吲哚美辛对结肠癌细胞成瘤裸鼠作用的蛋白质组学研究

目的研究吲哚美辛对人结肠癌细胞系HCT116成瘤裸鼠蛋白质表达谱的影响，寻找吲哚美辛抗结肠癌作用的相关蛋白。方法应用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳技术分离吲哚美辛处理组和未处理组HCT116成瘤裸鼠瘤组织的总蛋白，胶体考马斯亮蓝染色，图像扫描获取凝胶电泳图谱后，分析比较两组间差异表达的蛋白质，基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱测得经胶内胰酶酶解的差异蛋白点的肽质指纹图谱，用Mascot软件查询数据库。结果所获双向凝胶电泳图谱分辨率高、重复性好，蛋白质点数约1100，吲哚美辛处理组与未处理组的匹配率分别为96．0％和93．6％。两组间共有31个差异表达蛋白点，吲哚美辛处理组有6个蛋白质点表达上调，25个表达下调。获得18张肽质指纹图，经查询数据库初步鉴定12个蛋白质，多数蛋白与肿瘤增殖、浸润、凋亡和肿瘤免疫等相关，包括半乳糖凝集素-1、膜联蛋白及转录因子等。结论吲哚美辛对HCT116结肠癌细胞成瘤裸鼠的作用可能与多种蛋白直接或间接相关，这些蛋白的研究有助于进一步阐明吲哚美辛抗结肠癌作用机制及肿瘤治疗药物新型靶标的发现。     

错配修复基因MLH1激活p53和线粒体凋亡通路参与雌激素诱导的结肠癌细胞凋亡

临床和流行病学研究显示雌激素替代治疗可降低绝经后妇女的结直肠癌发生风险。前期研究发现雌激素能上调结肠癌细胞的错配修复(MMR)基因MLH1表达,在MLH1基因缺失的结肠癌细胞中再表达MLH1能明显增强雌激素诱导的细胞凋亡。目的:探讨MLH1参与雌激素诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡所涉及的信号通路以及p53及其相关基因在此凋亡通路中的作用。方法:以含人野生型MLH1(hMLH1)全长cDNA的质粒转染MLH1基因缺失的人结肠癌细胞株HCT116。以转染空质粒的HCT1 16细胞作为对照,在有或无雌激素作用的条件下,采用电泳法检测凋亡DNA Ladder,蛋白质印迹法检测p53等凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果:转染hMLH1后,10~(-8)mol/L雌二醇(E_2)能明显诱导HCT116细胞凋亡。转染hMLH1并经E_2处理的HCT116细胞(D组)与经E_2处理但未转染hMLH1的HCT116细胞(B组)相比,其caspase-3、caspase-9、p53、Bax、胞质细胞色素C蛋白表达均显著增强,D组上述蛋白表达亦均高于转染hMLH1但未经E_2处理的HCT116细胞(C组)。结论:MMR基因MLH1主要通过激活p53和线粒体凋亡通路参与雌激素诱导的人结肠癌细胞株HCT116凋亡。     

花青素协同奥沙利铂对人结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的 探究花青素协同奥沙利铂对人结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖及凋亡的机制。方法 体外培养人结肠癌HCT116细胞,并分为:对照组、花青素组、奥沙利铂组、联合组;采用MTT法检测花青素、奥沙利铂单药及联合使用对人结肠癌HCT116细胞的增殖情况;采用克隆形成实验检测细胞生长情况;采用流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡情况;采用Western blot检测TGF-βsmad信号通路相关蛋白及增殖凋亡蛋白表达情况。结果 由MTT实验发现,花青素对人结肠癌HCT116细胞48 h的半数致死浓度(IC50)为100 g/L,奥沙利铂人结肠癌HCT116细胞48 h的IC50为0. 01 g/L,两者联合使用其半数致死浓度显著下降为60 g/L和0. 6 g/L。相比对照组,花青素组和奥沙利铂组克隆形成率、Ki67蛋白相对表达、Bcl-2蛋白相对表达水平显著降低(P 0. 01),人结肠癌HCT116细胞凋亡率、Bax蛋白相对表达、Smad2和p-Smad2蛋白相对表达、Smad3和p-Smad3蛋白相对表达、TGF蛋白相对表达均显著升高(P 0. 01);相比花青素组和奥沙利铂组,联合组克隆形成率、Ki67蛋白相对表达、Bcl-2蛋白相对表达水平显著降低(P 0. 01),人结肠癌HCT116细胞凋亡率、Bax蛋白相对表达、Smad2和p-Smad2蛋白相对表达、Smad3和p-Smad3蛋白相对表达、TGF蛋白相对表达均显著升高(P 0. 01)。结论 花青素协同奥沙利铂可以促进人结肠癌HCT116细胞的凋亡并抑制其增殖,且作用效果显著优于使用单一药物,其作用机制可能是通过调节TGF-β/Smad信号通路实现。     

