长引水隧洞对水温影响的实验研究

为了查明水体在流经发电引水隧洞后水温的变化，相应天然河道的水温变化以及引水式电站尾水汇入天然河道后水温分布情况，我们实测了渔子溪一级电站，岷江映秀湾电站和南桠河三级电站的引水隧洞井，出口水温，与经水隧洞相对应的天然河道水温以及尾水下游受影响河段内的水温。     

红山水库坝前垂向与坝下水温预测分析

不完全年调节水库在运行过程中将引起水库水温结构变化,探明水库下泄水温规律及下游河道水温响应具有重要意义。以红山水库为研究对象,在水库水温结构判定基础上,采用Sobek软件及河道一维水温模型,预测红山水库坝前垂向水温分布情况,并对水库下泄水温及河道沿程水温恢复情况进行预测,为分析红山水库低温水对下游农业灌溉影响提供科学依据。     

水库水温研究进展及趋势

水库水温时空分布的变化对库区及下游河道环境及水生生态系统等产生重大影响，水库水温研究对库区及下游河道生态环境保护具有重要意义。回顾了国内外水库水温研究历程，介绍了主要的水库水温结构判别方法和水库水温研究方法，重点论述了水库水温机理性模型与智能算法模型的最新动态及前沿进展，总结归纳了水库水温分层特性、生态环境影响及其改善措施的最新研究成果，提出了未来重点研究方向：梯级水库影响下流域河-库系统水热传递规律、基于非静压的水库水流水温耦合计算、面向下游水温改善的水库分层取水生态调度。     

丹江口水库下游河道水温恢复过程二维数值模拟

大中型深水库蓄水后改变了原有天然河道水温的时空分布,沿水深方向会出现水温分层现象。由于取水高程不同,水库流入下游河道的水温值会随取水高程的不同而不同,流入下游河道的水体会在各种热能因子的作用下逐步恢复到天然水温。对丹江口水库下游270 km河道进行二维数值模型计算,其河道水温的恢复过程基本与实际监测结果一致,河道二维数值模型可以用于水库下游河道水温预测,为水库修建后对下游河道水温环境的变化提供依据。     

南沟门水利枢纽工程下泄低温水对下游洛惠渠灌区影响初探

分层型水库水温的变化主要在垂向,其水温随水深变化可能导致水库放水水温与天然河道水温有较大差异,而低温水灌溉往往会造成农作物减产现象.因而,水温便成为以水库为水源灌区关注的一个重要指标.延安市南沟门水利枢纽工程的主要任务之一是向其下游洛惠渠灌区补水,其建成后水库将会成为水温分层型,必然导致水库运行期间向洛惠渠灌区补水时段下泄水温与天然河道水温有较大差异[1].采用经验法可以预测南沟门水利枢纽向洛惠渠灌区补水时段下泄水温在流经下游河段到达洛惠渠灌区取水口时的恢复程度,据以分析对灌区农作物的影响程度.     

水库下游河道水温沿程分布的解析解及与其他方法的比较

在考虑沿流向的温度梯度、假设河流水面热交换通量沿程恒定的基础上,根据河道一维水温控制方程推导出解析解,并与国内常用的一种河道水温计算解析解的简化解法作了较详细的对比。结果表明,基于热交换通量沿程恒定的解析解具有较高的精度,能较好地模拟水库下游河道水温复温过程。以安徽白莲崖水库为例,在预测白莲崖水库水温结构的基础上,利用推导的解析解对白莲崖水库下游河道水温沿程分布进行了预测,并分析了水库下游河道水温对周围环境的影响:白莲崖水库下游河道长期处于低温环境,河水不适于浇灌两岸的农作物,对鱼类生长、繁殖也产生一定的不利影响,需将其他温度适宜的水源输至农田进行灌溉,适合鱼类生长、产卵的场所将向下游推移。     

河道低温水对地表水-地下水交错带温度的影响

利用饱和多孔介质水热耦合运移数学模型,分析了流入河道的水库下泄低温水水位和水温对地表水-地下水交错带温度场的影响规律。研究表明:在低温水下渗过程中,水热运移以热对流作用占主导,热传导、热弥散等作用较弱;河道水位升降明显决定着受影响的温度场区域范围大小;河道水温高低主要影响温度场各点温度的变化幅度。     

三峡水库水温变化特性及影响分析

三峡水库为年调节大型水库,蓄水后改变了原有天然河道形态,同时也改变了河道径流的年内分配,引起河道水温发生了一定的变化。基于2014年4~5月监测断面垂向水温数据和库区多年水文站网水温实测数据,分析了蓄水后库区及坝下宜昌河道水温变化的特点及影响因素,进而研究了水温变化对下游水生生态的影响。实测结果表明:三峡水库坝前水温分层现象不稳定,水库下泄水流在低温水层以上,水库蓄水对下游宜昌河道水温有一定增温效应和时空上滞后迟变现象,使四大家鱼和中华鲟产卵繁殖时间出现推迟。研究结果可为今后开展生态补偿调度提供一定参考。     

