干预前后普外科围术期抗菌药物应用分析

目的：了解干预前后我院普外科围术期抗菌药物使用情况,探讨临床药师在普外科围术期预防性应用抗菌药中的作用,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：选取普外科临床药师深入参与临床药物治疗前后腹股沟疝修补术出院病例,对围术期抗菌药物预防性应用合理性进行分析评价,以考查临床药师的工作效果。结果：干预后腹股沟疝修补术抗菌药物使用率由96%（96/100）降至39%（39/100）（P〈0.05）,抗菌药物合理使用率由5%（5/100）升至69%（69/100）（P〈0.05）;围术期不合理应用抗菌药物的表现形式均有不同程度改善;平均药费、抗菌药物费用下降显著（P〈0.05）。结论：我院临床药师深入临床,采取多种技术手段有效干预围术期预防性应用抗菌药物,极大提高了抗菌药物合理应用水平,为下一步开展临床路径与单病种的药学服务模式提供有益的参考。     

药师干预心脏介入手术围术期抗菌药物应用的效果评价

目的：评价临床药师干预我院心脏支架置入术围术期预防性使用抗菌药物的效果。方法：统计我院2008年（干预前）和2009年（干预后）心脏介入手术,参照卫生部《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》及相关管理规范,调查围术期预防性应用抗菌药物存在的问题。结果：经临床药师干预后,抗菌药物使用率下降,术后用药天数缩短,平均费用下降;选用氟喹诺酮类作为预防用药的比率显著下降;围术期抗菌药物应用合理性显著提高。结论：临床药师参与心脏介入手术围术期预防性使用抗菌药物,干预措施有效。     

干预前、后骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物分析

目的:探讨骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的管理效果及临床药师在管理中的积极作用。方法:临床药师参与骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的管理工作。分别调取干预前、第1阶段干预后、第2阶段干预后骨科Ⅰ类切口手术患者的病历资料,对用药进行合理性评价,并对抗菌药物的预防性应用情况进行对比分析。结果:与干预前比较,第2阶段干预后骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期抗菌药物预防性使用率由98.56%下降至28.95%,降幅达70.63%;第2阶段干预后抗菌药物使用强度由96.31 DDDs/(100人·d)降至32.18 DDDs/(100人·d),降幅达66.59%;抗菌药物的品种选择、给药时间、用药疗程等均趋于合理。结论:临床药师参与Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的管理工作,可有效规范抗菌药物的临床应用,提高用药合理性。     

临床药师对Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物使用干预的效果分析

目的验证临床药师在Ⅰ类切口围手术期合理预防性应用抗菌药物干预中的效果。方法临床药师深入临床参与药物治疗4个月后,抽取临床药师参与药物治疗前后Ⅰ类切口手术病历200例,对比分析干预前后围手术期预防性应用抗菌药物的使用情况。结果通过干预,抗菌药物使用率从干预前的100%下降为74.0%。用药时机不合理由100%减少到6.0%,Ⅰ类切口抗菌药物疗程>48 h的由67.0%下降为2.0%。抗菌药物预防性应用的合理性明显提高。结论临床药师参与药物治疗可明显改善围手术期预防使用抗菌药物的合理性。     

临床药师对围术期预防性应用抗菌药物实施药学干预的效果分析

目的：探讨临床药师对围术期不合理用药实施药学干预的效果,旨在促进临床合理用药。方法：选择2011年7—12月哈尔滨二四二医院外科围术期病历500份作为非干预组;在医院进行一系列药学干预措施后,另选取2012年1—6月外科围术期病历500份作为干预组。对2组患者预防性应用抗菌药物的情况进行对比分析。结果：干预组抗菌药物使用率、用药选择、给药时间及疗程等较非干预组有较大改善,抗菌药物使用率由干预前的84.80%（424/500）下降为29.60%（148/500）,选药以第1代头孢菌素为主,术前规范预防性用药的比例提高至94.59%（140/148）。结论：临床药师对围术期抗菌药物实施药学干预可以强化临床医生合理应用抗菌药物的意识,提高合理用药的水平,明显降低围术期抗菌药物预防性使用率,缩短抗菌药物的使用疗程。     

