密封垫片技术字典

为了使工作人员之间进行更准确的交流，避免产生歧义，很有必要统一概念。《密封垫片技术字典》可给工作人员在日常工作中的交流提供帮助，并可将专业术语在德语、英语、中文等几种语言之间互译。这本字典凝聚了密封专业的技术人员、     

第五讲 化学结构的歧义性及其计算机表达方法

<正>截至目前,美国SCIFINDER数据库系统收录的化合物数据已达1.55亿,其中有很多化合物的化学结构有多种表达形式,被称为化学结构表示的歧义性。这种歧义性给化学结构的计算机处理带来了困难。结构歧义性产生的主要原因为:(1)有些化合物能够用多种都满足价键理论的结构式来表示;(2)某些化合物结构不能用数学上的图明确表示。1化学结构表达的歧义性在众多的化合物分子中,有些化合物有不止一     

化工用词的德语翻译

随着中国化工成套装置的大型化和现代化,越来越多的德国化工技术被引入中国,目前技术供应商、设计院和业主主要的交流语言还为英语,但是由于双方都需要将各自母语转换成英语才能交流,所以造成较大的歧义。而使用技术来源国的母语就能更好的理解国外先进工艺。本文就是针对上述情况并结合工作经验,从工艺设计、设备装备、常用俗语和工程领域外来语这四个方面探讨德语翻译的一些经验、方法和总结。     

领导者应该如何进行批判性思维

如果你想在21世纪的商界取得成功，那么，你就要成为一个“批判性思维者”（按照“批判性思维”这一概念的原创者爱德华·格拉泽于1941年给出的定义，有人认为，这一概念应翻译为“慎思明辨性思考”、“明辨性思考”或“分辨性思考”，为避免歧义，此处采用通行译法。——译者注）。     

现代陶艺与地方文化漆艺相融合

陶瓷艺术与地方文化是水乳交融的。陶瓷作为一种载体，它所含概并且包容很多艺术语言在内，如绘画艺术语言、雕塑艺术语言等。绘画语言中的国画、图案、装饰画、书法、水彩、油画、剪纸，甚至版画漆艺等众多艺术语言都能在陶瓷上找到。     

中文在世界上的真实地位

评价语言的地位需要按以下6条标准加权评分，综合考虑：1．以该语言为第一语言（母语）的人数，最高得分：4分；2．以该语言为第二语言的人数，最高得分：6分；3．使用该语言国家的经济实力，最高得分：8分；4．科学、外交中该语言的重要性，最高得分：8分；5．使用该语言的国家数和人口数，最高得分：7分；6．该语言的社会、文学地位，最高得分：4分（如果是联合国工作语言加1分）。按照这个评分标准，我们不难想象，虽然以中文作为母语的人数这一项我们占尽优势，     

《汽车轮胎纵向和横向刚性试验方法》国家标准简介

详细介绍了GB/T23663-2009《汽车轮胎纵向和横向刚性试验方法》制定的目的意义和基本原理,并对标准中一些不易理解和容易引起歧义的部分进行了系统的说明。     

语言赏析题想说爱你也容易

近些年，各地语文中考试卷里，品味语言的赏析类题目越来越呈现出量多、题活的特点。中考的阅渎理解文章风格各异、内容丰富、主题多样，有的同学一见阅渎题就头皮发麻、心里发怵，尤其是语言赏析题，经常在答题时不知所云、云里雾里，答不到点子上。确实，语言赏析题，想说爱你不容易。     

对密封剂定义、分类及性能测定之概观

针对密封剂乃至整个密封材料的基本概念,包括定义、分类方法等至今尚未制订出统一规范的情况下,作者作为当前一项亟待解决的课题加以提出。文中对概念的歧义,密封剂与胶粘剂之异同进行了详述,最后提出了自己的几点看法。     

谈语文教师的语言素质及培养

增强教师的语言素质，充分发挥课堂语言的效能，是提升语文教学效果的有效方法。具体论述了语文教师语言吸引力的效能、特点及培养。     

深浅聚散万取一收-陶艺的模糊性散论

在茫茫的宇宙中,模糊现象无处不在,形状千差万别,性质多种多样,既有确定的明晰的一面,又有不确定的模糊的一面。客观事物既有被认知的,也有未被认知的,客观世界中也存在着确定与不确定,明晰与模糊的运动变化,势必影响到文学艺术作品的发展变化,也必然或多或少地反应在我们的作品中;也会时隐时现的反映在我们的作品之中,成为作品中充满生机的一部分。陶瓷艺术是客观世界的再现与表现,是陶艺家主观情感的升华。陶艺作为一门艺术形式,也必然存在着明晰与模糊的双重性,陶艺的模糊性也必然反映在作品中,体现在构思到表现手法与工艺制作的方方面面。     

Distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization with Sinkhorn ambiguity set

A novel distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization (DRCCP) method is proposed in this work based on the Sinkhorn ambiguity set. The Sinkhorn ambiguity set is constructed based on the Sinkhorn distance, which is a variant of the Wasserstein distance with the entropic regularization. The proposed method can hedge against more general families of uncertainty distributions than the Wasserstein ambiguity set-based methods. The presented approach is formulated as a tractable conic model based on the Conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) approximation and the discretized kernel distribution relaxation. This model is compatible with more general constraints that are subject to uncertainty than the Wasserstein-based methods. Accordingly, the presented Sinkhorn DRCCP is a more practical approach that overcomes the limitations of the traditional Wasserstein DRCCP approaches. A numerical example and a nonlinear chemical process optimization case are studied to demonstrate the efficacy of the Sinkhorn DRCCP and its advantages over the Wasserstein DRCCP.     

