奥氏体不锈钢在400～720℃下的电子辐照成核和肿胀

用高压电子显微镜(HVEM)研究了被电子辐照的奥氏体不锈钢在400～720℃范围内,温度对其肿胀行为的影响。样品材料包括:固溶退火的316不锈钢(316SA)、冷轧316不锈钢(316CW)和加钛的奥氏体不锈钢(Ti-mod.SS),HVEM的电子能量为1MeV。研究了平均孔洞密度、平均孔洞直径、肿胀、肿胀率同孕育剂量与温度的关系。认为辐照温度影响样品的微结构、总尾闾强度和中性尾闾与偏向性尾闾强度之比,从而使316SA、316CW和Ti-mod.SS的孔洞成核、孔洞长大及肿胀行为有所不同。还研究了氦预植入对孔洞成核的影响,实验结果表明:氦虽成为活跃的孔洞核心,但对孔洞长大并无直接影响。     

奥氏体不锈钢在400～720℃下的电子辐照成核和肿胀(英文)

用高压电子显微镜(HVEM)研究了被电子辐照的奥氏体不锈钢在400～720℃范围内,温度对其肿胀行为的影响。样品材料包括:固溶退火的316不锈钢(316SA)、冷轧316不锈钢(316CW)和加钛的奥氏体不锈钢(Ti-mod.SS),HVEM的电子能量为1MeV。研究了平均孔洞密度、平均孔洞直径、肿胀、肿胀率同孕育剂量与温度的关系。认为辐照温度影响样品的微结构、总尾闾强度和中性尾闾与偏向性尾闾强度之比,从而使316SA、316CW和Ti-mod.SS的孔洞成核、孔洞长大及肿胀行为有所不同。还研究了氦预植入对孔洞成核的影响,实验结果表明:氦虽成为活跃的孔洞核心,但对孔洞长大并无直接影响。     

Xe~+离子辐照诱导国产T91及316Ti钢微结构变化研究

对国产T91及316Ti钢进行室温下200keV的Xe~+离子辐照,使用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等检测方法研究不同损伤剂量下辐照对材料相的稳定性和微观结构变化的影响。研究结果表明:T91钢辐照后未发生明显相变,而316Ti发生了γ(FCC)→α(BCC)的马氏体相变,且随辐照损伤剂量的增加,α相含量增加,相变的主要驱动力为辐照离子在辐照层的聚集从而产生的剪切应力;T91钢中的M_(23)C_6颗粒随辐照损伤剂量的增加,非晶化越来越明显,主要是由于辐照粒子的轰击削弱了M_(23)C_6颗粒晶格的稳定性,晶格塌陷成为非晶状态;316Ti钢在较低辐照损伤剂量(4.6dpa)下出现黑斑结构,而在高辐照损伤剂量(37.1dpa)下黑斑结构进一步聚集形成位错环。     

SCWR候选不锈钢的低周疲劳性能研究

采用MTS材料试验机研究316Ti、347和HR3C奥氏体不锈钢在650℃和室温下±0.5%应变幅的低周疲劳性能,并采用扫描电镜对试验后样品进行断口分析。结果表明,347和HR3C不锈钢在室温下疲劳寿命较高,347不锈钢在650℃疲劳寿命也较高。3种材料在两种温度下的弹性变形量均在0.1%～0.15%之间,且滞后回线面积变化不大,这表明弹性变形量与疲劳寿命高低无直接联系。3种材料在两种温度下呈现出不同的循环硬化/饱和行为,316Ti不锈钢的650℃峰值应力与室温峰值应力无明显变化,而HR3C和347不锈钢的差别较大,但316Ti不锈钢的650℃循环硬化效应显著,347不锈钢的硬化效应较低。在650℃低周疲劳试验后,347不锈钢样品断口表面的疲劳条带间距仅为1.87μm,而对于316Ti和HR3C不锈钢则分别达到4.67μm和3.0μm,进一步表明347不锈钢在650℃的疲劳寿命最高。     

