水平管环状流液膜厚度与波动参数分布

环状流是常见的一种气液两相流流型,基于双平行电导探针阵列传感器设计了环状流液膜动态测量系统,以水和空气为介质,进行了气相表观流速15~35 m/s、液相表观流速0.1~0.4 m/s范围内的水平管环状流周向液膜测量实验,分析了水平管环状流的液膜厚度、相界面波动参数的空间分布与发展变化规律。结果表明,水平管环状流底部液膜厚度随气相表观流速的增加而减小,随液相表观流速的增加而增大,但在高液相表观流速时有饱和趋势,对应条件下周向其他位置的液膜厚度持续增大,尤其在45°位置显著增大,下半周液膜分布趋于平缓;由底部到顶部,液膜波速和波频在周向上均呈逐渐减小趋势,与液膜厚度的分布规律一致,大幅度的扰动波主要分布在底部;底部液膜波速和波频随气相表观流速增加而增大,液相表观流速增加时,波速随之增大,但波频无明显变化,对应波长增大。     

水平管环状流液膜厚度与波动参数分布

环状流是常见的一种气液两相流流型,基于双平行电导探针阵列传感器设计了环状流液膜动态测量系统,以水和空气为介质,进行了气相表观流速15～35 m/s、液相表观流速0.1～0.4 m/s范围内的水平管环状流周向液膜测量实验,分析了水平管环状流的液膜厚度、相界面波动参数的空间分布与发展变化规律。结果表明,水平管环状流底部液膜厚度随气相表观流速的增加而减小,随液相表观流速的增加而增大,但在高液相表观流速时有饱和趋势,对应条件下周向其他位置的液膜厚度持续增大,尤其在45°位置显著增大,下半周液膜分布趋于平缓;由底部到顶部,液膜波速和波频在周向上均呈逐渐减小趋势,与液膜厚度的分布规律一致,大幅度的扰动波主要分布在底部;底部液膜波速和波频随气相表观流速增加而增大,液相表观流速增加时,波速随之增大,但波频无明显变化,对应波长增大。     

规整填料表面液膜流动特性的数值模拟

精馏过程气液两相流运动分布特征对分离效率具有重要影响。为研究规整填料表面液膜流体动力学特性建立了基于VOF方法的CFD分析模型,并基于文献试验结果进行了验证。对液膜随时间和空间的演化分布特征、速度场分布和液相流量影响进行了模拟分析。液膜在波纹顶部下沿聚集形成凸起状波峰,在波纹底部波峰消失,而到达下节波纹上沿时,波峰重新形成;瞬态液膜厚度随时间波动,且沿填料表面液膜平均厚度先减小后保持稳定;发现液相聚集及形成液滴坠落容易导致出现干板区。不同位置液膜速度分布存在明显差异,沿填料表面液膜平均速度先增后减或保持稳定;液膜绕过波纹顶部时会加速,在波纹底部和上沿处会减速。液相流量增大,液膜平均厚度和速度均有所增大。     

管柱式气液旋流分离器液膜厚度的空间分布特性

管柱式气液旋流分离器（GLCC）是一种耦合离心力与重力的分离设备，其上部筒体内旋流液膜的分布特征显著影响其分离性能。液膜厚度作为该旋流液膜的关键参数，掌握其分布规律可为理解液膜的流动机制奠定基础。利用纽扣式电导传感器测量了GLCC上部筒体内的液膜厚度，通过改变入口气液相流量、入口喷嘴尺寸，系统地研究了其空间分布特性。结果表明，操作参数一定时，液膜厚度沿轴向向上趋于减小；在某一轴向位置，液膜厚度随入口气量的增大呈现“S”形分布，随入口液量的增大而近线性增大；此外，入口喷嘴尺寸对液膜厚度的分布影响显著：在不同的轴向位置，不同尺寸喷嘴对应的液膜厚度间的大小存在差异。液膜厚度随气液量的变化规律证明液膜逃逸是GLCC液相分离效率降低的直接原因，而喷嘴尺寸对液膜厚度沿轴向分布的影响则反映了GLCC旋流效应与重力效应间的相互作用。     