剖宫产围术期患者抗菌药物使用干预前后的对比分析

目的：对比分析西京医院剖宫产围手术期患者抗菌药物干预前后的使用情况。方法：选择干预前后,符合要求的剖宫产手术患者病历各200例,依据《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》、《剖宫产手术围手术期预防用抗菌药物管理实施细则》（征求意见稿）和《2013年抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动方案》要求,分析抗菌药物临床使用的合理性,并评价干预前后的效果。结果：干预前200例患者中预防用抗菌药物不合理的使用率为96.00%,抗菌药物平均费用为1 737元;干预后200例患者预防性抗菌药物不合理使用率为13.00%,抗菌药物平均费用为156元。结论：通过临床药师对妇产科围术期患者不合理使用抗菌药物的现况分析,进行事前宣传、事中干预、事后处罚的一系列具体措施,不合理用药情况明显下降,促进了抗菌药物的合理使用,减轻了患者医疗费用的负担。     

临床药师干预前后围术期抗菌药物应用分析

目的：了解临床药师干预围术期应用抗菌药物的效果,为合理用药提供参考。方法：我院临床药师于2011年5月与9月先后2次对围术期用药情况进行干预,以随机抽样法抽取每个季度手术患者病历50份,以《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》为标准,对4个季度围术期抗菌药物使用情况进行统计分析与合理性评价。结果：经过干预,围术期抗菌药物的使用情况有了很大的进步,抗菌药物预防性使用率明显下降,不合理用药情况明显减少。结论：经过2次重点整治,我院围术期抗菌药物使用基本趋于合理,但尚需继续努力,将合理用药进一步规范化、制度化,进一步减轻患者负担,减少细菌耐药性的产生。     

临床药师在抗菌药物临床应用专项整治工作中的实践

目的：探讨临床药师在抗菌药物临床应用专项整治工作中的参与方式与积极作用。方法：通过医院信息系统（HIS）,调取某院2009年6—12月（干预前）和2011年6—12月（第1阶段干预后）、2012年6—12月（第2阶段干预后）的抗菌药物应用基础数据和病历资料,统计分析住院患者人均应用抗菌药物费用、住院患者抗菌药物费用占药品总费用的比例、住院患者抗菌药物使用率、住院患者抗菌药物使用强度（AUD）、特殊使用级抗菌药物用量占抗菌药物总用量的比例、住院患者病原学送检率、围术期患者预防用抗菌药物使用率等7项指标。结果：与干预前比较,第2阶段干预后住院患者人均应用抗菌药物费用、住院患者抗菌药物费用占药品总费用的比例、住院患者抗菌药物使用率、住院患者抗菌药物AUD、特殊使用级抗菌药物用量占抗菌药物总用量的比例、住院患者病原学送检率改善明显,变化幅度分别为-68．09％、-63．82％、-46．89％、-36．18％、-77．73％、73．86％;Ⅰ、Ⅱ类切口手术预防用抗菌药物使用率变化幅度为-57．19％、-37．93％。结论：有效开展专项整治工作对加强抗菌药物临床应用管理效果显著,其中临床药师的技术干预可发挥重要作用。     

我院围术期预防性使用抗菌药物的干预对照研究

目的调查本院围术期预防性应用抗菌药物情况,对比分析临床药师对合理使用抗菌药物的干预作用。方法收集临床药师未干预手术病例260例及药师参与干预后的手术病例260例,对比分析干预前后围术期预防性应用抗菌药物情况。结果干预后用药时机不合理的比例由干预前80.39%降低到6.92%,抗菌药物平均应用时间由干预前9.6 d减少到4.2 d;围术期抗菌药物预防性应用的合理性明显提高,伤口感染率无明显改变,但仍存在无指征使用抗菌药物、用药疗程偏长、剂量偏大等问题。结论外科围术期预防性使用抗菌药物可以降低并发症发生率,但在使用期间需要区分患者的病症情况,再进行用药,降低患者药物使用的剂量,避免药物使用过度,临床干预可以有效提高患者的用药合理性,但还需要进一步地加强干预管理。     

外科围手术期预防性应用抗菌药物干预前后对比分析

为了解我院外科围手术期预防性应用抗菌药物的使用情况,对比分析临床药师对合理使用抗菌药物的干预作用。随机选取加强抗菌药物管理前后外科手术患者各100例,对比分析干预前后围手术期预防性应用抗菌药物的使用情况:抗菌药物的品种、用药时机、用药疗程、联合用药指标等。结果干预后用药时机不合理由74.2%减少到4.3%,干预前抗菌素应用率为98.2%,干预后为69.8%,减少了28.4%。围手术期抗菌药物预防性应用的合理性明显提高,伤口感染率无明显改变,但仍存在无指征使用抗菌药物,用药疗程偏长,剂量偏大等问题。我院外科围术期预防性应用抗菌药物渐趋合理,但仍需进一步提高合理用药水平,临床药师仍需加强对手术科室抗菌素监督。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.