实验快堆发展计划中包壳材料轻离子辐照损伤探讨

一、开展快堆包壳材料轻离子辐照工作的意义快堆堆芯材料(包括包壳材料和组件材料广泛采用316不锈钢)处在高的工作温度(>500℃)及高注量快中子(E>0.1 MeV)的辐照场下工作。在整个寿期内,要经受注量达3×10~(23)n/cm~2的快中子辐照,相当于100～120 dpa。在超过空洞孕育期(～10~(22)n/cm~2)后,包壳材料出现严重的辐照肿胀(对316不锈钢,在快堆寿期末,肿胀量可达到10%),其肿胀按(φt)~n方式增加,其中φ为快中子注量,t为时间,n为大于1的指数。对快堆     

聚变驱动次临界堆第一壁材料辐照损伤的初步研究

介绍了中子对材料的辐照损伤原理及化合物原子平均离位(DPA)截面计算方法;使用辐照损伤计算程序SPECTER计算了聚变驱动次临界堆(FDS-I)第一壁材料CLAM钢的辐照损伤参数,并将CLAM钢的辐照损伤计算结果与相同条件下316SS、SiC等聚变堆结构材料的计算结果进行了比较.     

HFETR辐照石墨材料中子注量验证试验

钍基熔盐堆石墨材料辐照考验目标为:中子注量为5×10~(20)cm~(-2)(±15%)(E>0.1 Me V),堆内辐照试验温度650℃(允许偏差±50℃)。为了满足辐照考验要求,在高通量工程试验反应堆(HFETR)第92-I炉的K07孔道进行辐照验证试验。该验证试验辐照装置采用分段构成的型式,主要由辅助密封段、辐照试验段、气管组件3部分构成,辐照罐外围为去离子水,辐照罐内为惰性气体用于控制辐照试验温度。使用MCNP程序对各样品中子注量进行预示计算,同时在辐照装置阳面和阴面都布置了探测器进行中子注量测量。试验表明:在辐照试验过程中,在辐照装置调气系统最佳导热模式下辐照温度略高于上限700℃;利用MCNP程序预示计算中子注量结果为5.7×10~(20)cm~(-2)(E>0.1 Me V),而中子注量测量结果为4.83×10~(20)cm~(-2)(E>0.1 Me V),基本满足石墨材料辐照考验中子注量要求。     

独立温度补偿型高温材料辐照考验装置设计研究

为实现材料堆内650±50℃的高温辐照考验,提高辐照温度的均匀性,进行了高温材料辐照考验装置的设计研究。通过筛选合适的材料进行辐照考验装置的加工制造,提高了辐照考验装置的耐高温性能。以条件辐照试验结果为基础,对辐照考验装置进行了热工分析,提出了阴阳面温度独立控制技术和阶梯间隙温度补偿技术,确定了辐照考验装置的关键尺寸,实现了650±50℃的辐照温度,减小了辐照温度的差异。     

SCWR候选不锈钢的蠕变性能研究

采用RDL50型蠕变持久试验机研究奥氏体不锈钢316Ti、347、HR3C和6XN在550℃/90 MPa、600℃/85 MPa、650℃/70 MPa和700℃/65 MPa条件下的蠕变性能。结果表明,在550℃/90 MPa条件下,347的蠕变性能最佳,但随着温度的提高,600℃以上HR3C的蠕变性能优势逐渐体现;316Ti在4种条件下的蠕变性能均最差。结合实验数据分析,应力指数n排序为316Ti>347>HR3C,激活能Q排序为HR3C>347>316Ti,进一步表明了上述3种材料蠕变性能的优劣为HR3C>347>316Ti。     

ADS散裂中子源材料不锈钢和钨的辐照效应(英文)

研究了80 MeV碳或85 MeV氟离子辐照在国产改进型316L不锈钢、普通不锈钢和钨中产生的辐照效应。实验结果表明,不锈钢的抗辐照性能比钨的好;它们中,国产改进型316L不锈钢具有最好的抗辐照性能。选用不锈钢做ADS散裂中子源的束窗等材料是较好的选择,采用国产改进型316L不锈钢是最佳的选择。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.