单螺杆膨胀机螺旋槽道内液膜分布均匀特性

螺旋槽道内均匀分布的液膜厚度对减小气体泄漏,保证膨胀机高效稳定运行至关重要。本文采用VOF两相流数值模型,主要探讨螺旋槽道结构参数对y方向液膜膜厚均匀度分布的影响规律。根据前期试验获得的螺旋槽内两相环状流的试验数据验证了数值模型的准确性,给出了入射角度η=0.90β时,液膜沿螺旋槽道内的演变过程。可以看出,当η=0.90β时,扭转效应对螺旋槽液相分布的影响基本可以忽略不计,螺旋槽外侧液膜厚度沿y方向基本呈均匀分布。理论分析不同无量纲节距和曲率比对y方向液膜厚度均匀度的影响规律,结果表明：随着螺旋槽道无量纲节距的增大,液膜厚度均匀度有所增加,随着曲率比的增大,液膜厚度均匀度降低。     

倾斜管式蒸发冷凝器管外液膜的三维数值研究

利用Fluent软件对倾斜椭圆管式水膜蒸发冷凝器管外成膜情况进行了三维数值模拟,分析了喷淋流量、布液器与侧壁间距及周向角度等参数对管外液膜厚度和分布的影响。结果表明:管外液膜沿管壁向下侧壁面方向发生偏移,使远离上侧壁面的位置更易铺展成膜,近上侧壁面的椭圆管底端易产生干斑;随着布液器与壁面间距的减小,流体在上、下侧壁上的分流现象随之明显;喷淋流量一定时,周向液膜厚度分布先减小至周向90°位置后开始增大。     

环状流液滴夹带率测量方法及分析

针对气液两相环状流液膜参数溯源问题,设计了一种液膜在线提取装置和基于液膜质量流量测量的夹带率测量方法。该装置利用超声波测距传感器对储液箱液位进行实时监测并反馈至控制系统,利用单片机控制抽气泵开关实现对环状流多孔渗水介质管段内外差压调节控制液膜析出速率,使用换向器实现计量和废液管路切换并记录两次切换之间的时间间隔。利用精密电子天平对取出液膜进行称重测量,结合记录时间和液相质量流量计测量结果实现液膜质量流量和液滴夹带率等参数的测量。在小口径高精度气液两相流模拟装置进行了75组实流验证实验,并结合两种典型夹带率模型预测结果对测量系统进行了科学评价。研究结果表明,液膜质量流量和液滴夹带率测量结果可溯源,测量准确度高,为研究气液两相环状流液膜流动特性提供了一种可靠的实验测试方法。     

竖直窄矩形通道内环状流的流动传热特性

为了研究竖直窄矩形通道内环状流的流动传热特性,建立了窄矩形通道内环状流的数学物理模型,并进行了实验验证。通过数值求解环状流的数学物理模型得到了环状流区域的压降梯度、沸腾传热系数和液膜内的速度分布。结果表明窄矩形通道内的环状流模型能够很好地预测环状流区域的压降梯度和沸腾传热系数,而且环状流液膜内速度在法向的分布是非线性的,在层流边界层区速度梯度较大。热通量和窄矩形通道的尺寸对液膜的流速有很大影响,随热通量的增加和窄矩形通道尺寸的减小液膜的流速逐渐增加,然而质量流速对液膜流速的影响较小,而且随质量流速的增加液膜的速度逐渐减小。     

垂直上升弹状流中液弹长度分布

提出了计算垂直上升弹状流中尾随Taylor气泡上升速度的关系式;并基于气泡追赶合并机理,建立了预测沿管路任意位置液弹长度分布模型,提供了弹状流发展过程中弹长分布的变化情况。     

水平管段塞流气弹区液膜特性研究

为了研究气液段塞流相界面的结构特征,采用了双平行电导探针技术对水平管内段塞流气弹区的液膜特性进行了实验测量,并基于一维双流体模型导出液膜厚度的控制方程,该方程对液膜厚度的预测结果与实验结果吻合良好。结合液膜厚度计算模型提出了计算段塞流的机理模型,该段塞流机理模型的计算结果表明对于液相表观速度较高而气相表观速度较低的段塞流,机理模型中忽略液膜非平衡性时得到的平均液膜厚度和气弹区长度明显偏低。     

Film thickness in horizontal annular flow

Film thickness in horizontal annular flow in small diameter pipes (8-12 mm) was measured as a function of circumferential position. In addition a simple analytical model for the prediction of the film thickness at the top and bottom of the pipe is proposed.     