小调节能力水库的水温结构

水库的修建将对库区及下游河道的水温带来不利影响，因调节能力不同水库对库区及下泄水温的影响程度各异。以金沙江中游某周调节水库为例，采用立面二维水温模型对小调节能力水库的库区水温结构、坝前水温分布和下泄水温进行研究，结果表明小调节能力水库受来流和库容影响水温在部分月份会出现分层现象，但总体上其年内下泄水温过程与天然水温较为接近，水库建设对水温的影响有限。     

龙滩水电站库区蓄水后垂向水温水质分布预测

采用垂向一维数学模型对在建龙滩水库蓄水后水温和水质进行预测，并采用类比调查等方法对模型中各项参数进行了估计．预测结果表明，龙滩水库蓄水后水温随水深逐步降低，多年平均表层水温为19．9℃，库底水温约为8℃,下泄水温年变幅减小，与天然河道水温相比，降低较大，但与天生桥水库建成后河道水温相比，则差别明显减小．水质分布也存在明显分层现象，表层年内变化较大，随着水深增加，变化逐渐趋缓．水库多年平均表层DO约为8．65mg／L，底层约为4．8mg／L，处于低氧状态。库区形成后BOD5浓度较低，表层和底层多年平均分别为0．46mg／L和0．1mg／L，与建库前天然河道相比有明显改善．下泄水质与自然河道水质对比分析发现，BOD，浓度在建库前后有明显的差异，由1．6mg／L下降到0．3mg／L左右，而DO浓度变化甚小。     

Understanding the Thermal Regime of Rivers Influenced by Small and Medium Size Dams in Eastern Canada

Although small and medium‐size dams are prevalent in North America, few studies have described their year‐round impacts on the thermal regime of rivers. The objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of two types of dams (run‐of‐river, storage with shallow reservoirs) on the thermal regime of rivers in eastern Canada. Thermal impacts of dams were assessed (i) for the open water period by evaluating their influence on the annual cycle in daily mean water temperature and residual variability and (ii) for the ice‐covered winter period by evaluating their influence on water temperature duration curves. Overall, results showed that the run‐of‐river dam (with limited storage capacity) did not have a significant effect on the thermal regime of the regulated river. At the two rivers regulated by storage dams with shallow reservoirs (mean depth < 6 m), the annual cycle in daily mean water temperature was significantly modified which led to warmer water temperatures in summer and autumn. From August to October, the monthly mean water temperature at rivers regulated by storage dams was 1.4 to 3.9°C warmer than at their respective reference sites. During the open water period, the two storage dams also reduced water temperature variability at a daily timescale while increased variability was observed in regulated rivers during the winter. Storage dams also had a warming effect during the winter and the winter median water temperature ranged between 1.0 and 2.1°C downstream of the two storage dams whereas water temperature remained stable and close to 0°C in unregulated rivers. The biological implications of the altered thermal regimes at rivers regulated by storage dams are discussed, in particular for salmonids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流水电梯级开发水温累积影响研究

从流域开发对河流水温结构的影响方面进行分析,采用现场观测和数学模型计算相结合的方法,对水库水温结构进行研究,同时,对梯级电站下泄水温的累积影响进行数值模拟研究。研究结果表明,高坝大库对河流水温改变大,对水温累积影响的贡献大;流域开发程度越高,累积影响越大,5个梯级比3个梯级累积影响大。这一定量研究成果体现了梯级电站的水温累积影响和群体效应,可推进梯级水电站对河流水温影响的研究进程,并为研究大型电站运行减缓下泄低温水的对策措施提供依据和参考。     

松花江流域冷水鱼潜在分布预测模型研究

人类过度捕捞和水利工程建设等行为导致水环境污染问题日益严重,对松花江流域冷水鱼资源造成严重破坏。通过2013~2015年间松花江流域冷水鱼野外调查数据,对冷水鱼的资源现状和生存环境特征进行了分析。采用统计学分析方法分析冷水鱼与环境因子的关系,并用逻辑回归分析构建冷水鱼潜在分布模型。结果表明:经度、纬度、海拔、气温对冷水鱼的分布有显著影响;冷水鱼主要分布在各级河流的源头区和上游区域、支流水域、溪流和山区河流中;用所构建模型对松花江流域冷水鱼的潜在分布河段做出预测,预测河段与文献记载相符,说明此模型可以有效预测物种分布。     

皖河流域水文要素与水质项目的相关关系

对于某些未受污染或污染较轻的天然水体 ,如河流与水库 ,水质项目中的主要离子含量与水位、水温及径流量等水文要素有较好的相关性。通过研究 ,找出其相关关系 ,以便减少水质分析的测次 ,验证主要离子等的分析质量及检查样品的取样情况。     