Cullin7表达下调对结肠癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响

背景:结肠癌为常见的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率和死亡率均较高。Cullin7定位于染色体6p21. 1,与恶性肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关。目的:探讨Cullin7表达下调对结肠癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。方法:采用q RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹法分别检测结肠癌组织、癌旁组织中Cullin7 m RNA和蛋白表达。以si RNA沉默Cullin7基因,并转染结肠癌HCT116细胞,q RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹法检测沉默效果。CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,蛋白质印迹法检测cleaved caspase-3、β-catenin、C-myc蛋白表达。以si RNA Cullin7联合Wnt信号通路抑制剂FH-535处理结肠癌细胞,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,蛋白质印迹法检测cleaved caspase-3、β-catenin、C-myc蛋白表达。结果:结肠癌组织中Cullin7 m RNA和蛋白表达明显高于癌旁正常组织(P 0. 05)。与对照组相比,si RNA Cullin7 1组、si RNA Cullin7 2组、si RNA Cullin7 3组Cullin7 m RNA和蛋白表达均明显降低(P 0. 05),尤其是si RNA Cullin7 2组。与对照组相比,沉默Cullin7表达后,结肠癌细胞增殖活性明显下降,细胞凋亡率明显增加,cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达明显上调,β-catenin、C-myc蛋白表达明显下调(P 0. 05)。与si RNA Cullin7 2组相比,联合Wnt信号通路抑制剂FH-535后,结肠癌细胞凋亡率明显增加,cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达明显上调,β-catenin、C-myc蛋白表达明显下调(P 0. 05)。结论:Cullin7基因参与了结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖和凋亡,沉默Cullin7可通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。     

至真方调控M2巨噬细胞来源外泌体逆转大肠癌细胞耐药的机制研究

目的:探讨至真方通过调控M2巨噬细胞来源的外泌体逆转大肠癌细胞耐药的机制。方法:采取差异超速离心法分别提取M2巨噬细胞来源的外泌体以及100μg/mL至真方醇提物预处理的M2型巨噬细胞来源的外泌体;用透射电子显微镜观察外泌体的形态,Western blot鉴定外泌体的标志蛋白;通过共培养体系将HCT116细胞分为3组:对照组(HCT116+PBS)、M2型巨噬细胞来源的外泌体与HCT116细胞共培养组(HCT116+M2-Exo)、至真方醇提物预处理的外泌体与HCT116细胞共培养组(HCT116+M2-Exo-ZZF),使用CCK-8检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot检测耐药蛋白、凋亡蛋白表达。结果:M2型巨噬细胞在体外成功诱导(P<0.01),分离并鉴定了外泌体。M2型巨噬细胞来源的外泌体与HCT116细胞共培养后,肿瘤细胞增殖率增强(P<0.01)、凋亡率减少(P<0.01);使用至真方醇提物预处理后,肿瘤细胞增殖率减弱(P<0.05)、凋亡率增加(P<0.01),并且耐药蛋白ABCB1、ABCG2的相对表达量均下调(P<0.05),同时凋亡抑制蛋白Bcl-2表达下调(P<0.05)、促凋亡蛋白Bax表达上调(P<0.01)。结论:至真方醇提物能够干预M2型巨噬细胞外泌体,使肿瘤细胞增殖减弱,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡并影响耐药蛋白表达从而降低结肠癌HCT116细胞对5-Fu的耐药性。     

燃煤污染型砷中毒肝损伤患者血清差异蛋白质的筛选

目的 对比分析燃煤污染型砷中毒肝损伤患者和健康人血清中差异表达的蛋白,筛选与燃煤污染型砷中毒致肝损伤发生密切相关的血清蛋白质.方法 6例血清标本来自于贵州省兴仁县交乐病区燃煤型砷中毒肝损伤患者及病区健康人(对照组),采用双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)分离血清中总蛋白,硝酸银染色后经图像分析识别差异表达的蛋白质,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时问质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定差异表达的蛋白质点,寻找与燃煤污染型砷中毒致肝损伤有关的蛋白质.结果成功地建立了血清2-DE图谱.差异蛋白分析显示,砷中毒肝损伤组平均蛋白点数为(824±31)个,对照组为(782±42)个,两组血清2-DE图谱的匹配率为94.9%(782/824).筛选出两组间的差异蛋白点49个,对其中表达量差异3倍以上的30个蛋白点进行MALDI-TOF-MS分析,鉴定出相关蛋白10个.与对照组比较,其中α2-巨球蛋白、B细胞受体相关蛋白31、细胞角蛋白1、载脂蛋白A-I在砷中毒肝损伤组表达上调,触珠蛋白、α2-HS-糖蛋白、细胞外信号调节激酶4、锌指蛋白323、ZAP-70、SP40表达下调.结论成功地建立了分辨率高、重复性较好的燃煤污染型砷中毒肝损伤患者血清2-DE图谱,并筛选出一些与健康人血清中差异表达的蛋白质,这些蛋白质能否作为燃煤污染型砷中毒肝损伤诊断的血清标志物还有待于进一步验证.     