水平微翅管内环状流两相强制对流蒸发换热的计算模型

对水平微翅管内的环状流流动和换热特性进行了分析.考虑微翅管内环状流液膜中的扰动和二次流的作用,借用粗糙管速度分布和摩擦相似函数建立了水平微翅管内环状流两相强制对流蒸发换热系数的预测模型.理论计算值与实验数据相比较,结果较令人满意.     

Investigating the liquid film characteristics of gas–liquid swirling flow using ultrasound doppler velocimetry

A novel gas–liquid two‐phase flow metering method was proposed. A spiral vane mounted in the inner pipe was used to transform inlet flow patterns into gas–liquid swirling annular flow. The thickness and velocity profile of liquid film were measured by ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. The liquid flow rates were obtained by integrating of velocity profile during the liquid film zone. Experiments were carried out in an air–water two‐phase flow loop and an ultrasonic transducer was installed under the bottom of the test section with the Doppler angle of 70°. The flow patterns included stratified wavy, annular, and slug flows. Compared with non‐swirling flow, the liquid film thickness at the bottom reduces greatly. The measurement accuracy of liquid flow rate was independent of inlet flow patterns, gas and liquid velocities. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2348–2357, 2017     

矩形微通道中环状冷凝的三维数值模拟

建立了恒热流边界条件下矩形微通道中环状冷凝过程的三维模型。通过求解气相和弯月面区动量和质量方程及薄液膜厚度方程,得到了弯月面毛细半径分布、冷凝液膜厚度分布,以及传热系数和壁面温度分布。薄液膜区液膜将沿程逐渐增厚,到达一极值后再逐渐变薄。在通道截面中,薄液膜区的传热系数大于弯月面,最大局部传热系数及壁面最高温度皆位于薄液膜区和弯月面的连接处。[JP2]在冷凝起始段,通道横截面平均传热系数沿程急剧减小至一极值;在此之后的很长一段距离内,则基本保持不变;[JP]直至接近环状冷凝终点时又再次沿程减小。     

旋流型管壁取样分配器整流特性分析

为克服管壁取样测量气液两相流体流量方法中环状流不均匀稳定的缺点,在旋流叶片下游采用整流元件将旋流形成的环状流整改成液膜厚度均匀稳定的环状流型,增强取样的代表性,并在整流器下游增设了两个取样位置,以确定装置最佳取样位置。分析表明,在取样位置1处形成的环状流比较均匀稳定;随着流量的增大,均匀环状流稳定流动的时间延长。本实验装置存在最小正常工作范围:气相折算速度为30.50 m/s,液相折算速度为0.08 m/s。当流量超过这一特定值时,流型整改效果良好。     

Liquid film thickness in annular flow

An analytical solution relating the mass flow rate to the film thickness and other flow parameters have been developed for the general case of gas—liquid two-phase annular flow in a horizontal pipe line for power-law fluids. The equation developed reduces to the equation derived for the Newtonian fluid when the flow index is equated to unity. In the absence of a detailed knowledge of the flow dynamics, the data were interpreted tentatively in terms of superficial gas—liquid mass flow rate.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

Evaporative Heat Transfer of Annular Two-phase Flow of Air-water in a Small Vertical Tube

The evaporative heat transfer of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube with uniform wall heat flux was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simplified two-phase flow boundary layer model was used to calculate the thickness of the water film attached to the wall, and from the liquid film thickness the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the annular two-phase flow were obtained. Theoretical equations and semi-theoretical equations were proposed for predicting the evaporative heat transfer of the annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube. The semi-theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data. The mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement is the evaporation of the thin liquid film attached on the wall.