk food in the EU, Taiwan and Japan requires the competent authority to inspect the food chain process and facilities in the third country, whereas a US FDA’s accredited third party auditor can do so in the US, 4) an advanced developed support systems for enabling the effectiveness and efficiency of imported food control can only be found in the EU and US. These findings may help the competent authorities responsible for imported food safety in Taiwan and the other countries to develop and enhance their own systems, not only to meet the international standards but importantly for the sake of public health protection.     

印度尼西亚加里曼丹Mahakam三角洲Sanga Sanga地块的构造演化

1前言 　　Mahakam褶皱带位于Borneo岛东部边缘第三纪Kutai盆地的滨岸区部分内(图1).褶皱带内的Sanga Sanga区有四个大到巨大的烃类富集区:Mutiara,Semberah、Nilam和Badak油田(Bates,1996)还有许多其它的小油田(图2),在kutai盆地发现的烃类估计有25亿桶油(总采收率或简称EUR)和28万亿立方英尺天然气(EUR)(Paterson等人,1997).……     

Stratigraphy,Petrography, and Petrophysical Properties of the Subsurface Upper Cretaceous Sediments,Northwestern Desert,Egypt

Abstract

In this article, 33 core samples and 160 ditch samples of Upper Cretaceous age were studied at different depths from Horus well 1. Stratigraphic, petrographic, and petrophysical studies and well log analysis are used to study and evaluate the rock units. The studied core samples are dolomite (Abu Roash formation), shaly limestone, and argillaceous sandstone (Bahariya formation). The depositional environments of the studied rock units vary from deltaic to deltaic-marine. The effective porosity of the studied core samples is low and may be of secondary origin. The upper part of low Bahariya is considered a high category of reservoir. The stratigraphic significance of some benthonic foraminifera (Thomasinella, Nezzazata, and Nezzatine) furnishes new information on the age determination. Cenomanian-Santonian time is suggested for the studied interval (Bahariya and Abu Roash formations).     

Mild Hydrocracking—A Review of the Process, Catalysts, Reactions, Kinetics, and Advantages

The demand for high quality middle distillates is increasing world wide while the demand for residue and fuel oil is decreasing. Hydrocracking is the major conversion process that meets the twin objectives of producing more middle distillates of very high quality. Since hydrocracking is a capital-intensive process, many refiners consider the option of converting their existing vacuum gas oil hydrotreating units into mild hydrocracking units. The use of mild hydrocracker bottom as FCC feedstock can improve the quality of FCC products. In view of the advantages of mild hydrocracking process, it is essential to understand the process, catalysts used, reactions, kinetics, and advantages. This article reviews recent literature on MHC process, various catalysts used, reactions involved and advantages of mild hydrocracking process in terms of improved product qualities and increased distillates. The kinetics of the mild hydrocracking process and kinetic challenges with respect to aromatic saturation have been summarized. The limitations of the process and future scope of work in this area are also discussed briefly.     

Bulk Compositions,Genetic Origin,Classifications, and Maturation of Crude Oils in the Gulf of Suez,Egypt

Abstract

API gravity, sulfur content, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were carried out for eight oil samples collected from different wells in the Gulf of Suez. The results showed that two types of oils could be recognized: (a) heavy oils, which are oils from Zafarana, Rahmi, West Bakr, and Ras Gharib wells, are of low maturation and originated mainly from terrestrial organic sources; and (b) light oils, which are oils from Um El Yuser, Ras El Ush, Gemsa-SE, and Hurghada wells, have a high level of maturation and orginate mainly from marine organic sources.