白藜芦醇通过上调结肠癌HCT116细胞内凋亡相关分子表达促进细胞凋亡

目的探讨白藜芦醇影响结肠癌生物行为的机制。方法采用结肠癌HCT116细胞,采用体外CCK8实验观察白藜芦醇对结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖的影响;采用TUNEL凋亡实验观察白藜芦醇对结肠癌HCT116细胞凋亡的影响;采用实时定量PCR及Western印迹检测与凋亡相关分子的表达。结果 CCK8实验结果显示,相比于未经白藜芦醇处理的结肠癌HCT116细胞,体外处理结肠癌HCT116 24 h后,随着白藜芦醇剂量(25、50、100μmol/L)的逐渐上调,结肠癌HCT116细胞的活力逐渐下调。TUNEL凋亡实验显示,相比于未经白藜芦醇处理的结肠癌HCT116细胞,白藜芦醇50μmol/L生理剂量可明显上调结肠癌HCT116细胞的凋亡染色率。实时定量PCR与Western印迹实验显示,在白藜芦醇生理剂量(50μmol/L)的处理下,相比于未经白藜芦醇处理的结肠癌HCT116细胞,凋亡相关基因Bax和Bad的表达均上调。结论白藜芦醇通过上调结肠癌HCT116细胞内凋亡相关分子表达促进细胞凋亡。     

便秘型肠易激综合征结肠黏膜组织蛋白质组双向凝胶电泳分析

目的:分析便秘型肠易激综合征(C-IBS)患者与正常人结肠黏膜组织蛋白质表达的差异．方法:采用双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)技术和计算机辅助的图像分析方法,对C-IBS患者与正常人结肠黏膜组织蛋白质进行分离和比较分析．结果:正常对照组平均胶蛋白斑点数为308,C-IBS组平均胶蛋白斑点数为238,与正常对照组平均胶匹配点数为178,匹配率74．79％．有18个蛋白质点的表达量存在明显差异,其中有3个蛋白点表达发生明显上调,有15个蛋白点表达发生明显下调．结论:C-IBS患者与正常人结肠黏膜组织蛋白质表达存在明显差异,可能与C-IBS的发病机制有关．     

胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠滑膜病变的蛋白质组学研究

目的探讨胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠滑膜病变的蛋白质组学研究,为类风湿关节炎(RA)的发病及治疗提供新的线索。方法30只采用皮下注射牛Ⅱ型胶原与完全弗氏佐剂诱导的SD大鼠CIA诱导性关节炎(CIA)模型,应用双向凝胶电泳(2DE)技术分离正常组、CIA模型组大鼠关节滑膜的总蛋白后,经胶体考染显色、图像分析、识别差异表达的蛋白质点,应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)得到相应的肽质量指纹图谱(PMF),然后搜索数据库鉴定部分差异蛋白质点,运用western blotting方法验证差异表达蛋白质。结果建立了正常组、CIA模型组大鼠滑膜的双向凝胶电泳图谱,平均点数为(1020±40)个蛋白质点,平均匹配率为(93．2±2．1)%；发现并鉴定了两组滑膜差异表达大于2倍的蛋白质点35个,这些与滑膜病变相关的差异表达蛋白质的功能涉及物质代谢、能量产生、物质转运、抗氧化、信号转导及细胞骨架蛋白,随即用western blotting方法验证差异蛋白质annexinⅠ、aldolase A在正常组和CIA模型组中的表达,其结果也显示了类似的表达差异。结论建立了正常组、CIA模型组大鼠关节滑膜的双向凝胶电泳图谱,鉴定了35个与CIA滑膜病变相关的差异表达的蛋白质,这些差异蛋白质可能以不同的方式参与了病变过程,为揭示CIA滑膜病变的机制及RA的发病机制提供了新的线索,而且annexinⅠ、aldolase A的验证结果与蛋白质组结果的一致性表明,AnnexinⅠ、aldolase A可能与CIA的关节滑膜病变有关。     

siRNA沉默ERCC1基因表达对结肠癌细胞奥沙利铂耐药的影响和机制

目的 采用小干扰RNA(siRNA)技术作用于人结肠癌细胞HCT116中的ERCC1,探讨其对结肠癌铂类耐药细胞株增殖、凋亡的影响。方法 体外培养结肠癌奥沙利铂耐药细胞株HCT116/L-OHP并验证其耐药性;qRT-PCR和蛋白印迹技术检测细胞和组织中ERCC1表达量的变化;采用siRNA-NC和siRNA-ERCC1转染细胞,CCK-8法检测耐药细胞的增殖能力,流式细胞术检测耐药细胞的凋亡变化。结果 结肠癌耐药组织和人结肠癌耐药细胞HCT116/L-OHP ERCC1的表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);转染siRNA ERCC1后,HCT116/L-OHP细胞中的ERCC1 mRNA和蛋白水平明显降低(P<0.05);奥沙利铂联合处理后,siRNA ERCC1转染使HCT116/L-OHP细胞的增殖活性下降、凋亡率升高。结论 siRNA能有效下调ERCC1基因表达,抑制细胞增殖,增加细胞凋亡,增强奥沙利铂对耐药细胞株HCT116/L-OHP的杀伤作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.