UBF厌氧反应器处理印染退浆废水的试验研究

研究上流式厌氧生物滤池反应器(UBF)处理难降解印染退浆废水,试验结果表明,在中温(35℃±3℃)条件下,用混合酸调节pH值,在水力停留时间为8 9h、CODCr负荷率为13 1kg/(m3·d)情况下,CODCr去除率达到了68%。     

常温下生物陶粒反应器中亚硝酸型硝化的试验研究

采用生物陶粒反应器,研究了常温下亚硝酸型硝化的实现过程。试验结果表明,在水力负荷0．6m／h,气水比(3-5):1,水温20-25℃,进水CODCr负荷1．91-5．59kg／(m3·d),氨氮负荷0．77-1．33kg／(m3·d)的条件下,生物陶粒反应器对氨氮的平均去除率可达到80．91％,出水中亚硝酸氮占到亚硝酸氮和硝酸氮总和的90％以上。对生物陶粒反应器中各种不同无机氮化合物沿程变化的研究进一步表明,在反应器中实现了稳定的亚硝酸盐积累。对影响亚硝酸型硝化的各因素进行了分析,认为溶解氧控制是常温下反应器实现亚硝酸型硝化的最关键因素。     

ABR处理淀粉废水的反应规律研究

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)启动阶段在不同的水力条件和容积负荷下,对有机负荷为1.2～3.6kgCODCr/(m3·d)淀粉溶液的CODCr去除率,以及ABR工艺运行过程中的影响因素进行分析。初步研究结果表明,在启动阶段中低负荷反应条件下①HRT12h、CODCr600mg/L、容积负荷1.2kgCODCr/(m3·d);②HRT12h、CODCr1200mg/L、容积负荷2.4kgCODCr/(m3·d);③HRT8h、CODCr1200mg/L、容积负荷3.6kgCODCr/(m3·d),ABR反应器对CODCr均有较高的去除率。运行稳定后,ABR反应器的CODCr去除率在80%左右,扫描电镜检测结果表明各隔室中的微生物以球菌为主。研究表明ABR工艺是一种运行稳定、高效率的有机废水处理技术。     

SMBR处理聚酯废水的研究与应用

为降低聚酯废水的处理成本,进行了用SMBR处理聚酯废水的中试研究,处理规模为1.3~5m3/d,考察了水力停留时间、有机负荷、溶解氧等因素对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:SMBR的容积负荷可达0.55~2kgCODCr/(m3·d),而污泥负荷基本保持在0.1~0.23kgCODCr/(kgMLSS·d);SMBR对聚酯废水具有良好且稳定的处理效果,在最佳操作条件下,当进水CODCr不超过2000mg/L时,CODCr的平均去除率达到93%以上;SMBR工艺具有良好的经济技术可行性,在对原有的厌氧接触—生物接触氧化—氧化塘改造后,出水CODCr稳定在100mg/L以下,且其他各项指标均达《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)一级标准,处理成本也大幅下降。     

HSBR反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

研究了新型不完全厌氧反应器———不完全厌氧序批式反应器 (HSBR)处理生活污水的特性。在容积负荷 0 4 1～ 0 6 3kgCOD/ (m3·d)的运行条件下 ,取得了 75 %以上的COD去除率 ;在2 77kgCOD/ (m3·d)的冲击负荷下 ,取得 35 %的COD去除率。同时研究了反应时间以及混合强度对COD去除率的影响 ,并分析了不完全厌氧反应器取得良好处理效果的原因。     

BAF工艺在炼油废水处理中的应用

BAF工艺用于处理炼油废水,水力停留时间3h,CODCr、石油类、酚、硫的去除率分别达到73.4%、84。4%、97.8%、93.5%,CODCr容积负荷为3kg/(m3·d),BAF段进水CODCr≤500mg/L,石油类≤30mg/L,挥发酚≤40mg/L,硫化物≤30mg/L时,出水各指标达到国家一级排放标准(GB8978-1996),具有较高处理效率和抗冲击负荷性能。     

新型摇动填料生物膜反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

采用新型摇动填料生物膜反应器处理生活污水,获得了较好的CODCr和NH3-N去除效果.水力停留时间为1.1 h时,CODCr进水负荷最高可达5.5 kgCODCr/(m3·d),平均进水负荷为3.65 kgCODCr/(m3·d),出水CODCr平均浓度48 mg/L;氨氮进水负荷最高可达1.2 kg NH3-N/(m3·d),出水氨氮平均值低于5 mg/L.摇动填料内生物膜硝化活性高于降解有机物活性,且上部生物膜活性普遍高于中部和下部.系统污泥产率系数为0.15 gSS/gCODCr,低于传统活性污泥法的污泥产率.     

USB反应器中颗粒污泥反硝化特性

在USB反应器中接种活性污泥,以葡萄糖为碳源在40天内培养出良好的反硝化颗粒污泥。在水力上升流速3．3 m／h时,MLSS与MLVSS分别为27．5g/L与23．1g/L;当反应器氮负荷为19．1 gN／(L·d)、有机负荷为91．3 gCODCr／(L·d)时,氨氮和CODCr去除率分别达到98．4％与91．1％;在允许负荷内,若进水C／N值合适,则出水硝酸盐氮与CODCr浓度均很低,NO3--N<1 mg／L, CODCr,<10 mg／L。     

厌氧颗粒污泥悬浮床反应器的研究与应用

提出厌氧复合循环颗粒污泥悬浮床反应器的新型反应器理论.通过引入分级三相分离器,使悬浮床反应器上部处理区液体和沼气的上升速度大大降低,创造了污泥颗粒沉降的良好环境.底部利用高负荷产生的沼气形成内循环,同时设置外回流系统,内、外循环实现了进水与颗粒污泥间的充分接触及保持了良好的反应条件,创造了大幅度提高CODCr容积负荷的条件.对反应器的启动、运行和在不同负荷条件下的去除效果和悬浮流态进行了研究.研究表明,厌氧颗粒污泥悬浮床反应器处理淀粉废水,可在负荷30～40 kg CODCr/(m3·d)条件下稳定运行,最高负荷达57.2kgCODCr/(m3·d),平均CODCr去除率可达90%.     

高效藻类塘系统处理太湖地区农村生活污水的中试研究

采用二级串联高效藻类塘系统处理太湖地区农村生活污水的试验结果表明,水力停留时间为8 d条件下,该系统对CODCr、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为69．4％、41．7％、45．6％,该工艺对 NH3-N的处理效果很好,平均去除率达到了90．8％。高效藻类塘系统对CODCr、TN、TP的削减量分别为16．182 g／(m2·d)、1．904 g／(m2·d)、0．154 g／(m2·d)。与传统氧化塘相比,高效藻类塘具有占地面积小、停留时间短、对污染物处理效率高等特点,而且高效藻类塘系统设备简单,建设成本低,运行能耗低,系统启动快,基本无需专人管理,因此该工艺适合在气候温暖、阳光充沛的农村地区推广应用。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。