Statistics of Brittle Failure in Multiaxial Stress States

Two methods for relating failure statistics for different stress states in brittle materials are compared. Despite the fact that the two methods are based on the same fundamental assumptions on crack distributions, they give apparently very different formulations. In this paper it is shown that the two methods are equivalent, and the apparent ambiguity resulting from having two seemingly different results from the same set of basic assumptions is removed.     

Optimization of chemical technology processes under probabilistic constraints

In designing technical systems in conditions of partial ambiguity of the initial physical, chemical, and economic information, it is important to determine a construction whose control system would guarantee implementation of all the constraints (precisely or with some probability) despite a change in the internal and external factors during the operating stage. The article is devoted to one of such problems and its solution, namely, the single-stage problem with probabilistic constraints. The approach to solving problems of this kind, based on a transformation of probabilistic constraints into determinate ones, has been suggested.     

Method of determining the rheological characteristics of polymers during spinning

Conclusions A method has been proposed for determining rheological characteristics which makes it possible, on the basis of the experimentally measured polymer jet profile and a mathematical model of the spinning process, to estimate rheological parameters which yield difficulty to direct measurement.It has been shown that ambiguity in determination of the viscous and elastic components of jet deformation can be eliminated by using additional experimental data on tensional force or on jet kinematics, determined for other spinning conditions.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 7–9, March–April, 1988.     

INTRODUCTION OF DYNAMICS TO AN APPROACH FOR BATCH PROCESS MONITORING USING INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Use of independent component analysis (ICA) in developing statistical monitoring charts for batch processes has been reported previously. This article extends the previous work by introducing time lag shifts to include process dynamics in the ICA model. Comparison of the dynamic ICA-based method with other batch process monitoring approaches based on static ICA, static principal component analysis (PCA), and dynamic PCA is made for an industrial batch polymerization reactor and a simulated fed-batch penicillin fermentation process. For both case studies, it was found that the dynamic ICA approach detected faults earlier than other approaches, with less ambiguity, and was the only approach that detected all the faults.     

INTRODUCTION OF DYNAMICS TO AN APPROACH FOR BATCH PROCESS MONITORING USING INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Use of independent component analysis (ICA) in developing statistical monitoring charts for batch processes has been reported previously. This article extends the previous work by introducing time lag shifts to include process dynamics in the ICA model. Comparison of the dynamic ICA-based method with other batch process monitoring approaches based on static ICA, static principal component analysis (PCA), and dynamic PCA is made for an industrial batch polymerization reactor and a simulated fed-batch penicillin fermentation process. For both case studies, it was found that the dynamic ICA approach detected faults earlier than other approaches, with less ambiguity, and was the only approach that detected all the faults.     

Vehicle Contribution to Ambient Carbonaceous Aerosols by Scaled Thermograms

Carbon thermograms, which classify carbon aerosol according to its volatility, were obtained for fine-particle samples from an isolated highway vehicle source and a vehicle-dominated ambient site. The thermograms from the sites were compared after scaling by the carbon monoxide concentration. The high- and low-volatility carbon fractions in the ambient sample agreed to within 10% of the corresponding fractions in the highway vehicle sample. Excess carbon in the range of intermediate volatility comprised 15 to 19% of the ambient carbon mass and is attributed to aerosols from secondary processes and nonvehicular primary sources. When lead was used as a tracer to scale the thermograms, the high- and low-volatility ambient carbon fractions were underestimated by a factor of 2. The low volatility fraction (“black carbon”) present in the atmospheric sample was evolved at lower temperatures than the equivalent fraction in the isolated highway vehicle sample. This creates an ambiguity in defining the low-volatility fraction, which is a problem if black carbon is used as a tracer. The scaling technique described in this work avoids the problem because it does not require an estimation of the low-volatility carbon fraction.     

Probing Ambiguous Base‐Pairs by Genetic Transformation with XNA Templates

The templating potential of anhydrohexitol oligonucleotides bearing ambiguous bases was studied in vivo, by using a selection screen for mosaic heteroduplex plasmids in Escherichia coli. 1,5‐Anhydro‐2,3‐dideoxy‐2‐(5‐nitroindazol‐1‐yl)‐D ‐arabino‐hexitol showed the greatest ambiguity among the three nucleosides tested. At most two successive ambiguous bases could be tolerated on hexitol templates read in bacterial cells. Hexitol nucleosides bearing simplified heterocycles thus stand as promising monomers for generating random DNA sequences in vivo from defined synthetic oligonucleotides.     

New classification of causes of mortality of nutritional origin by means of the Delphi method

The causes of mortality of nutritional origin (MNO) are not classified in the consecutive reviews of the international disease classification (IDC) and there is no agreement for their most proper classification. The objective of this study is to elaborate, using the last ICD as a guide, a list of causes of mortality of nutritional origin which will be used as a reference in future studies. A two round Delphi method was organized with an expert's consenssus in clinical nutrition. The experts were asked to classify a list of causes of MNO in 4 groups; 1) group A: congenital errors related to nutrition, 2) group B: Causes associated with other pathologies, 3) group 3: Excess and defect nutrition disorders, and 4) excluded. In total, 86 causes of MNO were taken under the consensus of experts, and 79 (91.9%) came to an agreement. 14 (17.7%) causes were classified in group A, 5 (6.3%) causes in group B, 37 (46.8%) causes in group C and 23 (29.1%) were excluded. This is a first approach to the classification of mortality causes of nutritional origin, probably due to the ambiguity and disparity of opinions between experts with respect to these causes. This new classification will be very useful due to the fact that it will enable homogenization of the studies and that way we will have comparable studies, using it as a clarifier annex for the ICD of the moment.