Impact of Future Climate Change on Water Temperature and Thermal Habitat for Keystone Fishes in the Lower Saint John River,Canada

Water temperature is a key determinant of biological processes in rivers. Temperature in northern latitude rivers is expected to increase under climate change, with potentially adverse consequences for cold water-adapted species. In Canada, little is currently known about the timescales or magnitude of river temperature change, particularly in large (≥10⁴ km²) watersheds. However, because Canadian watersheds are home to a large number of temperature-sensitive organisms, there is a pressing need to understand the potential impacts of climate change on thermal habitats. This paper presents the results of a study to simulate the effects of climate change on the thermal regime of the lower Saint John River (SJR), a large, heavily impounded, socio-economically important watershed in eastern Canada. The CEQUEAU hydrological-water temperature model was calibrated against river temperature observations and driven using meteorological projections from a series of regional climate models. Changes in water temperature were assessed for three future periods (2030–2034, 2070–2074 and 2095–2099). Results show that mean water temperature in the SJR will increase by approximately ~1 °C by 2070–2074 and a further ~1 °C by 2095–2099, with similar findings for the maximum, minimum and standard deviation. We calculated a range of temperature metrics pertaining to the Atlantic Salmon and Striped Bass, key species within the SJR. Results show that while the SJR will become increasingly thermally-limiting for Atlantic Salmon, the Striped Bass growth season may actually lengthen under climate change. These results provide an insight into how climate change may affect thermal habitats for fish in eastern Canadian rivers.     

Water temperatures in the headwaters of the Volga River: Trend analyses,possible future changes,and implications for a pan‐European perspective

Water temperature is a physical property influencing abiotic and biotic parameters in an aquatic ecosystem. In different Central European rivers and lakes, a general trend of water temperatures in the range of +0.05 to +0.8 °C per decade was identified. Our case study analyses whether similar patterns apply to the headwaters of the Volga River, in the East European plain. Based on a dataset of water temperatures for 2008–2015, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of water temperature along the Tudovka River and estimated backward as well as predicted future changes from development scenarios throughout the 21st century. Stochastic models were applied to track trends and variations in water temperature. Furthermore, the correlation between water temperature and air temperatures was used to model historical water temperatures and to predict possible changes in the future, under the effects of climate change. Based on climate change scenarios, an increase of the mean water temperatures as well as changes regarding the ice cover can be expected until the end of this century. The conditions described for the headwaters of the Volga River system represent a valuable dataset for medium and large rivers in the East European plain and serve as a basis for future management.     

Effects of air temperature and discharge on Upper Mississippi River summer water temperatures

Recent interest in the potential effects of climate change has prompted studies of air temperature and precipitation associations with water temperatures in rivers and streams. We examined associations between summer surface water temperatures and both air temperature and discharge for 5 reaches of the Upper Mississippi River during 1994–2011. Water–air temperature associations at a given reach approximated 1:1 when estimated under an assumption of reach independence but declined to approximately 1:2 when water temperatures were permitted to covary among reaches and were also adjusted for upstream air temperatures. Estimated water temperature–discharge associations were weak. An apparently novel feature of this study is that of addressing changes in associations between water and air temperatures when both are correlated among reaches.     

中国主要河湖水生态综合评价

河湖水生态综合评价是水资源保护规划工作的重要内容之一。本文从水文水资源、水环境、河湖生境形态、生物及栖息地状况等方面,构建了包含生态基流满足程度、水功能区水质达标率、湖库富营养化指数、纵向连通性、重要湿地保留率及鱼类生境等6个指标构成的河湖水生态综合评价体系。在此基础上,对全国673条河流、97座水库和100个湖泊湿地共计1006个规划河段和湖库的水生态状况进行了评价和分类,分析了我国各大流域河湖面临的水生态问题。研究成果对我国主要河湖水生态保护和修复工作的实践具有重要的指导意义。     

南通市河网格局特征及水环境响应

对南通市河网景观格局与地表水污染的关系进行探讨。在对南通市的河网景观格局进行定性分析的基础上,设计并定量计算了南通市河网景观格局指标,据此分析了不同排污功能河流的景观格局特点:①就污染程度来说,工业排污河流最为严重,生活排污河流次之,农业排污河流水质最好;②就河流污染物分布来说,工业排污河流最不均匀,生活排污河流次之,农业排污河流最为均匀。这与实测分析结果基本一致,说明城市河网景观格局是影响污染物分布、运移的主要因素之一。     

河北省河流演变过程分析及治理对策研究

河北省河流众多,随着水资源开发利用程度的提高,导致该区内多数河流失去河流的自然功能.通过对河北省流域内河流自然功能现状调查和评价,由于河流水资源不足和水环境污染引起一系列生态环境问题,人类活动对河流自然功能的影响显著,大部分河流自然功能减弱甚至丧失.最后提出保护河流自然功能的措施和建议,为今后恢复和保护河流自然功能提供科学依据.